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Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

CURRENT TRANSFORMER REQUIREMENTS


The current transformer requirements for each current input will depend on the protection
function with which they are related and whether the line current transformers are being
shared with other current inputs. Where current transformers are being shared by
multiple current inputs, the kneepoint voltage requirements should be calculated for each
input and the highest calculated value used.
The P342/P343/P344/P345 is able to maintain all protection functions in service over a
wide range of operating frequency due to its frequency tracking system (5 - 70 Hz).
When the P342/P343/P344/P345 protection functions are required to operate accurately
at low frequency, it will be necessary to use CTs with larger cores. In effect, the CT
requirements need to be multiplied by fn/f, where f is the minimum required operating
frequency and fn is the nominal operating frequency.

4.1

Generator Differential Function

4.1.1

Biased Differential Protection


The kneepoint voltage requirements for the current transformers used for the current
inputs of the generator differential function, with settings of ,s1 = 0.05 ,n, k1 = 0%,
,s2 = 1.2 ,n, k2 = 150%, and with a boundary condition of through fault current d 10 ,n, is:
For phase-earth faults
Vk t 50,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60

Vk t 30,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60

,n

,n

for X/R <120 If <10 In

for X/R < 40 If < 10 In

Where the generator is impedance earthed and the maximum secondary earth fault
current is less than ,n then the CT knee point voltage requirements are:
For phase-phase, 3 phase faults
Vk t 25,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60

Vk t 30,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60

,n

,n

for X/R <60 If <10 In

for X/R <100 If <10In, X/R <120 If

<5In
Vk t 40,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60
,n

for X/R <120 If <10 In

Where:
Vk

P34x/EN AP/K96

,n

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:)

Rr
(:)

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

If

maximum through fault current

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

Page (AP) 6-149

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

For Class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated kneepoint
voltage requirement should be less than 2.5 ,n (<5% of the maximum perspective fault
current 50 ,n, on which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection
class current transformers, it should be ensured that class 5P are used.

4.1.2

High Impedance Differential Protection


If the generator differential protection function is to be used to implement high impedance
differential protection, then the current transformer requirements for phase faults are:
Rs

[1.5 * (,f) * (RCT + 2RL)] /,S1

Vs

1.5 If (RCT + 2RL)

VK

2 * ,s1 * Rs = 2 Vs

Where:
Rs
,f

Value of stabilizing resistor (ohms)

Maximum secondary through fault current level (amps)

VK
,S1

CT knee point voltage (volts)

Current setting of differential element (amps)

RCT

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (ohms)

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (ohms)

Vs

Stability voltage

4.2

Generator-Transformer Differential Function

4.2.1

Biased Differential Protection


The kneepoint voltage requirements for the current transformers used for the current
inputs of the generator-transformer differential function, with settings of ,s1 = 0.2 ,n, k1 =
30%, ,s2 = 1.0 ,n, k2 = 80%, and with a boundary condition of through fault current d 16
,n, is:
For phase-earth faults
Vk t 80,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60
,n

for X/R <120 If <16 In, X/R <600 If

<10 In
Vk t 30,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60
,n

Vk t 110,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of

for X/R < 120 If < 10 In

60
,n

for X/R <600 If <16 In

Where the generator is impedance earthed and the maximum secondary earth fault
current is less than ,n then the CT knee point voltage requirements are:
For phase-phase, 3 phase faults
Vk t 25,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

Page (AP) 6-150

60
,n

for X/R <60 If <10 In

P34x/EN AP/K96

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

Vk t 30,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60
,n

for X/R <100 If <10 In, X/R <120 If <

5 In
Vk t 40,n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of

60
,n

for X/R <120 If <10 In

Where:
Vk
,n

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:)

Rr
(:)

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

If

= maximum through fault current

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

For Class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated kneepoint
voltage requirement should be less than 2.5 ,n (<5% of the maximum perspective fault
current 50 ,n, on which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection
class current transformers, make sure that class 5P are used.

4.3

Voltage Dependent Overcurrent, Field Failure, Thermal Overload,


Pole Slipping, Underimpedance and Negative Phase Sequence
Protection Functions
When determining the current transformer requirements for an input that supplies several
protection functions, it must be ensured that the most onerous condition is met. This has
been taken into account in the formula given below. The formula is equally applicable for
current transformers mounted at either the neutral-tail end or terminal end of the
generator.
Vk

20 ,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr)

Where:
Vk

,n

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:)

Rr
(:)

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

For class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated kneepoint
voltage requirement should be less than 1.0 ,n. For IEC standard protection class current
transformers, make sure that class 5P are used.

P34x/EN AP/K96

Page (AP) 6-151

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

4.4

Sensitive Directional Earth Fault Protection Function Residual


Current Input

4.4.1

Line Current Transformers


With reference to section 2.17, the sensitive directional earth fault input current
transformer could be driven by three residually connected line current transformers.
It has been assumed that the sensitive directional earth fault protection function will only
be applied when the stator earth fault current is limited to the stator winding rated current
or less. Also assumed is that the maximum X/R ratio for the impedance to a bus earth
fault will be no greater than 10. The required minimum kneepoint voltage will therefore
be:
Vk

6 ,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr)

Where:
Vk

,n

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:).

Rr
(:).

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

For class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated kneepoint
voltage requirement should be less than 0.3 ,n (<5% of the maximum perspective fault
current 20 ,n, on which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection
class current transformers, make sure that class 5P are used.

4.4.2

Core Balanced Current Transformers


Unlike a line current transformer, the rated primary current for a core balanced current
transformer may not be equal to the stator winding rated current. This has been taken
into account in the formula:
Vk

>

6N,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr)

Where:
Vk

,n

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:)

Rr
(:)

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability


Stator earth fault current

Note

Page (AP) 6-152

Core balanced current transformer rated primary current


Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

N should not be greater than 2. The core balance current transformer ratio
should be selected accordingly.

P34x/EN AP/K96

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

4.5

Stator Earth Fault Protection Function

4.5.1

Non-Directional Definite Time/IDMT Earth Fault Protection

The earth fault ,n current input is used by the stator earth fault protection function.

CT requirements for time-delayed earth fault overcurrent elements


VK

4.5.2

,cn/2 * (RCT + 2RL + Rrn)

Non-Directional Instantaneous Earth Fault Protection


CT requirements for instantaneous earth fault overcurrent elements
VK

,sn (RCT + 2RL + Rrn)

Where:
VK

Required CT knee-point voltage (volts)

,cn

,sn

Maximum prospective secondary earth fault current or 31 times ,> setting


(whichever is lower) (amps)

Earth fault setting (amps)

RCT

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (ohms)

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (ohms)

Rrn

Impedance of the relay neutral current input at ,n (ohms)

4.6

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

4.6.1

Low Impedance
VK
VK

24 * ,n * (RCT + 2RL) for X/R < 40 and ,f < 15 ,n

48 * ,n * (RCT + 2RL) for X/R < 40, 15 ,n < ,f < 40 ,n


and 40 <X/R < 120, ,f < 15 ,n

Where:
Vk
VK

VA x ALF
,n

+ ALF x ,n x Rct

,n

Required CT knee point voltage (volts)

rated secondary current (amps)

RCT

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:)

Maximum through fault current level (amps)

,f

4.6.2

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

High Impedance
The High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault element shall maintain stability for through
faults and operate in less than 40 ms for internal faults provided the following equations
are met in determining CT requirements and the value of the associated stabilizing
resistor:
Rs

P34x/EN AP/K96

(,f) * (RCT + 2RL) /,S1

Page (AP) 6-153

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

Vs
VK

1.5 If (RCT + 2RL)

4 * ,s1 * Rs = 4 Vs

Where:
Rs

4.7

,f

Value of Stabilizing resistor (ohms)

Maximum secondary through fault current level (amps)

VK

,S1

CT knee point voltage (volts)

Current setting of REF element (amps)

RCT

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (ohms)

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (ohms)

Vs

Stability voltage

Reverse and Low Forward Power Protection Functions


For both reverse and low forward power protection function settings greater than 3% Pn,
the phase angle errors of suitable protection class current transformers will not result in
any risk of mal-operation or failure to operate. However, for the sensitive power
protection if settings less than 3% are used, it is recommended that the current input is
driven by a correctly loaded metering class current transformer.

4.7.1

Protection Class Current Transformers


For less sensitive power function settings (>3%Pn), the phase current input of the P34x
should be driven by a correctly loaded class 5P protection current transformer.
To correctly load the current transformer, its VA rating should match the VA burden (at
rated current) of the external secondary circuit through which it is required to drive
current.

4.7.2

Metering Class Current Transformers

For low Power settings (<3%Pn), the ,n Sensitive current input of the P34x should be
driven by a correctly loaded metering class current transformer. The current transformer
accuracy class will be dependent on the reverse power and low forward power sensitivity
required. The table below indicates the metering class current transformer required for
various power settings below 3%Pn.
To correctly load the current transformer, its VA rating should match the VA burden (at
rated current) of the external secondary circuit through which it is required to drive
current. Use of the P34x sensitive power phase shift compensation feature will help in
this situation.
Reverse and low forward power settings %Pn
0.5

Metering CT class
0.1

0.6
0.8

0.2

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

0.5

1.8
2.0

Page (AP) 6-154

P34x/EN AP/K96

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

Reverse and low forward power settings %Pn

Metering CT class

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0

1.0

Table 19 - Sensitive power current transformer requirements

4.8

100% Stator Earth Fault Protection Function 20 Hz Inputs

4.8.1

Line Current Transformers

4.8.1.1

Generator Earthed via a Primary Resistor in Generator Starpoint

It has been assumed that the 100% stator earth fault protection function will only be
applied when the stator earth fault current is limited to <2x rated current or less as the
linear range of the sensitive current input is 2 In. The required minimum kneepoint
voltage is:
Vk

fn/20 x 2 ,n (Rct + 2RL + Rr)

Where:
Vk
,n

Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability

Relay rated current

Rct

RL

Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (:).

Rr
(:).

Resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

fn
Hz)

fundamental frequency 50 or 60 Hz (fn/20 is to account for operation at 20

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

For class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated kneepoint
voltage requirement should be less than 0.1 ,n (<5% of the maximum perspective fault
current 2 ,n, on which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection
class current transformers, it should be ensured that class 5P is used; a 15 VA 5P10 CT
will be adequate for most applications.
4.8.1.2

Generator Earthed via Earthing Transformer and Secondary Resistor at the


Terminals or Star Point of the Generator

A 400/5A CT can be ordered for this application, Vk = 720 V (50/60 Hz)

4.8.2

Earthing Transformers
To prevent the secondary load resistance from becoming too small (it should be > 0.5
:!! where possible) a high secondary voltage, such as 500 V, should be chosen for the
neutral or earthing transformer.
It is important that the earthing transformer never becomes saturated otherwise
ferroresonance may occur. It is sufficient that the transformer knee point voltage be
equal to the generator rated line voltage, Vn.

P34x/EN AP/K96

Page (AP) 6-155

Current Transformer Requirements

(AP) 6 Application Notes

4.8.2.1

Generator Earthed via a Primary Resistor in Generator Starpoint

Voltage transformer rating:


Vn
4.8.2.2

Vn/3 / 500 V, 3000 VA (for 20 s) class 0.5 (nonsaturated up to Vn, Generator)

rated generator line voltage (phase-phase)

Generator Earthed via Earthing Transformer and Secondary Resistor at the


Terminals of the Generator

Voltage transformer rating:

Vn/3 / 500/3 V (non-saturated up to Vn, Generator)

The transformer VA rating for 20 s per phase = 1.3 x 1/3 x If x Vn x 3 x 10/20


for 3 single phase transformers.
If

primary fault current

The 1.3 accounts for an overvoltage factor from field forcing.


The 10/20 increases the rating from 10 to 20 s.
For a 3 phase transformer the VA rating is 3 times higher.
4.8.2.3

Generator Earthed via Earthing Transformer and Secondary Resistor at the


Starpoint of the Generator

Voltage transformer rating:

Vn/3 / 500 V (non-saturated up to Vn, Generator)

The transformer VA rating for 20 s per phase = 1.3 x If x Vn x 3 x 10/20


The 1.3 accounts for an overvoltage factor from field forcing.
The 10/20 increases the rating from 10 to 20 s.

4.9

Converting an IEC185 Current Transformer Standard Protection


Classification to a Kneepoint Voltage
The suitability of an IEC standard protection class current transformer can be checked
against the kneepoint voltage requirements specified previously.
If, for example, the available current transformers have a 15 VA 5P 10 designation, then
an estimated kneepoint voltage can be obtained as follows:
Vk

VA x ALF
,n

+ ALF x ,n x Rct

Where:
Vk

Required kneepoint voltage

VA

Current transformer rated burden (VA)

ALF =
,n

Rct

Accuracy limit factor


Current transformer secondary rated current (A)

Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (:)

If Rct is not available, then the second term in the above equation can be ignored.

Example: 400/5 A, 15 VA 5P 10, Rct = 0.2 :


Vk

+ 10 x 5 x 0.2

5
=

Page (AP) 6-156

15 x 10

40 V

P34x/EN AP/K96

Current Transformer Requirements

4.10

(AP) 6 Application Notes

Converting IEC185 Current Transformer Standard Protection


classification to an ANSI/IEEE Standard Voltage Rating
The Px40 series protection is compatible with ANSI/IEEE current transformers as
specified in the IEEE C57.13 standard. The applicable class for protection is class "C",
which specifies a non air-gapped core. The CT design is identical to IEC class P, or
British Standard class X, but the rating is specified differently.
The ANSI/IEEE C Class standard voltage rating required will be lower than an IEC knee
point voltage. This is because the ANSI/IEEE voltage rating is defined in terms of useful
output voltage at the terminals of the CT, whereas the IEC knee point voltage includes
the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the CT secondary winding added to the
useful output. The IEC/BS knee point is also typically 5% higher than the ANSI/IEEE
knee point.
Therefore:
Vc

[ Vk - Internal voltage drop ] / 1.05

[ Vk - (In . RCT . ALF) ] / 1.05

Where:
Vc

C Class standard voltage rating

Vk

,n

IEC Knee point voltage required

CT rated current = 5 A in USA

RCT

CT secondary winding resistance


(for 5A CTs, the typical resistance is 0.002 ohms/secondary turn)

ALF =
class

The CT accuracy limit factor, the rated dynamic current output of a "C"
CT (Kssc) is always 20 x In

The IEC accuracy limit factor is identical to the 20 times secondary current ANSI/IEEE
rating.
Therefore:
Vc

P34x/EN AP/K96

[ Vk - (100 . RCT ) ] / 1.05

Page (AP) 6-157

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