Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
WSA 022002-2.3
210
CONTENTS
27 INTRODUCTION
212
27.1 GENERAL
27.2 DRAWING COMMENTARY
212
212
213
215
29.1 GENERAL
215
29.2 SEW1100 TO SEW1102 DESIGN LAYOUTS
215
29.2.1 SEW1100 Locality and site plan
215
29.2.2 SEW1101 Longitudinal sections
215
29.2.3 SEW1102 Schedule of Works
215
29.3 SEW1103 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS
216
29.4 SEW1104 AND SEW1105 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS
216
29.5 SEW1106 AND SEW1107 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS METHODS 216
29.5.1 SEW1106 IO interface method
217
29.5.2 SEW1107 Buried interface method
218
29.6 SEW1108 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS Y BRANCH AND AROUND
OBSTRUCTIONS
218
29.7 SEW1109 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS PRIVATE PROPERTY & MARKING
SYSTEMS
218
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230
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STANDARD DRAWINGS
234
234
234
234
237
TABLES
TABLE 29.1 MINIMUM RETICULATION AND PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER
SIZES
TABLE 29.2 EQUIVALENT STIFFNESS CLASSES FOR PVC SEWERS
TABLE 30.1 MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR PVC SEWERS
TABLE 30.2 MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR GRP SEWERS
TABLE 30.3 MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR VC SEWERS
TABLE 30.4 MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR RC SEWERS
TABLE 30.5 MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE
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27 INTRODUCTION
27.1 GENERAL
Standard Drawings are included in the Sewerage Code of Australia to assist in
understanding of the principles and methodology involved in construction of sewerage
systems and to enhance the design and construction Parts of this Code. The Drawings
should be read in conjunction with the balance of the Code.
The Drawings included in this Part of the Code provide deemed-to-comply solutions for the
installation of most elements of a sewerage system. However, they will not suit all
circumstances or overcome all problems. To meet special needs, Designers and
Constructors are encouraged to identify improved construction methods and other
variations from the requirements set out in the Standard Drawings. Authorisation by the
local Water Agency will be necessary before any major departure from the principles
outlined in the drawings are implemented. Successful initiatives will be considered by
WSAA for inclusion in future editions of this Code.
All Design Drawings should include the name of the Water Agency and have a signature
block to allow confirmation that each drawing complies with Water Agency requirements.
The symbols and markings used on these Drawings are typical only and do not apply to
any particular Water Agency (Refer to the individual Water Agency for their legend, symbol
and layout requirements).
Individual Water Agencies may have specific information and presentation requirements,
which should be determined before commencing any project. Any additional information,
layout or format requirements specified by the Water Agency take precedence over these
Drawings.
All special requirements including, but not limited to geotechnical requirements,
embedment and compaction details, should be shown in the Design Drawings and/or the
Specification.
27.2 DRAWING COMMENTARY
This informative commentary preceding the Drawings provides background information on
the purpose and content of the Standard Drawings and serves as a general guide for
Designers and Constructors, as well as a training aid. The use of separate commentary
avoids excessive detail and complexity in the Drawing notes.
The Designer is responsible for ensuring that Design Drawings and Specifications clearly
address the issues of a particular project. It is the Designers responsibility to provide
detailed requirements such as trench depth, embedment and fill materials, concrete type
and reinforcement in the Design Drawings.
Both the Designer and Constructor should understand information relevant to selecting a
feasible solution to a design and/or construction problem. Many of the Standard Drawings
are typical and are not suitable for use without further design detail.
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ACTIVITY
TITLE
Equivalent
1999
DRAWING
NUMBER
PIPELINE LAYOUT
SEW1100
Design Layouts
new
SEW1101
Design Layouts
Longitudinal Sections
new
SEW1102
Design Layouts
new
Schedule of Works
SEW1103
Pipelaying
Typical Arrangements
new
SEW1104
SEW300
SEW1105
SEW301
SEW1106
IO Interface Method
SEW1107
SEW1108
SEW303
SEW1109
SEW304
SEW302
SEW1200
WAT400
SEW1201
Typical Arrangements
SEW100
SEW1202
Standard Embedment
SEW1203
Special Embedment
SEW1204
Special Embedment
SEW1205
Special Embedment
SEW1206
Trench Drainage
SEW103
SEW1207
Trench Drainage
Typical Systems
SEW104
SEW1208
SEW211
SEW101
SEW102
ACCESS STRUCTURES
SEW1300
Maintenance Holes
Sewers DN 300
Precast Types P1 & P2
SEW201
SEW1301
Maintenance Holes
Sewers DN 300
Cast Insitu Types C1 & C2
SEW202
SEW1302
Maintenance Holes
new
SEW1303
Maintenance Holes
Sewers DN 300
Changes in Level Details
SEW203
SEW1304
Maintenance Holes
SEW204
SEW1305
Maintenance Holes
SEW205
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DRAWING
NUMBER
214
ACTIVITY
TITLE
Equivalent
1999
DRAWING
NUMBER
SEW1306
Maintenance Holes
SEW206
SEW1307
Maintenance Holes
SEW208
SEW1308
Maintenance Holes
SEW207
SEW1309
Maintenance Holes
new
SEW1310
Maintenance Holes
new
SEW1311
Maintenance Holes
Depth to Invert 6 m to 15 m
new
SEW1312
Maintenance Holes
new
SEW1313
Maintenance Holes
MH Connection Details
DN 110 to DN 450 PE Pipe
new
SEW1314
Maintenance Shafts
Typical Installation
SEW209
SEW1315
Maintenance Shafts
new
SEW1316
Maintenance Shafts
SEW210
SEW1317
Maintenance Holes
SEW212
SEW1400
Buried Crossings
Syphon Arrangement
SEW105
SEW1401
Buried Crossings
Railways
new
SEW1402
Buried Crossings
Major Roadways
new
SEW1403
Buried Crossings
new
SEW1404
Aerial Crossings
Aqueduct
SEW106
SEW1405
Aerial Crossings
SEW107
SEW1406
Aerial Crossings
new
SEW1407
Ventilation Systems
Induct Vent
SEW213
SEW1408
Ventilation Systems
Educt Vent
SEW213
SEW1409
Mains Type
SEW214
SEW1410
new
SEW1411
new
SEW1412
new
SEW1500
Cutin Methods
new
SEW1501
Insertion of Junctions
new
SEW1502
Maintenance Structures
new
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(b)
An individual Water Agency may have alternative format requirements or may require the
information to be shown in a tabular format.
29.2.3 SEW1102 Schedule of Works
SEW1102 is a typical example of connection to existing sewers and schedule of works
information in tabular format showing requirements for linkins and changes to MHs and is
typical of the type of information that may be required by a Water Agency.
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(b)
(c)
(ii)
For the buried interface method, the junction delineates Water Agency and private
ownership. The property owner is responsible for employing a drainer to connect to the
junction. AS/NZS 3500.2.2 requires the drainer to install an IO as part of the customer
sanitary drain. The property owner is responsible for clearing blockages upstream of the
junction. Due to uncertainty regarding the location of a problem in the section of customer
sanitary drain between IO and junction, some Water Agencies may accept responsibility for
blockages downstream of the customer IO.
SEW1104 and SEW1105 show typical layouts of sewers and general arrangements for
property connection sewers. They also show various configurations as they relate to the IO
and buried interface methods of property connection.
SEW1104 shows various positions for the property connection, which may be authorised
by the Water Agency for locations for a sewer located in the road reserve.
SEW1105 shows various positions for property connections for a sewer located in an
easement or inside a property boundary.
29.5 SEW1106 AND SEW1107 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS METHODS
SEW1106 and SEW1107 show details of property connection sewers and connection
points for the IO interface method and the buried interface method.
Minimum sewer sizes for reticulation and property connection sewers for residential and
commercial zones and buildings are summarised in Table 29.1. Standard laying depth of
the property connection sewer should be in accordance with Water Agency requirements.
The point of connection for a customer drain should be 1.5 m below the surface. The
depth of the connection point should take account of AS 3500.2 requirements for soffit,
minimum cover and grade of the customer sanitary drain. Clause 4.6.5.4 provides details
of property connection requirements.
Details of property connection sewers and points of connection should be included in the
Design Drawings.
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TABLE 29.1
MINIMUM RETICULATION AND PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER SIZES
Pipe size
Applicability
DN
Reticulation sewers
100
Not used
Residential buildings
150
Residential zones
Commercial buildings
225
Commercial zones
The vertical drop distances shown in the Standard Drawings relate to the vertical distance
from the invert of the sewer to the invert of the horizontal section of the property
connection sewer.
Where installation is in rock, the trench should be excavated past the end of the interface
point of the property connection sewer. Clause 15.2 specifies a minimum distance, which
enables safe excavation of the property owners sanitary drain without damaging the
property connection fitting.
AS/NZS 1260 now specifies PVC sewer pipe by its stiffness (SN). The PVC pipe stiffness
classes (depending on Water Agency requirements) and equivalent previous system
values are as summarised in Table 29.2.
TABLE 29.2
EQUIVALENT STIFFNESS CLASSES FOR PVC SEWERS
Pipe size
DN
100
150
a (SH)
SN6
a*
SN8
a (SEH)
SN10
a (SH)
SN4
SN6
a (SEH)
SN8
SN10
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The end of the property connection sewer is nominally at the pipe joint on the upstream
side of the IO fitting. Some Agencies may require an additional short length of pipe (with a
threaded coupling and cap) to keep the sanitary drain trench away from the surface cover
and frame. The property connection sewer should be at the required depth to service the
property.
29.5.2 SEW1107 Buried interface method
SEW1107 complements SEW1104 and SEW1105. It relates only to the buried interface
method. There are two variations to this method:
(a)
The point of connection is a junction installed in the sewer within the customers
property. The junction is plugged at the time of construction. The Water Agency
owns the junction and downstream sewer. The Water Agency does not require an
IO to be constructed as part of the reticulation sewer.
The property owner is responsible for providing, connecting and maintaining an IO
and sanitary drain in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.2.2.
(b)
For connection to a deep reticulation sewer, a drop junction or vertical riser (jump up)
may be required to provide a property connection point closer to the surface (Refer to
Clause 4.6.5.4).
29.6 SEW1108 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS Y BRANCH AND AROUND
OBSTRUCTIONS
SEW1108 complements SEW1104 and SEW1105 and shows typical property
connections details for Y branches and around obstructions.
The property connection sizes should be detailed in the Design Drawings.
Minimum clearances from obstructions should be in accordance with Table 4.2.
29.7 SEW1109 PROPERTY
MARKING SYSTEMS
CONNECTION
DETAILS PRIVATE
PROPERTY
&
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even if its laboratory measured modulus was apparently sufficient. Note that modulus is
determined in the laboratory using an oscillating dynamic load and extremely low strains.
Even a reasonably high modulus from this test is no guarantee that the material will not
settle or even collapse under its own weight.
Compaction requirements should be in accordance with the Design Drawings and
Clause 22.3. Compaction requirements are specified to ensure pipe structural support and
to prevent settlement that may cause damage to pavements and structures. Settlement at
any depth in a trench is ultimately likely to be reflected at the surface.
Compaction methods associated with the various embedment materials are described in
Part 3 and AS/NZS 2566.2. Except where sewers are being embedded in single size
aggregates, satisfactory compaction of embedment and trench fill usually requires the use
of powered portable compacting machines. In certain circumstances, manual methods of
compaction are suitable. Compaction lift thickness should not exceed 150 mm for hand
tampers and 300 mm for vibrators. Compaction can be achieved using hand tampers,
surface plate vibrators, vibratory rollers and/or internal vibrators.
Where the compactive force and bearing area of the compaction / construction equipment
is known, design in accordance with AS/NZS 2566.1 can be used to determine the
minimum height of cover before that load can be applied.
Flood compaction requires Water Agency approval and may only be suitable for free
draining soils. If used where soil is not free draining, the retained moisture makes
compaction, even mechanical compaction, very difficult, if not impossible.
Some pipe materials e.g. PE have a density less than that of water and can float even
when full of water. Methods used to prevent flotation should be as specified in the Design
Drawings or as authorised by the Superintendent.
Before installation, check all pipes and fittings for damage. Impact damage to GRP pipes
and fittings can be difficult to detect since it typically appears on the internal surfaces as
star cracks within the corrosion layer (gelcoat).
30.2 MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR STANDARD SUPPORT TYPES
Tables 30.1, 30.2, 30.3 and 30.4 specify default maximum depths to invert for trenches
complying with SEW1201 and with pipe support types nominated in SEW1202. The
designs are conservative. Project-specific designs may be undertaken by an appropriately
qualified Designer where the stated assumptions for Tables 30.1, 30.2, 30.3 and 30.4 are
varied e.g. alternative pipe class or for actual geotechnical data from the site.
Applicable design standards are:
(a)
(b)
Rigid pipe bedding factors and safety factors specified in BS EN 12951, National Annex A
are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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Embedment
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Where CLSM embedment is used, the trench width may be reduced by:
75 mm for DN 150<DN 300
100 mm for DN 300DN 450
150 mm for >DN 450DN 900
175 mm for >DN 900DN 1500
Trench fill
(i)
20% by mass of stones with sizes between 75 mm and 150 mm and none
larger than 150 mm.
(ii)
For trafficable areas, trench fill should be as specified in the Design Drawings.
TABLE 30.1
MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR PVC SEWERS
Pipe size
Pipe stiffness
class
DN
SN
150
225
Support type
Minimum trench
width (Note 2)
Maximum depth
to invert
mm
450
5.7
600
5.7
300
750
5.8
375
850
5.9
NOTES:
1
Trench width to be measured at the spring line. For a supported trench, trench width is the distance
between shields.
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TABLE 30.2
MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR GRP SEWERS
Pipe size
Pipe stiffness
class
DN
SN
300
5000
375
Support type
Minimum trench
width (Note 1)
Maximum depth
to invert
mm
750
5.4
5000
850
5.4
450
5000
1000
5.5
525
5000
1200
5.5
600
5000
1300
5.6
675
5000
1350
5.7
750
5000
1400
5.8
900
5000
1600
5.9
1000
5000
1800
6.0
NOTES:
1
Trench width to be measured at the spring line. For a supported trench, trench width is the distance
between shields
TABLE 30.3
MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR VC SEWERS
Pipe size
Pipe class /
crushing strength
Support type
Minimum trench
width (Note 1)
Maximum depth
to invert
mm
450
7.1
450
8.9
450
10.0
550
5.3
550
6.7
550
7.7
600
5.3
600
6.7
600
7.7
650
5.3
650
6.7
650
7.7
750
5.5
750
6.9
750
8.0
DN
150
200
225
250
300
34
continued
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Pipe class /
crushing strength
Support type
Minimum trench
width (Note 1)
Maximum depth
to invert
mm
850
5.7
850
7.1
850
8.1
900
5.8
900
7.2
900
8.3
950
5.9
950
7.3
950
8.4
1400
4.7
1400
5.8
1400
6.6
1400
4.9
1400
6.0
1400
6.8
1500
5.2
1500
6.3
1500
7.2
1800
4.5
1800
5.5
1800
6.1
DN
350
400
450
600
700
800
1000
Class 95 / 95 kN/m
NOTES:
1
Trench width to be at the spring line. For a supported trench, trench width is distance between
shields.
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TABLE 30.4
MAXIMUM DEPTH TO INVERT FOR RC SEWERS
Pipe size
Load class
Support type
Minimum trench
width (Note 1)
Maximum depth
to invert
mm
1350
5.1
1350
6.3
1350
7.2
1500
5.3
1500
6.4
1500
7.3
1800
5.3
1800
6.4
1800
7.3
1900
5.4
1900
6.5
1900
7.4
DN
600
750
900
1050
4
(Z)
4
(Z)
4
(Z)
4
(Z)
NOTES:
1
Trench width is measured at the spring line. For a supported trench, trench width is distance between
shields.
Assumed that native soil is nonaggressive to concrete, else pipes require external protection.
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and surface settlement is not important, the Design Drawings may nominate the re-use of
excavated material, after screening and/or removal of organic material and stones
>75 mm, above the embedment material up to the FSL.
30.5 SEW1202 STANDARD EMBEDMENT FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PIPES
SEW1202 shows the deemed-to-comply embedment methods for good supportive soil
conditions for rigid pipes (Types 1 and 2) and for all pipe types (Types 3). Type 4 shows
the system to be used when geotextile filter fabric wrap is specified to prevent migration of
fines from the native soil into the granular embedment.
Single size coarse aggregate with particle sizes in accordance with Table 30.5 is the
preferred embedment material because of its selfcompacting qualities.
TABLE 30.5
MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE
Pipe size
DN
mm
100
10
>100 to 160
14
>160
20
Selected cohesive soils may be used when approved by the Water Agency. They are more
difficult to place and compact, should only be considered for shallow pipelines not subject
to imposed live loads and require compaction testing.
The higher the granular content of the embedment material, particularly a higher gravel
content, the more supportive it becomes to the pipe, when an equivalent compactive effort
is used.
Embedment materials which are not covered by Purchase Specifications may be specified
by the Designer provided they have the consistency and moisture content suitable for
placement (without segregation) and can be compacted to a density that will achieve an
embedment modulus of at least 6 MPa. Refer to AS/NZS 2566.1 for soil moduli for different
materials at different densities.
30.6 SEW1203 SPECIAL EMBEDMENT INADEQUATE FOUNDATIONS
SEW1203 shows deemed-to-comply embedment where poor ground conditions require
over-excavation and replacement. Engineering advice based on geotechnical information
from site is required to determine the appropriate embedment for poor ground conditions.
30.7 SEW1204 SPECIAL EMBEDMENT SUPPORT USING PILES
SEW1204 shows the deemed-to-comply support and embedment where poor ground
conditions require piling. Engineering advice based on geotechnical information from site is
required to determine the appropriate support and embedment for poor ground conditions
and to provide structural details.
30.8 SEW1205 SPECIAL EMBEDMENT CONCRETE AND STABILISED SUPPORTS
SEW1205 shows the deemed-to-comply concrete or stabilised sand embedment, typically
where protection of the sewer is necessary e.g. where minimum cover is not achievable or
where a structure is to be built over the sewer.
Precautions should be taken to prevent flotation of pipes during concrete encasement.
Methods used to prevent flotation should be as specified in the Design Drawings or as
authorised by the Superintendent.
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Sandingby coating the external surface of the pipe or fitting with solvent and,
while the solvent is wet, applying a coating of sand; or
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Covers, slabs and cover frames should be restrained from movement during trench
fill and compaction.
(b)
Covers should be installed to be proud of the finished surface of unsealed nontrafficable areas.
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WSA 022002-2.3
Inlet and outlet pipework should have flexible joints (rocker pipes).
(b)
(c)
(d)
The concrete at the soffit of the entrance to upstream and downstream pipework
should be rounded to prevent damage to maintenance equipment e.g. CCTV cables.
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Because it lowers a section of the sewer, the velocity through the syphon should be
increased to ensure all solids are carried through the syphon. It is general practice to
have more than one syphon tube to allow partial shutdown for maintenance and to
handle larger flows.
(b)
The inlet structure should be higher than the outlet structure so that a differential
head is provided between the inlet and outlet points such that a flow of at least
0.75 m/s is achieved at least once per day.
(c)
The inlet structure should be constructed so that the normal flow is directed solely
into one syphon pipe with higher flows into the other pipe(s).
(d)
For sealed sewers, an air passage past the syphon should be provided to prevent air
locks and reduce the creation of hydrogen sulphide gas.
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Aqueduct pipe systems using DI and steel pipe are suitable for use as a carrier pipe or as
an encasing pipe for other pipe materials e.g. PVC or PE. Expansion rates should be taken
into account during the design phase.
Where other arrangements are used, they should incorporate the following conditions /
features:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
The Design Drawings should detail all requirements including pipe material, jointing
method, support spacings, expansion control methods, corrosion protection and abutment
details.
32.5 SEW1407 AND SEW1408 VENTILATION SYSTEMS
These two Drawings address the ventilation of sewers, showing deemed-to-comply induct
and educt vents that are constructed on larger diameter branch sewers. On trunk sewers, it
is common to utilise a forced air (fan) station to induce a stronger airflow.
Ventilation of sewers is a topical issue. Some Water Agencies do not allow the use of
venting systems. Water Agency requirements should be determined before commencing
any design.
Corrosion is a problem with all induct and educt vents and where possible, all exposed
surfaces should be manufactured from noncorrosive materials.
Vents should be aesthetically suitable for their installed location.
Note 6 of SEW1408 discusses one method of preventing internal corrosion of galvanised
vent stacks by using it as an encasing pipe for a length(s) of PVC sewer pipe. Where this
system is used, the gap between the PVC pipe and the top of the stack should be sealed
using a mastic sealant, chamfered to deflect water away from the joint. The base should
also be provided with a drainage point to prevent condensation from building up in the
base and causing corrosion.
While galvanised steel vents are shown, other materials may be acceptable to the Water
Agency e.g. FRP and stainless steel.
Canister type air filters are commercially available, but these generally need a forced
airflow to ensure the air passes through the filter medium. Fans used for this purpose
should have flame proof motors and be manufactured from noncorrosive materials.
32.6 SEW1409, SEW1410 AND SEW1411 WATER SEAL ARRANGEMENTS
These three Drawings show deemed-to-comply methods for water seal arrangements on
sewers and MHs.
Water seals are hydraulic features that are used to prevent odours from escaping from
trunk, branch and reticulation sewers into inhabited areas.
Water seals can be incorporated into a conventional sewerage system design by
nominating local lowering the sewer to provide a water trap that prevents the passage of
sewer gases. Water traps should be constructed close enough to an adjacent MH or MS so
that blockages can be easily cleared.
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Water seals can also be incorporated into MH by incorporating a water trap in the MH flow
path as shown on SEW1410 and SEW1411.
The options shown do not represent a national consensus. Some Water Agencies specify a
boundary trap between the sewer and the customer sanitary drain. The Designer should
determine the Water Agency requirement.
Design Drawings should detail the actual requirements for construction.
32.7 SEW1412 EMERGENCY RELIEF STRUCTURES
SEW1412 shows typical flow relief structures for DN 150 to DN 375 sewers.
Flow relief structures are required where there is the potential for sewer overflows because
of blockages or insufficient capacity in the sewer. This type of system is included within the
sewer to ensure flow relief occurs at a planned rather than unplanned location. The Design
Drawings should identify the authorised overflow discharge points.
The Drawing shows one deemed-to-comply solution with baffles / screens to prevent the
release of fats and solids into the discharge area.
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The Reactive Base option is required for rigid pipes and soils having a bearing pressure
less than 100 kPa (Refer to SEW1200) in order to accommodate differential settlement
between the MH base and the sewer.
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NOTES
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Standard Drawings
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