Adductor Group Muscle

Obturator Externus
Pectineus

Hip Muscles: (medial thigh - classified as hip bc they mainly act on hip joint)
Origin
Insertion
Action
outer surface of obturator membrane
adduction & ext. rotation of hip;
trochanteric fossa of femur
and bony boundaries
stabilizes pelvis in sagittal plane
adduction, ext. rotation, slight flexion of
pectineal line & prox. Linea aspea of
pecten pubis
hip; stabilizes pelvis in coronal and
femur
sagittal planes
adduction & flexion (up to 70) of hip
joint (extend hip past 80 flexion);
stabilizes pelvis in coronal and sagittal
plaes

superior pubic ramus, ant. Side of

symphysis

linea aspera: medial lip in middle

third of femur

Adductor Brevis

inferior pubic ramus

adduction & flexion (up to 70) of hip

linea aspera: medial lip in upper 1/3 joint (extend hip past 80 flexion);
of femur
stabilizes pelvis in coronal and sagittal
plaes

Adductor Magnus

inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus,

ischial tuberosity

deep: medial lip of linea aspera

superficial:
medial epicondyle, femur

Adductor Minimus

inferior pubic ramus

medial lip of linea aspera

Gracilis

inferior pubic ramus below symphysis medial border of tibial tuberosity

Adductor Longus

Anterior Thigh Muscle

Origin

Sartorius

ASIS

Quadriceps Femoris:
- Rectus Femoris

AIIS, acetabular roof of hip

- Vastus Medialis

medial lip of linea aspera, distal part

of intertrochanteric line

- Vastus Lateralis

lateral lip of linea aspera, lateral

surface of greater trochanter

- Vastus Intermedius

anterior femoral shaft

Thigh Muscles:
Insertion
medial to tibial tuberosity

adduction, external rotation, extension

of hip; stabilizes pelvis in coronal &
sagittal planes
adduction, ext. rotation, slight flexion of
hip
hip: adduction & flexion
knee:
flexion & internal rotation

Action
hip: flexion, abduction, ext. rotation
knee: flexion & internal rotation

entire muscle: on both sides of tibial

tuberosity via patellar ligament
vastus medialis & entire group: knee extension
lateralis: both sides of tuberosity on rectus femoris: hip flexion
medial & lateral condyles via medial articularis genus: prevent capsule
and longitudinal patellar retinacula
entrapment
articularis genus: suprapatellar
recess of knee joint capsule

lateralis: both sides of tuberosity on rectus femoris: hip flexion

medial & lateral condyles via medial articularis genus: prevent capsule
and longitudinal patellar retinacula
entrapment
articularis genus: suprapatellar
recess of knee joint capsule
- Articularis Genus ("5th
head)
Posterior Thigh Muscle
Hamstring:

anterior femoral shaft, at level of

suprapatellar recess
Origin

Insertion

Action

- Biceps Femoris

long head: ischial tuberosity,

sacrotuberous ligament
short
head: lateral lip of linea aspera in
middle 1/3 of femur

head of fibula

- Semimembranosus

ischial tuberosity

medial tibial condyle, oblique

popliteal ligament, popliteus fascia

- Semitendinosus

ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous

ligament

medial to tibial tuberosity in pes

anserinus

lateral femoral condyle, posterior

horn of lateral mensicus

posterior tibial surface (above soleus

flexion & internal rotation of knee
origin)

Popliteus

Anterior Compartment
Tibialis Anterior

Origin
upper 2/3 of lateral tibial surface,
crural interosseous membrane &
highest part of superficial crural
fascia

entire muscle: knee flexion & external

rotation
long head:
extend hip, stabilizes pelvis in sagittal
plane

Leg Muscles:
Insertion
medial & plantar surface of medial
cuneiform, medial base of 1st
metatarsal

hip: extension, stabilizes pelvis in

sagittal plane
knee: flexion & internal rotation
hip: extension, stabilizes pelvis in
sagittal plane
knee: flexion & internal rotation

Action
talocrural joint: dorsiflexion
subtalar joint: inversion (supination)

talocrural joint: dorsiflexion

by 4 slips to dorsal aponeurosis of the
subtalar joint: eversion (pronation)
2-5 toes & bases of the distal
also: extends metatarsophalangeal &
phalanges of 2-5 toes
interphalangeal joints of 2-5 toes

Extensor Digitorum Longus

lateral tibial condyle, fibular head,

anterior fibular border, & crural
interosseous membrane

Extensor Hallucis Longus

talocrural joint: dorsiflexion

subtalar joint: eversion or inversion
middle 1/3 of medial surface of fibula, dorsal apopneurosis of big toe & base
depending on initial foot position also:
crural interosseous membrane
of its distal phalanx
extends metatarsophalangeal &
interphalangeal joints of big toe

Fibularis Tertius

anterior border of distal fibula

Lateral Compartment

Origin

base of 5th metatarsal

Insertion

talocrural joint: dorsiflexion

subtalar joint: eversion (pronation)
Action

Fibuarlis Longus

Fibuarlis Brevis
Posterior Compartment
Superficial Part Muscles:
Triceps Surae:
- Soleus

fibular head, prox. 2/3 of lateral

surface of fibula (partially from
intramuscular septa)
distal 1/2 of lateral fibular surface,
intermuscular septa
Origin

plantar side of medial cuneiform,

base of 1st metatarsal
tuberosity at 5 metatarsal base
Insertion

posterior surface of fibula head &

neck; attached to soleal line of tibia
via tendinous arch

talocrural joint: plantar flexion

subtalar joint: eversion (pronation)
also: supports foot's transverse arch
talocrural joint: plantar flexion
subtalar joint: eversion (pronation)
Action

calcaneal tuberosity, Achilles t.

talocrural joint: plantar flexion

subtalar joint: inversion (supination)
knee joint: flexion (gastroc)

proximal to gastroc lateral head

calcaneal tuberosity, Achilles t.

negligible due to small cross section

Tibialis Posterior

crural interosseous membrane &

adjacent borders of tibia & fibula

tuberosity of navicular; medial,

intermediate & lateral cuneiforms,
bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals

talocrural joint: plantar flexion

subtalar joint: inversion (supination)
supports the longitudinal & transverse
arches of the foot

Flexor Digitorum Longus

middle 1/3 of posterior surface of

tibia

bases of 2nd-5th distal phalanges

talocrural joint: plantar flexion

subtalar joint: inversion (supination)
metatarsophalangeal & interphalangeal
joints of 2nd-5th toes, plantar flexion

base of the distal phalanx of big toe

talocrural joint: plantar flexion

subtalar joint: inversion (supination) metatarsophalangeal & interphalangeal
joints of big toe, plantar flexion
- supports medial
longitudinal arch of foot

- Gastrocnemius
Plantaris

medial head: medial epicondyle of

femur
lateral head: lateral epicondyle of
femur

Deep Part Muscles:

Flexor Hallucis Longus

distal 2/3s of posterior surface of

fibula, adjacent crural interosseous
membrane

Popliteus

lateral femoral condyle, posterior

horn of lateral mensicus

posterior tibial surface (above soleus

flexion & internal rotation of knee
origin)

Innervation
obturator nerve (L3, L4)
femoral nerve, obturator nerve (L2,
L3)

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

deep: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
superficial:
tibial nerve (L4)
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
obturator nerve (L2, L3)

Innervation
femoral nerve (L2, L3)

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Innervation
long head: tibial nerve (L5-S2)
short head: common fibular
nerve (L5-S2)
tibial nerve (L5-S2)

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

tibial nerve (L4-S1)

Innervation
deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

deep fibular nerve (L5)

deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Innervation

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1)

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Innervation

tibial nerve (S1, S2)

tibial nerve (S1, S2)

tibial nerve (L4, L5)

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

tibial nerve (L4-S1)

Migrated from Head

Origin

Shoulder Girdle Muscles:

Insertion

Action

Trapezius

descending part: draws scapula

obliquely upward, rotates glenoid cavity
inferiorly (acting w/ inferior part of
descending part: occipital bone
serratus anterior); tilts head to same
(superior nuchal line & external
- lateral third of clavicle (descending side & rotates it to opposite side (when
occipital protuberance)
part)
- acromion shoulder girdle is fixed)
transverse
transverse part: broad aponeurosis
(transverse part)
- scapular
part: draws scapula medially
at level of T1-T4 spinous processes
spine (ascending part)
ascending part: draws
ascending part: spinous
scapula medially downward (supports
processes of T5-T12
rotating action of descending part)
entire muscle: steadies scapula on
thorax

Sternocleidomastoid

sternal head: manubrium sterni

clavicular head: medial third of
clavicle

Omohyoid

Post. Muscle - trunk &

girdle
Rhomboid major

superior border of scapula

Origin

spinous processes of T1-T4

mastoid process & superior nuchal

line

unilateral: tilts head to same side,

rotates head to opposite side
bilateral:
extends head, assists in respiration
when head is fixed

body of hyoid bone

- depresses (fixes) hyoid bone

moves larynx & hyoid bone downward
(for phonation & final phase of
swallowing)
- tenses
cervical fascia w its intermediate tendon
and maintains patency of internal
jugular vein

Insertion
medial border of scapula (above
scapular spine)

Action
steadies scapula; draws scapula
medially upward (returns raised arm to
neutral (zero-degree) position)

Rhomboid minor

Levator scapulae

spinous processes of C6-C7

transverse processes of C1-C4

Ant. Muscle - trunk &

girdle
Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Origin
first rib (chondro-osseous junction)

medial border of scapula (above

scapular spine)

steadies scapula; draws scapula

medially upward (returns raised arm to
neutral (zero-degree) position)

superior angle of scapula

draws scapula medially upward while

moving inferior angle medially (returns
raised arm to neutral (zero degree)
position); inclines neck toward the same
side (when scapula is fixed)

Insertion

Action

inferior surface of clavicle (lateral 1/3) steadies clavicle in sternoclavicular joint

draws scapula downward, causing
inferior angle to move posteromedially
(lowers raised arm), rotates glenoid
inferiorly; assists in respiration

3rd-5th ribs

coracoid process

Serratus anterior

1st-9th ribs

entire muscle: draws scapula laterally

forward, elevates ribs when shoulder
scapula:
girdle is fixed (assists in respiration)
- superior (superior angle)
inferior part:
- intermediate (medial border)
- rotates scapula & draws inferior angle
inferior (inferior angle, medial border) laterally forward (rotates glenoid cavity
superiorly)
superior part: lowers raised arm
(antagonist to inferior part)

Posterior Muscle Group

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

Origin
supraspinous fossa of scapula
infraspinous fossa of scapula
lateral border of scapula
subscapular fossa of the scapula

Shoulder Joint Muscles:

Insertion
greater tuberosity of humerus
greater tuberosity of humerus
greater tuberosity of humerus
lesser tuberosity of humerus

Action
abduction
external rotation
external rotation, weak adduction
internal rotation

Deltoid

clavicular part: lateral 1/3 clavicle

acromial
part: acromion
spinal part:
scapular spine

Latissimus dorsi

vertebral part: T7-T12 spinous

processes, thoracolumbar fascia of
spinous processes of all lumbar
crest of lesser tuberosity (anterior
vertebrae and sacrum
iliac
view) of humerus
part: posterior 1/3 of iliac crest
scapular part:
inferior angle of scapula

Teres major

inferior angle of scapula

Anterior Muscle Group

Origin
clavicular part: clavicle medial half

Pectoralis major

Coracobrachialis

sternocostal part: sternum & 2nd6th costal cartilages

abdominal part: anterior layer of
rectus sheath
coracoid process

deltoid tuberosity on humerus

crest of lesser tuberosity of humerus

Insertion

clavicular part: anteversion (moves

arm & shoulder forward), internal
rotation, adduction
acromial part: abduction
spinal part: retroversion (moves arm &
shoulder backwards), external rotation,
adduction
(between 60-90
degreses of abduction, clavicular &
spinal parts assist acromial part with
abduction)

internal rotation, adduction, retroversion

(moves arm backward), respiration
(expiration, "cough muscle")

internal rotation, adduction, retroversion

Action

entire muscle: adduction & internal

rotation
clavicular & sternocostal part:
crest of greater tuberosity of humerus
anteversion
assists in respiration when shoudler
girdle is fixed
humerus (in line w crest of lesser
tuberosity)

anteversion, adduction, internal rotation

Posterior Muscle Group

Origin

Arm Muscles:
Insertion

Triceps brachii

long head: infraglenoid tubercle of

scapula
medial head: posterior surface of
humerus, distal to radial groove,
medial intermuscular septum
lateral head: humerus posterior
surface, proximal to radial groove,
lateral intermuscular septum

Anconeus

lateral epicondyle of humerus (&

olecranon of ulna (radial surface)
posterior joint capsule in some cases)

Anterior Muscle Group

Brachialis

Biceps Brachii

Posterior Muscle Group

Superficial Extensors:

Origin
distal half of humerus anterior
surface, also medial & lateral
intermuscular septa

olecranon of ulna

Insertion
ulnar tuberosity

long head: supraglenoid tubercle of

scapula
short radial tuberosity
head: coracoid process of scapula

Origin

Forearm Muscles:
Insertion

Action

elbow joint: extension

shoulder joint: long head - backward
movement & adduction of arm

extends elbow & tightens joint capsule

Action
flexion at elbow joint
elbow joint: flexion, supination (with
elbow flexed)
shoulder joint: flexion (humerus
forward motion), stabilization of humeral
head during deltoid contraction,
abduction & internal (medial) rotation of
humerus

Action

- Extensor digitorum

common head (lateral epicondyle of

humerus)

dorsal digital expansion of 2nd-5th

digits

wrist: extension
MCP, PIP, DIP joints of 2nd-5th
digits: extension & abduction of fingers

- Extensor digiti minimi

common head (lateral epicondyle of

humerus)

dorsal digital expansion of 2nd-5th

digits

wrist: extension, ulnar abduction of

hand
MCP, PIP, DIP joints of 5th digits:
extension & abduction of 5th digit

common head (lateral epicondyle of

humerus), ulnar head (dorsal surface base of 5th metatarsal
of ulna)

wrist: extension, adduction (ulnar

deviation) of hand

- Supinator

olecranon of ulna, lateral epicondyle

radius (between radial tuberosity &
of humerus, radial collateral ligament,
insertion of pronator teres)
annular ligament of radius

supinates forearm

- Abductor pollicis longus

dorsal surfaces of radius & ulna, also

base of 1st metacarpal
interosseous membrane

radiocarpal joint: abduction (radial

deviation) of hand
carpometacarpal joint of thumb:
abduction

- Extensor pollicis brevis

posterior surface of radius &

interosseous membrane (distal to
abductor pollicis longus)

base of proximal phalanx of thumb

radiocarpal joint: abduction (radial

deviation) of hand
carpometacarpal & MCP joint of
thumb: extension

- Extensory carpi ulnaris

Deep Extensors:

- Extensor pollicis longus

posterior surface of ulna &

interosseous membrane

base of distal phalanx of thumb

wrist: extension & abduction (radial

deviation) of thumb
carpometacarpal joint of thumb:
adduction
MCP & interphalangeal joints of
thumb: extension

- Extensor indicis

posterior surface of ulna,

interosseous membrane

posterior digital expansion of 2nd

digit

wrist: extension
MCP, PIP, DIP joints of 2nd digit:
extension

Anterior Muscle Group

Superficial Flexors:
- Pronator teres

Origin
humeral head: humerus medial
epicondyle
ulnar head: ulna coronoid process

humeral head: humerus medial

epicondyle
- Flexor digitorum superficialis ulnar head: ulna coronoid process
radial head: distal to radial
tuberosity

Insertion

lateral surface of radius (distal to

supinator insertion)

Action

elbow: weak flexor

forearm: pronation

elbow: weak flexor

sides of the middle phalanges of 2ndwrist, MCP, & PIP joints of 2nd-5th
5th digits
digits: flexion

- Flexor carpi radialis

medial epicondyle of humerus

base of 2nd metacarpal (sometimes

3rd)

wrist: flexion & adduction of hand (ulnar

deviation)

- Flexor carpi ulnaris

head of humerus: medial

epicondyle
head of ulna: olecranon

pisiform hook of hamate, base of 5th wrist: flexion & adduction of hand (ulnar
metacarpal
deviation)

- Palmaris longus

medial epicondyle of humerus

palmar aponeurosis

elbow: weak flexor

wrist: palmar flexion, tightens palmar
aponeurosis for gripping

Deep Flexors:
- Flexor digitorum profundus

proximal 2/3s of flexor surface of ulna palmar surface of distal phalanges of wrist joints and MCP, PIP, DIP joints
& adjacent interosseous membrane
2nd-5th digits
of 2nd-5th digits: flexion
wrist: flexion & radial abduction of hand

- Flexor pollicis longus

mid-anterior surface of radius and

adjacent interosseous membrane

palmar surface of distal phalanx of

thumb

- Pronator quadratus

distal 1/4 of ulna anterior surface

distal 1/4 of radius anterior surface

Radial Forearm Muscles

Radialis Group:
- Brachioradialis

Origin
lateral surface of distal humerus,
lateral intermuscular septum

lateral surface of distal humerus

- Extensor carpi radialis longus (lateral supracondylar ridge), lateral
intermuscular septum

- Extensor carpi radialis brevis lateral epicondyle of humerus

carpometacarpal joint of thumb:

opposition
metacarpophalangeal &
interphalangeal joints of thumb:
flexion
pronates hand, stabilizes distal
radioulnar joint

Insertion

Action

styloid process of radius

elbow: flexion
forearm: semipronation

dorsal base of 2nd metacarpal

elbow: weak flexor

wrist: dorsal extension (assists in fist
closure), abduction (radial deviation) of
hand

dorsal base of 3rd metacarpal

elbow: weak flexor

wrist: dorsal extension (assists in fist
closure), abduction (radial deviation) of
hand

Metacarpal Muscles

Origin

Hand Muscles:
Insertion

Action

each one inserts on the dorsal digital metacarpophalangeal joint of 2ndexpansion of the respective digit (1st 5th digits: flexion
- index finger; 2nd - middle finger; 3rd proximal & distal interphalangeal
- ring finger; 4th - little finger)
joints of 2nd-5th digits: extension

1st-4th lumbricals

radial sides of tendons of flexor

digitorum profundus (variable)

1st-4th dorsal interossei

dorsal digital expansion of 2nd-4th

digits, base of proximal phalanx
first
interosseus: radial side of 2nd
proximal phalanx (index)
by 2 heads from adjacent sides of 1stsecond interosseus: radial side of
5th metacarpals
3rd proximal phalanx (middle) third
interosseus: ulnar side of 3rd
proximal phalanx (middle)
fourth
interosseus: ulnar side of 4th
proximal phalanx (right)

metacarpophalangeal joint of 2nd4th digits: flexion

proximal & distal interphalangeal
joints of 2nd-4th digits: extension &
abduction of fingers (abduction of index
& ring fingers from middle finger)

1st-3rd palmar interossei

first interosseus: ulnar side of 2nd

metacarpal (index)
second interosseus: radial side of dorsal digital expansion & base of
4th metacapral (ring)
proximal phalanx of associated finger
third interosseus: radial side of 5th
metacarpal (little)

metacarpophalangeal joints of 2nd,

4th, 5th digits: flexion
proximal & distal interphalangeal
joints of 2nd, 4th, 5th digits:
extension & adduction of fingers
(adduction of 2nd, 4th, 5th digits
towards middle finger)

Thenar Muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis

Adductor pollicis

Origin
Insertion
scaphoid bone & trapezium, flexor
base of proximal phalanx of thumb
retinaculum
(via radial sesamoid)
transverse head: palmar surface of
3rd metacarpal
base of proximal phalanx of thumb
oblique head: capitate bone, base of (via ulnar sesamoid)
2nd metacarpal

Flexor pollicis brevis

superficial head: flexor retinaculum

base of proximal phalanx of thumb
deep head:
(via radial sesamoid)
capitate bone, trapezium

Opponens pollicis

trapezium

radial border of 1st metatarsal

Action
abduction of thumb
carpometacarpal joint of thumb:
opposition
metacarpaophalangeal joint of
thumb: flexion
carpometacarpal joint of thumb:
flexion, opposition
metacarpaophalangeal joint of
thumb: flexion
carpometacarpal joint of thumb:
opposition

Hypothenar Muscles

Origin

Insertion

Abductor digiti minimi

pisiform bone

ulnar base of proximal phalanx &

dorsal digital expansion of 5th digit

Flexor digiti minimi

hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum

base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Opponens digiti minimi

hook of hamate

ulnar border of 5th metacarpal

Palmaris brevis

ulnar border of palmar aponeurosis

skin of hypothenar eminence

Action
metacarpophalangeal joint of little
finger: flexion & abduction of little
finger
PIP & DIP joints of little finger:
extension
MCP joint of little finger: flexion
draws metacarpal in the palmar
direction (opposition)
tightens palmar aponeurosis (protective
function)

Innervation

CN XI (accessory nerve) & cervical

plexus (C2-C4)

CN XI (accessory nerve) & direct

branches form cervical plexus (C1C2)

ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus

(C1-C4)

Innervation

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

Innervation
nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)

medial & lateral pectoral nerves

(C6-T1)

long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)

Innervation
suprascaular nerve (C4-C6)
suprascaular nerve (C4-C6)
axilliary nerve (C5-C6)
subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

axilliary nerve (C5-C6)

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

Innervation

medial & lateral pectoral nerves

(C5-T1)

musculocutaneous nerve (C6 C7)

Innervation

radial nerve (C6-C8)

radial nerve (C6-C8)

Innervation
musculocutaneous n. (C5-C6) radial
nerve (C7)

musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)

Innervation

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C6, C7)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

Innervation

median nerve (C6, C7)

median nerve (C8, T1)

median nerve (C6, C7)

ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

median nerve (C7, C8)

median nerve (radial part, 2nd - 3rd

digits) (C8, T1)
ulnar
nerve (ulnar part, 4th-5th digits)
(C7-T1)

median nerve (C7, C8)

median nerve (C7, C8)

Innervation

radial nerve (C5, C6)

radial nerve (C6, C7)

radial nerve (C7, C8)

Innervation
1st, 2nd lumbricals: median
nerve (C8, T1)
3rd, 4th lumbricals: ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Innervation
median nerve (C8, T1)

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

superifical head: median nerve

(C8, T1)
deep head: ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
median nerve (C8, T1)

Innervation

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)