IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 5 Ver. IV (Sep. - Oct. 2015), PP 21-30
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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat

Source on the Onset of Convection in a Newtonian Nanofluid
Layer: rigid-rigid case
Abderrahim Wakif1, Zoubair Boulahia2, Rachid Sehaqui3
1,2 3

University of Hassan II, Faculty of Sciences An Chock, Laboratory of Mechanics,B.P.5366 Marif,

Casablanca, Morocco.

Abstract:The aim of this paper, is to use a more realistic modelwhich incorporates the effects of
Brownianmotion and thermophoresisfor studying the effect of a uniform heat source on the onset of convective
instability in a confined mediumfilled of a Newtonian nanofluid layerand heated from below, this layer is
assumed to have a low concentration of nanoparticles. The linear study in the rigid - rigid casewhich was
achieved in this investigation shows that the thermal stability of Newtonian nanofluids depends of the
volumetric heat delivered by the internal source, the Brownian motion, the thermophoresis and other thermosphysical properties of nanoparticles. Our problem will be solved using a technique of converting a boundary
value problem to an initial value problem, in this technique we will also approach the searched solutions with
polynomials of high degree.
Keywords: Linear stability, Nanofluid, Brownian motion, Thermophoresis, Internal heat source, Powerseries,
Realisticapproach, Rigid-Rigid case.
I.
Introduction
The nanofluid is considered as a homogeneous fluid containing colloidal suspensions of nano-sized
particles named nanoparticles in the base fluid (water, ethylene glycol, oil). The nanoparticles used in nanofluids
are generally prepared of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. The purpose of using nanofluids is to
obtain a higher values of heat transfer coefficient compared with that of the base fluid , this remarkable
properties make them potentially useful in many heat transfer applications , for example micro
electromechanical systems, coolant in machining, automobile radiator cooling , solar water heating, heat
exchangers, nuclear reactors and in several aerospace applications.
The nanofluid term was introduced by Choi [1] in 1995 and remains usually used to characterize this
type of colloidal suspension. Buongiorno [2] was the first researcher who treated the convective transport
problem in nanofluids, he was established the conservation equations of a non-homogeneous equilibrium model
of nanofluids for mass, momentum and heat transport. The thermal problem of instability in nanofluids with
rigid-free and free-free boundaries was studied by Tzou [3, 4] using the eigenfunction expansions method. The
onset of convection in a horizontal nanofluid layer of finite depth was studied by Nield and Kuznetsov [5], they
found that the critical Rayleigh number can be decreased or increased by a significant quantity depending on the
relative distribution of nanoparticles between the top and bottom walls.
In this paper, we will study the rigid-rigid case and examine the effect of an internal heat source which
produces a constant volumetric heat on the onset of convection in a Newtonian nanofluid layer heated uniformly
from below in the case where the nanoparticle flux is assumed to be zero on the impermeable boundaries instead
of consider that the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles is constant at the horizontal walls. Currently, this new
boundary conditions of nanoparticles is used by several authors for studying the convective problem in
nanofluids [6-11] , among these authors we find D.A. Nield and A.V. Kuznetsov [6] who studied analytically
the linear thermal stability in a porous medium for a Newtonian nanofluid , Shilpi Agarwal [7]
treatedanalytically the linear thermal stability of a rotating porous layer for a Newtonian nanofluid ,I.S.
Shivakumara et all[8]made a numerically investigation on the linear thermal stability of a porous layer for an
Oldroyd-B nanofluid , Shilpi Agarwal and Puneet Rana [9]analyzedanalytically and numerically the linear and
nonlinear thermal stability of a rotating porous layer for an Oldroyd-B nanofluid.D.A. Nield and A.V.
Kuznetsov [6] are considered as the first ones who were used the new boundary conditions for the nanoparticles,
which are physically more realistic than the previous model which imposes a temperature and nanoparticle
volume fractions at the boundaries of the layer.
To show the accuracy of our method in this study, we will check some results treated by
Chandrasekhar [12] and Dhananjay Yadav et all [13] concerning the study of the convective instability of the
regular fluids in presence or in absent of an internal heat source which produces a constant volumetric heat in
the rigid-rigid case.
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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
The verification of our resultswill be done by using polynomials of high degree for approaching the
searched solutions and increasing the convergence of our method. The contributions of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis are strongly appear in theequation expressing the conservation of nanoparticles. The temperature
and particledensity are coupled in a particular way in which the instability isalmost purely a phenomenon due to
buoyancy coupled with the conservation of nanoparticles motion.
II.
Mathematical Formulation
We consider an infinite horizontal layer of an incompressible Newtonian nanofluid characterized by a
low concentration of nanoparticles, heated uniformly from below and confined between two identical
horizontalsurfaces where the temperature is constantand the nanoparticle flux is zero on the boundaries, this
layer will be subjected to an internal heat source which will provide a constant volumetric heat Qs and also to
the gravity fieldg.The thermo-physical properties of nanofluid (viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat) are
assumed constant in the analytical formulation except for the density variation in the momentum equation which
is based on the Boussinesq approximations .The Asterisks are used to distinguish the dimensional variables from
the nondimensional variables (without asterisks) .

Figure 1:Physical configuration.

Within the framework of the assumptions which were made by Buongiorno [2]andTzou [3, 4]in their
publications for the Newtonian nanofluids, we can write the basic equations of conservation which govern our
problem in dimensionless form as follows:
(1)
. V = 0

2
V
(2)
f
+ V . V = P + 0 1 T Tc 1 + p g + V
t
2
T
DT
(3)
c f
+ V . T = k T + c p DB . T +
T . T + QS

t
Tc
2

DT 2
(4)
+ V . = DB +
T

t
Tc
where f is the density of the base fluid , 0 is the fluid density at reference temperature Tc ,p is the
nanoparticle density , is the thermal expansion coefficientof the base fluid ,V is the velocity vector,t is the
time ,P is the pressure ,T is the temperature , is the volume fraction of nanoparticles , is the viscosity of
nanofluid ,k is the thermal conductivity of nanofluid ,DB is theBrownian diffusion coefficient , DT is the
thermophoretic diffusion coefficient , c f is the heat capacity of the base fluid, c p is the heat capacity of the
nanoparticle , x , y , z are the cartesian coordinates, is the is the vector differential operator .
If we consider the following dimensionless variables:
h2
f
f
x ; y ; z = h x; y; z ; t = t; V = V ; P = 2 P ; T Tc = Th Tc T ; 0 = 0
f
h
h
Then, we can getfrom equations (1)-(4)the following adimensional forms:

Pr 1

.V = 0
V
+ V . V = P + R M z + 2 V + 1 0 R a T R N 0 R a T ez
t
T
1
+ V . T = 2 T + NB L1
e . T + NA NB Le T. T + Hs
t

2
1 2
+ V . = L1
e + NA Le T
t

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(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
WherePr =

f f

is the Prandtl number,Le = D f is the Lewis number,Hs = k

constant heat source strength,R a =

0 gh 3 T h T c
is
f
p 0 0 gh 3

basic density Rayleigh number,R N =

modified diffusivity ratio,NB =
diffusivity of the base fluid

,0 is

c p
c f

Q0 h2

the

is the

is the dimensionless

T h T c
1 0 + p 0 gh 3
thermal Rayleigh number,R M = 0
is
f
D
T h T c
concentration Rayleigh number,NA = D TT
is

B c

0 is the modified particle-density increment,f =

k
c f

the
the

is the thermal

the reference value for nanoparticle volume fraction .

2.1 Basic Solution

The basic solution of our problem is a quiescent thermal equilibrium state, its assumed to be
independent of time where the equilibrium variables arevarying in the z-direction only, therefore:
(9)

Vb = 0
db
dTb
+ NA
= 0atz = 0
dz
dz
db
dTb
Tb = 0 ;
+ NA
= 0atz = 1
dz
dz
If we introduce the precedent results into equations (6)-(8), we obtain:
Tb = 1 ;

(10)
(11)

(12)

(13)

d2 T
dz 2

(14)
After using the boundary conditions (10) and (11), we can integratethe equation (14) between 0 and z
for obtaining:
(15)
Where0 =

0
0

is the relative nanoparticle volume fraction at z = 0.

If we take into account the expression (15), we can get after simplification of the equation (13):
d2 Tb
= Hs
dz 2
Finally, we obtain after an integrating of the equation(16) between 0 and 1:
1
1
Tb = Hs z 2 + Hs 1 z + 1
2
2

(16)

(17)
(18)

2.2 Stability Analysis

For analyzing the stability of the system, we superimpose infinitesimal perturbations on the basic
solutions as follows:
(19)
T = Tb + T
;
V = Vb + V ; P = Pb + P ;
= b +
In the framework of the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximations, we can neglect the terms coming from
the product of the temperature and the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles in equation (6), if we suppose also
that we are in the case of small temperature gradients in a dilute suspension of nanoparticles, we can obtainafter
introducing the expressions (19) into equations (5)-(8) the following linearized equations:
. V = 0

(20)
(21)
(22)

2
1 2
+ f4 w = NA L1
e T + Le
t
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(23)

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
Wheref1 = DTb , f2 = NB L1
, f3 = NB L1
e D b + 2NA Tb
e DTb , f4 = Db andD = d dz .
After application of the curl operator twice to equation (21) and using the equation (20), we obtain the
following z -component of the momentum equation:

(24)
Pr 1 2 w = 4 w + R a 22 T R N 22
t
Where22 =

2
x 2

2
y 2

is the two-dimensional Laplacian operator on the horizontal plane.

Analyzing the disturbances into normal modes, we can simplify the equations (22) - (24) by assuming
that the perturbation quantities are of the form:
w , T , = z , z , z exp i k x x + k y y + t

(25)

After introducing the expressions (25) into equations (22) - (24), we obtain:
Pr 1 D2 k 2 = D2 k 2 2 k 2 R a + k 2 R N

(26)

+ f1 = D2 k 2 + f2 D + f3 D

(27)

(28)
Whereis the dimensionless growth rate,k x and k y are respectively the dimensionless waves numbers
along the x and y directions andk =

k 2x + k 2y is the resultant dimensionless wave number.

In the rigid-rigid case, the equations (26) - (28) will be solved subject to the following boundary conditions:
(29)
= = = + = 0 at = 0; 1
2.3 Method of Solution
In this study we assume that the principle of exchange of stability is valid, as we are interested in a
stationary stability study characterized by = 0 , then the equations (26)-(28) become:
(30)
D2 k 2 2 k 2 R a + k 2 R N = 0
f1 D2 k 2 f2 D f3 D = 0

(31)

(32)
We can solve the equations (30) - (32) which are subjected to the conditions (29), by using a suitable
change of variables that makes the number of variables equal to the number of boundary conditions, to obtain a
set of eight first order ordinary differential equations which we can write it in the following form:
d
(33)
u z = a ij uj z ; 1 i, j 8
dz i
With:
a ij = a ij z , k , R a , Hs , NB , Le , R N , NA
The solution of the system (33) in matrix notation can be written as follows:
U = exp A C
WhereA =

a ij

1i8
1j8

is the associated matrix to the system (33),U =

column of our problem, C =

cj

ui z

(34)
T
1i8

is the unknown vector

is aconstant vector column.

1j8

If we assume that the exponential of the matrixAis written in the following form:
exp A =

ui z

1i8
1j8

(35)

Therefore, the use of four boundary conditions atz = 0, allows us to write each variableui z as a
j
linear combination only for four functions ui z , such that:
j

ui 0 = ij

(36)

Where ij is the Kronecker delta symbol.

After introducing the new expressions of the variables ui z in the system (33), we will obtain the
following equations:
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f4

A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
d j
j
(37)
u z = a il ul z ; 1 i, l, j 8
dz i
For each value ofj, we must solve a set of eight first order ordinary differential equations which are
subjected to the initial conditions (36) , by approaching these variables with real power series defined in the
interval[0,1]and truncated at the orderN, such that:
p=N
j
ui

i ,j

dp z p

z =

(38)

p=0
j

A linear combination of the solutionsui z satisfying the boundary conditions (29)atz = 1leads to a
homogeneous algebraic system for the coefficientsof the combination. A necessary condition for the existence
of nontrivial solution is the vanishing of the determinant which can be formally written as:
f R a , k , Hs , NB , Le , R N , NA = 0

(39)

If we give to each control parameter Hs , NB , Le , R N , NA its value, we canplot the neutral curveof the
stationary convection by the numerical research of the smallest realpositive value of the thermal
RayleighnumberR a which corresponds to a fixed wave numberkand verifies the dispersion relation (39). After
that, we will find a set of points k , R a which help us to plot our curve and find the critical value
k c , R ac which characterizes the onset of the convective stationary instability, this critical value represents the
minimum value of the obtained curve.
2.4 Validation of the Method
To validate our method, we compared our results with those obtained by Chandrasekhar [12] and
Dhananjay Yadavet all [13]concerning the Rayleigh-Bnard problem for the regular fluidsin the case where the
internal heat source is absent or present. To make this careful comparison, we must take into considerationthe
restrictionsL1
e = R N = NA = NB = 0in the governing equations of our problem. The convergence of our
method is assumed when the absolute value of the difference between the critical thermal Rayleigh
numbersR ac N + 1 andR ac N is of the order of 105 (see Table 1-Table 2), such thatR ac = R ac N .
Where R ac N and R ac N + 1 are respectively the critical thermal Rayleigh numbers which correspond to the
truncation orderNandN + 1.
Table 1:The critical values of the Rayleigh number R ac and the corresponding wave number k c of
Chandrasekhar[12],Dhananjay Yadavet all [13] and our results for the regular fluids Hs = 0 .
Present study

Chandrasekhar

D. Yadav et all

kc

R ac

R ac N + 1 R ac N

kc

R ac

kc

R ac

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

3.20999
3.05441
3.14712
3.10666
3.11906
3.11574
3.11640
3.11632
3.11631
3.11632
3.11632
3.11632
3.11632
3.11632
3.11632
3.11632

1669.44346
1724.47480
1701.58769
1709.42202
1707.38980
1707.81813
1707.76058
1707.75873
1707.76317
1707.76135
1707.76187
1707.76175
1707.76178
1707.76177
1707.76177
1707.76177

55.03134
22.88711
7.83433
2.03222
0.42833
0.05755
0.00185
0.00444
0.00182
0.00052
0.00012
0.00003
0.00001
0
0
-----------

3.117

1707.762

3.116

1707.75923

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
Table 2: The critical values of the Rayleigh number R ac and the corresponding wave number k c ofD. Yadavet
all [13]for the regular fluids and our results for the regular fluids and a nanofluidcharacterized by NB=0.01, Le=
100 , RN= 1 and NA= 0.1for various values of the heat source strengthHs .
Regular fluids
Hs

D.Yadav et all

0
1
2
10
20
30
40
60

Nanofluid

Present study

Present study

kc

R ac

kc

R ac

kc

R ac

3.116
3.119
3.127
3.304
3.529
3.659
3.736
3.819

1707.75923
1704.52398
1694.94792
1462.86825
1118.45908
878.34427
717.24455
521.44662

3.11632
3.11891
3.12656
3.30367
3.52913
3.65933
3.73587
3.81895

1707.76175
1704.52648
1694.95019
1462.86090
1118.43009
878.30338
717.19979
521.40318

26
27
31
35
39
39
39
39

3.10758
3.11014
3.11775
3.29363
3.51608
3.64263
3.71530
3.79041

1692.02837
1688.78226
1679.19805
1447.11659
1102.72068
862.61262
701.51821
505.72725

26
26
29
34
36
37
37
38

According to above results, we notice that there is a very good agreement between our results and the
previous works, hence the accuracy of the used method. Briefly, the convergence of the results depends greatly
on the truncation order N of the power series and also of the heat source strengthHs .Finally, to ensure the
accuracy of our obtained critical values for the studied nanofluid, we will take as truncation order:
N = 38.
III.

Tables and the Corresponding Figures

3.1Tables
Table 3:The stationary instability threshold of a nanofluid according to the values of parametersNB and Hs for
Le = 100 , R N = 1 and NA = 0.1.

Hs
5
10
20
30
40
50
60

NB = 0.001

NB = 0.01

NB = 0.05

NB = 0.1

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

3.16654
3.29376
3.51634
3.64300
3.71579
3.76109
3.79114

1617.17374
1447.20290
1102.83891
862.74391
701.65629
588.73776
505.87202

3.16648
3.29363
3.51608
3.64262
3.71530
3.76048
3.79041

1617.12214
1447.11652
1102.72062
862.61267
701.51829
588.59567
505.72725

3.16621
3.29307
3.51495
3.64095
3.71310
3.75776
3.78717

1616.89286
1446.73267
1102.19514
862.02984
700.90555
587.96475
505.08454

3.16586
3.29236
3.51354
3.63887
3.71036
3.75437
3.78314

1616.60635
1446.25307
1101.53864
861.30179
700.14032
587.17742
504.28275

Table 4: The stationary instability threshold of a nanofluid according to the values of parameters Le andHs
forNB = 0.01 , R N = 1 and NA = 0.1.

Hs
5
10
20
30
40
50
60

Le = 100

Le = 300

Le = 500

Le = 700

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

3.16648
3.29363
3.51608
3.64262
3.71530
3.76048
3.79041

1617.12214
1447.11652
1102.72062
862.61267
701.51829
588.59567
505.72725

3.14808
3.27348
3.49006
3.60935
3.67426
3.71142
3.73316

1585.80216
1415.90849
1071.64358
831.57900
670.49059
557.55591
474.66547

3.12922
3.25283
3.46336
3.57508
3.63180
3.66042
3.67332

1554.32212
1384.54569
1040.39668
800.34152
639.21801
526.22650
443.26673

3.10987
3.23164
3.43593
3.53976
3.58784
3.60733
3.61069

1522.67493
1353.02130
1008.97189
768.88903
607.68471
494.58560
411.50173

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection
Table 5:The stationary instability threshold of a nanofluid according to the values of parametersR N and Hs
forNB = 0.01 , Le = 100 and NA = 0.1 .

Hs
5
10
20
30
40
50
60

RN = 1

RN = 3

RN = 5

RN = 7

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

3.16648
3.29363
3.51608
3.64262
3.71530
3.76048
3.79041

1617.12214
1447.11652
1102.72062
862.61267
701.51829
588.59567
505.72725

3.14808
3.27348
3.49006
3.60935
3.67426
3.71142
3.73316

1585.60216
1415.70849
1071.44358
831.37900
670.29059
557.35591
474.46547

3.12922
3.25283
3.46336
3.57508
3.63180
3.66042
3.66957

1553.92212
1384.14569
1039.99668
799.94152
638.81801
525.82650
442.86673

3.10987
3.23164
3.43593
3.53976
3.58784
3.60733
3.61069

1522.07493
1352.42130
1008.37189
768.28903
607.08471
493.98560
410.90173

Table 6:The stationary instability threshold of a nanofluid according to the values of parameters NA andHs
forNB = 0.01 , Le = 100 and R N = 1 .

Hs
5
10
20
30
40
50
60

NA = 0.1

NA = 0.3

NA = 0.5

NA = 0.7

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

kc

Rac

3.16648
3.29363
3.51608
3.64262
3.71530
3.76048
3.79041

1617.12214
1447.11652
1102.72062
862.61267
701.51829
588.59567
505.72725

3.14795
3.27320
3.48950
3.60852
3.67318
3.71009
3.73158

1585.48847
1415.51840
1071.18429
831.09260
669.99082
557.04876
474.15409

3.12895
3.25227
3.46225
3.57346
3.62969
3.65783
3.67028

1553.69671
1383.76935
1039.48547
799.37961
638.23298
525.23047
442.26614

3.10946
3.23081
3.43429
3.53737
3.58475
3.60356
3.60630

1521.73984
1351.86270
1007.61653
767.46326
606.23021
493.12090
410.03694

3.2 Figures

Figure 2: Plot ofR ac as a functionof Hs fordifferent valuesofNB .

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection

Figure3: Plot ofR ac as a function ofHs fordifferent values ofLe .

Figure 4: Plotof R ac as a function of Hs for different values ofR N .

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection

Figure 5: Plot ofR ac as a functionof Hs for different values ofNA .

IV.
Results and Conclusion
The reportedresults in the Tables (3-6) and in their corresponding Figures (2-5) show thatthe variation
in the critical thermal Rayleigh numberR ac with the heat source strengthHs is generally a decreasing
functionwhatever the value taken for each parameter nanofluid NB , Le , R N , NA ,thisresult can be interpreted as
an increase in the heat source strength Hs amounts to increase in energy supply to the system , hence increases
thedriving force which accelerates the onset of the convection.
The precedenttables and figures showalso that an increase either in the Lewis numberLe , in the
concentration Rayleigh number R N or inthe modified diffusivity ratio NA allows us to accelerate the onset of the
convection, hence they has a destabilizing effect.
According to Buongiorno [2], Nield and Kuznetsov [5] and I.S. Shivakumara et all[8],we have for the
majority of the nanofluidsNB ~103 101 and
Le ~102 103 .The modified particle-density
incrementNB appears onlyin the perturbed energyequation (22) as a product with the inverse of the Lewis
numberLe near the temperature gradient and the volume fraction gradient of nanoparticles, so the effect of this
parameter on the onset of convection in nanofluids will be very small, this result is confirmed in Table 3 and
Figure 2, such that an increase in the modified particle-density incrementNB allows us to destabilize somewhat
the nanofluids.
In this investigation, we find that an increase in the volume fraction ofnanoparticles destabilizesthe
nanofluids, because an increase in this parameter, increases the Brownian motion and thermophoresis of the
nanoparticles, which causes the destabilizing effect. When the temperature difference between the horizontal
platesincreases, the critical thermal Rayleigh number R ac decreases, this result can be explainedby the increasein
theBuoyancy forces which destabilizes the system. To ensure the stability of the nanofluids, we can use the
nanoparticles which are having a small heat capacity or less dense.
The usedmethod to solve the convectionproblem with a new model of boundary conditions of
nanoparticlesin presence of a uniform heat source is more accurate, as it gives arelative errorof the order
of 105 to the critical values characterizing the onset of the convection.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their very sincerely thanks to the reviewers for their valuable and lucid
comments which have improved the paper appreciably.
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11542130

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A Realistic Approach for Studying the Effect of an Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection

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