Class PDD TPR BSF

Ver 2.
11
Chapter XIII
PDD
TAR
TMR
Dose Free Space
Joseph F. Buono RTT
Allied Health Science
Nassau Community College
1 Education Drive
Garden City, NY 11530-6793
phone: 516 - 572 - 7536 office

- 9460 Secretary
email: joseph.buono@ncc.edu
website: rtscanner.com
page setup
107.5
Title
Menu
- Objectives - next by default

- Dose in free space
- BackScatter Factor ( BSF )
- Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD )
- Dose to second point ( i.e. - Cord Dose ) for SSD setup
- Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR )

- Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR )
- Dose to second point ( i.e. - Cord Dose ) for SAD setup
- Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

- Conversion between PDD & TAR (also TMR)
Menu
Objectives
1 - Define Dose in Free Space.
2 - Define BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).
3 - State the factors that effect BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).
4 - Define Percantage Depth Dose ( PDD ).
5 - State the factors that effect Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD ).
6 - Define Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).
7 - State the factors that effect Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).
8 - Define Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).
9 - State the factors that effect Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).
10 - State the relationship between TAR, TMR and BSF.
11 - State the relationship between TAR table and BSF.
MENU
obj 1
Dose in Free Space
Dose in Free Space
MENU
DFS 0
Dose in Free Space
source
radiation beam
ionization chamber
build-up cap
point in space
The exposure measured

in Air at the center of the
chamber is:
Xexposure = Meterreading CT,P,S Nx

Exposure
measured in
Roentgen
Correction
factors due to
Temperature
Pressure
Stem error
Calibration
factor
MENU
DFS 1
Dose in Free Space
source
The reading from the

ionization chamber
gives the Xexposure at
the center of the beam
without the perturbing
influence of the
chamber.
Next, need to place a

small mass of tissue
at the center of the
beam, who's radius is
equal to depth dmax.
The dose at the center

of the mass of tissue
is referred to as the
dose in "free space"
Xexposure
which is equal to:
Dfs = Xexposure ftissue Aeq
Xexposure = Meterreading CT,P,S Nx
where:
END
Dose in Free Space
MENU
ftissue
is the Roentgen to rad

conversion factor for tissue
next
BackScatter Factor
DFS 2
BackScatter Factor
BackScatter
Factor
MENU
BSF 0
BackScatter Factor
fixed
distance
(usually machine
operating distance)
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Find dose
in "free space
on the central axis.
Df.s.
beam
central
axis
Ddmax
Df.s.
Find maximum
dose in a phantom
on the central axis
at a fixed distance.
Ddmax
MENU
BSF 1
BackScatter Factor
NOTE:
Since the dose at Dmax (Ddmax ) will always be
equal to OR greater then the dose in
free space (Df.s.), BackScatter Factors (BSF)
will always be equal to OR greater then 1.
Definition:
Ddmax
BSF =
Df.s.
As the photon energy increases

the BSF will become closer to 1.
Df.s.
Ddmax
BSF is dependent on:

1) Energy
increase in energy decrease in BSF
(max BSF .6 to .8 mm Cu HVL)
depending on field size can be as large as 1.5
2) Field Size
increase in F.S. increases BSF
3) SSD
independent of SSD
MENU
BSF 2
Percentage Depth Dose
Percentage
Depth Dose
MENU
PDD 0
Beam
Fixed
SSD
central
axis
Find maximum dose

on central axis.
Ddmax
Ddmax
Dd
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
phantom
Find dose at some
other depth on central
axis.
Dd
MENU
PDD 1
Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

has been defined as:
Dose @ depth
PDDd = 100%
Dose @ Dmax
D
Ddmax
d
PDDd =
100%
Ddmax
Dd
MENU
PDD 2
PDD is dependent on:

1) Energy
Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

has been defined as:
an increase in energy increases PDD
2) Field Size
Dose @ depth
PDDd = 100%
Dose @ Dmax
an increase in F.S. increases PDD

(because of an increase in scatter)
3) Depth of Tissue
an increase in depth decreases PDD
Dd
PDDd =
100%
Ddmax
SSD
Ddmax
Dd
4) SSD
an increase in SSD increases PDD
( due to the inverse square law
and the fact that PDD is defined
at two different points )
two different
distances from
the source
SSD + dmax
SSD + depth
MENU
PDD 3
Tissue Air Ratio
Tissue Air Ratio
MENU
TAR 0
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Find dose
in "free space
Df.s.
central
axis
Df.s.
MENU
TAR 1
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
central
axis
Find dose
in "free space
Df.s.
Df.s.
Dd
Find dose in phantom at

depth on the central
axis at the same
distance from source.
Dd
MENU
TAR 2
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
central
axis
Definition:
Dd
TARd =
Df.s.
Dd
Df.s.
TAR is dependent on:
1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TAR
2) Field Size
an increase in F.S. increases TAR
3) Depth of Tissue
an increase in depth decreases TAR
4) SAD (distance)
independent of distance
both reading at same
distance from the source
Df.s.
Dd
MENU
TAR 3
Tissue Air Ratio
Note:
If depth is changed to dmax then:
Ddmax
TARdmax =
=
Df.s.
Beam
Distance
from source
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Ddmax
BSF =
Df.s.
central
axis
Definition:
Dd
TARd =
Df.s.
Dddmax
Df.s.
TAR is dependent on:
1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TAR
2) Field Size
an increase in F.S. increases TAR
3) Depth of Tissue
an increase in depth decreases TAR
4) SAD (distance)
Df.s.
Dd
MENU
TAR 3
Tissue Maximum Ratio
MENU
TMR 0
Beam
Distance
from source
central
axis
generally
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Place phantom such that the

ionization chamber is at depth
of maximum dose.
depth = dmax
dmax
Ionization
Chamber
Ddmax
Turn beam on and

record dose reading.
Ddmax
MENU
TMR 1
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
central
axis
Find dose at depth in the

phantom at the same
distance from the source.
Dd
central
axis
dmax
Ddmax
Dd
MENU
TMR 2
Definition:
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Dd
TMRd =
Ddmax
central
axis
central
axis
d
dmax
Ddmax
Dd
TMR is dependent on:

1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TMR
2) Field Size
an increase in F.S. increases TMR
3) Depth of Tissue
an increase in depth decreases TMR
4) SAD (distance)
Ddmax.
Dd
MENU
TMR 3
Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR
Relationship
between
BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR
MENU
REL 0

SOURCE
f
(SAD)
IONIZATION
CHAMBER
Df.s.1
BUILDUP
CAP
Ddmax1
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
MENU
REL 1

SOURCE
f
(SAD)
d1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
Dd1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
MENU
REL 2

SOURCE
f
(SAD)
d1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
MENU
REL 3

SOURCE
f
(SAD)
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
MENU
REL 4
f
(SAD)
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
MENU
REL 6
f
(SAD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
solve BSF equation for
solve TARd1 equation for
Df.s.1
Df.s.1
Df.s.1 =
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
Ddmax1
Dd1
D
= f.s.1 =
BSF
TARd1
Both equations are equal to

"Dose in free space", therefore
they are equal to each other.
MENU
REL 7
f
(SAD)
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
Dd1
=
TARd1
BSF
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
rearranging terms:
Df.s.1 =
MENU
REL 8
f
(SAD)
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
Dd1
=
BSF
TARd1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
rearranging terms:
TARd1
Dd1
=
= TMRd1
BSF
Ddmax1
BUT:
therefore:
TARd1
TMRd1 =
BSF
rearranging terms:
TARd1 = TMRd1 BSF

MENU
REL 9
f
(SAD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1
BSF =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
Dd1
TMRd1 =
Ddmax1
Dd2
PDDd2 =
Ddmax2
TARd1 = TMRd1 BSF

One other important relationship is between TAR's and BSF.
Dd1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
If depth d1 is equal to dmax1 then:
Ddmax1
TARd1 =
Df.s.1
MENU
BUT:
Therefore:
At depth Dmax TARs are equal to BSFs
REL 10
Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)
Conversion
between
PDD & TAR
(also TMR)
MENU
TMR 0

SOURCE
f
(SAD)
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
d2
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
Dd1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
MENU
TMR 1

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
MENU
TMR 2

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
note: This is for field size

at distance f
MENU
TMR 3

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
Ddmax1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
note: This is for depth d2.

This is for the field size at a distance equal to f + d2.
Which can be said to be an SAD equal to f + d2.
MENU
TMR 4

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2
MENU
TMR 5

f
(SAD)
Df.s.1
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
I1
I2
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
=
d22
d12
Solving this equation for Dd2
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2
TAR2 Df.s.2
Ddmax2
Dd2 = TAR2 Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Substitute this into

PDD2 equation for Dd2.
At this point need to realize that

Dmax1 and Dmax2
are related by the
"Inverse Square Law"
Thus:
MENU
TMR 6

f
(SAD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
I1
I2
Ddmax1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
=
d22
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2
PDD2 =
d12
TAR2 Df.s.2
Ddmax2
f2
MENU
TMR 7

f
(SAD)
Df.s.1
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
I1
I2
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
=
d22
d12
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2
PDD2 =
TAR2 Df.s.2
Ddmax2
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2
=
Ddmax2
f2
MENU
TMR 8

f
(SAD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
I1
I2
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
=
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
d22
Dd2
Ddmax2
PDD2 =
d12
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2
=
Ddmax2
f2
Ddmax2
TAR2 =
solving this equation for:

Ddmax2
f2
=
Ddmax1
( f + dm)2
PDD2 =
TAR2 Df.s.2
Ddmax2
TAR2 Df.s.2
Substitute this into

PDD2 equation.
MENU
TMR 9

f
(SAD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
I1
I2
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
=
TAR2 =
d22
d12
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2
=
Ddmax2
f2
Ddmax2
f2
=
Ddmax1
( f + dm)2
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2
PDD2 =
TAR2 Df.s.2
Ddmax2
TAR2 Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2

PDD2 =
Ddmax1
f2
MENU
TMR 10

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2

PDD2 =
Ddmax1
f2
PDD2 =
BUT:
Dd2
Ddmax2
Ddmax1
BSF1 =
Df.s.1
Solving for:
Dmax1
Ddmax1 = BSF1 Df.s.1
MENU
TMR 11

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2

PDD2 =
Ddmax1
f2
PDD2 =
BSF1 Df.s.1
f2
PDD2 =
BUT:
Dd2
Ddmax2
Ddmax1
BSF1 =
Df.s.1
Solving for:
Dmax1
Ddmax1 = BSF1 Df.s.1

Substituting for:
Dmax1
MENU
TMR 12

f
(SAD)
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2

BUT
PDD2 =
2
Ddmax1
f
the relationship between
Df.s.1 and Df.s.2
PDD2 =
+ dm)2
TAR2 Df.s.2 ( f
BSF1 Df.s.1
f2
is by the
"Inverse Square Law".
THUS:
substituting
into the
equation
I1
invert
I2
I2
I1
Df.s.2
Df.s.1
=
=
d22
d12
d12
d22
substituting
into the
equation
f2
=
( f + d2 )2
MENU
TMR 13

f
(SAD)
d2
Df.s.1
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Dd1
Ddmax1
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2

PDD2 =
Ddmax1
f2
TAR2
( f + dm)2
f2
PDD2 =
2
BSF1
f2
( f + d2 )
Df.s.2
Df.s.1
f2
=
( f + d2 )2
MENU
TMR 14

f
(SAD)
d2
f
(ODI,SSD)
d1
Dd1
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
dmax2
Ddmax2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
BSF1 =
Ddmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 =
Dd2
Df.s.2
PDD2 =
Dd2
Ddmax2

PDD2 =
Ddmax1
f2
TAR2
( f + dm)2
f2
PDD2 =
2
BSF1
f2
( f + d2 )
TAR2
( f + dm)2
PDD2 =
BSF1
( f + d2 )2
END
MENU
TMR 15

Class PDD TPR BSF

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phone: 516 - 572 - 7536 office

- Objectives - next by default

- Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR )

- Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Dose in Free Space

Dose in Free Space

Dose in Free Space

The exposure measured

Xexposure = Meterreading CT,P,S Nx

Dose in Free Space

The reading from the

Next, need to place a

The dose at the center

Xexposure = Meterreading CT,P,S Nx

is the Roentgen to rad

As the photon energy increases

BSF is dependent on:

Percentage Depth Dose

Percentage Depth Dose

Find maximum dose

Percentage Depth Dose

Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

Percentage Depth Dose

PDD is dependent on:

Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

an increase in energy increases PDD

an increase in F.S. increases PDD

Tissue Air Ratio

Tissue Air Ratio

Tissue Air Ratio

Tissue Air Ratio

Find dose in phantom at

Tissue Air Ratio

Tissue Air Ratio

Tissue Maximum Ratio

Tissue Maximum Ratio

Tissue Maximum Ratio

Place phantom such that the

Turn beam on and

Tissue Maximum Ratio

Find dose at depth in the

Tissue Maximum Ratio

TMR is dependent on:

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

solve BSF equation for

solve TARd1 equation for

Both equations are equal to

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

TARd1 = TMRd1 BSF

Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

TARd1 = TMRd1 BSF

Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)

Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)

Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)

Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)