Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Optical Transport
Networking
Cienas
Expert Series:
What you need
to know after
you know
it all.
by Paul Littlewood
Fady Masoud
Publishers Acknowledgments
Were proud of this book; please send us your comments at expertbooks@ciena.com
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Editorial, and Senior Project Editor: Erin Malone
Source Material: Barbara DePompa
Layout and Graphics: Kevin Brubaker, Clark Design, Axis41
Editor: Kim Lindros
Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................ 7
Introduction: OTN Fundamentals................................................................. 9
What Makes OTN Essential?....................................................................... 11
Key OTN Benefits......................................................................................... 11
Key Drivers in the Transition to OTN.......................................................... 13
OTN as the Successor to SONET and SDH............................................... 14
OTN Values................................................................................................... 15
OTN Architecture......................................................................................... 16
OTN Bit Rates............................................................................................... 20
OTN Multiplexing Hierarchy........................................................................ 21
Forward Error Correction (FEC)................................................................... 22
OTN Network Fit.......................................................................................... 22
Transforming Network Economics with OTN............................................. 23
Control Plane Compatibility and Features................................................. 28
OTN Market Acceptance............................................................................. 32
Use Cases...................................................................................................... 33
Use Case 1: Bandwidth Grooming (Sub-wavelength) on
40G/100G Backbones.................................................................................. 33
Use Case 2: Network Path Optimization.................................................... 33
Use Case 3: Core Router Offload................................................................ 34
Real-World OTN Selection Case................................................................. 34
Conclusion.................................................................................................... 36
Why Ciena?................................................................................................... 36
OTN Glossary of Acronyms......................................................................... 39
Executive Summary
The adoption of Optical Transport Network (OTN) technology continues
to gain momentum in the market. This is attributable to the significant
leap forward in optical network technology that OTN represents and the
waning fortunes of SONET/SDH networking. Though this Experts Guide
is an in-depth look at the technical underpinnings and architecture of
OTN networks, its important to remember that OTN technology can
solve business challenges for Cienas customers by increasing the performance of their networks while saving money, lowering latency, increasing
network manageability and paving the way for the network to embrace
Cloud and Software Defined Networking. These aspects are described
in this guide.
Advantages of OTN
OTN offers a number of advantages over legacy transport networks,
and this guide details on these advantages in describing how they
can be leveraged to provide carriers and service providers with topperformance optical networking, reduced costs and a broader service
catalog. Benefits include:
Reduction in transport costs
Efficient use of optical spectrum
Determinism
Virtualized network operations
Flexibility in network architecture, design and performance
Inherent security
Robust yet simple operations
Whats Driving the Adoption of OTN?
When SONET/SDH was originally architected in the early 1990s, data
and voice networks were designed and built separately. But almost
immediately, SONET/SDH was being used to combine data and voice
traffic onto a single transport network, with data network elements
adopting voice transport protocols and interfaces. Adaptations were
developed to map data traffic over SONET/SDH frames so carriers
could use SONET/SDH networks, but this proved increasingly inefficient,
because voice and data payloads are constructed at significantly
different rates. The industry learned that OTN must be designed to
1
Infonetics Research, OTN and Packet-Optical Hardware - Biannual Worldwide Market
Share, Size, and Forecasts, March 2014
10
11
13
14
OTN
SONET/SDH
15
16
17
18
OCH
OMS
fiber
OTS
OTS
OTS
WDM
Mux/Demux
SONET/SDH
10GbE
Video
10GbE
SONET/SDH
1GbE Video
1GbE
Figure 3: OTN Supports Different Types of Services over the Same Wavelength
19
Signal
Approximate data
rate (Gb/s)
Optimized for
OTU1
2.66
OTU2
10.70
OTU2e
11.09
OTU3
43.01
OTU3e2
44.58
ODU4
112
20
Signal
Optimized for
ODU0
1.24416
ODU1
2.49877512605042
ODU2
10.0372739240506
ODU2e
10.3995253164557
ODU3
40.3192189830509
ODU3e2
41.7859685595012
ODU4
104.794445814978
ODUflex (CBR)
239
ODUflex (GFP)
21
Encapsulation
Container
1GbE
ODU0
OC-48/
STM-16
ODU1
Line
Container
~1.25Gb/s
ODU1
ODUflex
10G, 10GbE
WAN PHY
ODU2
10GbE LAN
PHY
ODU2e
40G
ODU3
100G
ODU4
~2.7Gb/s
OTU1
ODU2
~10.7Gb/s
OTU2
~11.1Gb/s
OTU2e
ODU3
~104Gb/s
ODU4
~43.0Gb/s
OTU3
~111.8Gb/s
OTU4
used when a client signal does not need further aggregation within
the optical carrier (wavelength), and HO is used when sub-wavelength
grooming and/or multiplexing is required. Note that 10G refers to a line
rate, regardless of the type of traffic being transported, while 10GbE
refers to Ethernet traffic operating at 10Gb/s.
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
One of the key advantages of OTN is its support of FEC in the OTU
frame, which is standardized in ITU G.975. This overhead is added to
the last part of the frame before it gets scrambled for transmission. FEC
has proved to be efficient in correcting a very high number of errors in
transmission due to noise or other impairments present in high-capacity
transmissions. The standard FEC uses a Reed-Solomon RS (255/239)
coding technique, in which 239 bytes are required to compute a 16-byte
parity check. Allowing service providers to extend the distance between
optical repeaters, FEC helps reduce both capital and operational
expenses while simplifying the network topography by being able to
skip amplifier sites.
OTN Network Fit
Figure 5 highlights where OTN fits hierarchically in network
infrastructures. Depending on the specified service, some IP and IT
services require routing. The output from the router layer is passed to
22
Services
Routing
Switching
Photonic
Private connectivity
services
Service routing
forwarding based on
global IP address
IP Internetworking
MPLS (optional)
Carrier
Ethernet
MPLS-TP
Ethernet Encapsulation
OTN
OTN Encapsulation
Sub-lambda bandwidth
management agile
virtual wavelength layer,
decouples service rates
from line rates
High-bandwidth agile
photonic connections
23
M
ultiplexing/switching for 40G/100G lines: For years, service
providers have used OTN dedicated wavelength point-to-point
links to interconnect client equipment. These have employed
either transponder- or muxponder-based network elements.
Despite the simplicity of this approach, it can prematurely
exhaust network resources (ports, bandwidth, fiber, and so on)
because of sub-optimal capacity fill across a network. After
periods of service churn or network upgrade, it might also lead
to bandwidth fragmentation, resulting in even lower network
utilization. Introduction of OTN switches into networks can
improve wavelength fill and periodically be used to reduce
fragmentation through grooming of OTN payloads at key
locations across networks.
Adding OTN switching to an existing OTN transport network is a
relatively smooth process that offers a quick return on investment. When
OTN switching is added, organizations can stop using manual fiber
connections for capacity grooming; bandwidth management is more
efficient and less costly in a switch.
Increasingly, customers are buying services such as 10GbE private
lines, which are clearly less than the capacity of 100 Gb/s lines. These
services have been typically fulfilled using transponders or muxponders
connected to a dedicated optical line using a single wavelength or
multiple wavelengths. Muxponders are deployed on a service-pair
(demand-pair) basis, as shown in Figure 6.
Because the optical lines are dedicated, the service is inflexible and
results in underutilized hardware and stranded bandwidth. These
hard-wired connections are extremely labor-intensive for engineering
and operations, and often require truck rolls for maintenance or circuit
changes.
By utilizing OTN switching at hub sites, as shown in Figure 7, backto-back multiplexers can be eliminated while reducing the number
of wavelengths required. The introduction of OTN switching at
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) locations
enables automated grooming of services and a reduction in the number
of required wavelengths due to sharing of common capacity.
24
Back-to-back transponders
Physical connection
Wavelength connection
Muxponder endpoint
Wavelength connection
Muxponder endpoint
25
Deployed Wavelengths
1400
1200
Point-to-Point
muxponders
OTN Aggregation/
Switching
40%
reduction
1000
800
100G
40G
600
10G
400
200
0
Recovered 40%
of the bandwidth
Fragmented
Bandwidth
Defragmented
Bandwidth
26
Packet Aggregation
(with or without over-subscription)
OTN Core
Lossless Core
(with dedicated OTN links)
Packet Aggregation
(with or without over-subscription)
27
*EOL/MD
equipment
Expensive
capacity
growth
Replacing failing
equipment and
recover spares
Baseline
Step 2
OTN
Mesh
SONET/SDH
Ring
SONET/SDH
Ring
SONET/SDH
Ring
Inefficient ring
interconnect
OTN mesh
overlay for
high-capicity
circuits
SONET/SDH
Ring
Improve space
and power footprint
Add new
OADM
location
Evolution to
OTN/Packet-enabled
intelligent mesh
28
29
Figure 12: Increase Network Survivability with OTN and Control Plane
Cloud
Applications
and Services
the network
becomes dynamic
pool of resources
Client-Server
Interaction
Intelligent Network
Extra Bandwidth
New Connections
Self-healing
Proactive Network
Monitoring
Figure 13: OTN and Control Plane as a Dynamic Pool of Resources for the Cloud
30
O
ptical Virtual Private Networks (O-VPNs): O-VPNs enable
service providers to virtually partition their networks by allowing
specific links, wavelengths, sub-wavelengths, or even nodes to
be dedicated for use by a single customer, such as an enterprise.
As shown in Figure 14, virtual network partitions provide all of
the bandwidth, manageability, and security required, but without
the expense and inflexibility of building a completely separate
dedicated service infrastructure. O-VPNs provide a secure, highbandwidth private network that connects end-user sites with a
flexible, managed virtual infrastructure over fractional, single,
or multiple transparent optical wavelength connections. This is
done with a wide variety of client interfaces, including Ethernet,
OTN, SONET, SDH, Storage Area Networks (SANs), and video. In
addition, O-VPNs provide a virtual infrastructure for end users to
manage their own site-to-site connections, bandwidth allocation,
and circuit protection options within the O-VPN domain.
In Figure 14, as a way to illustrate virtualization, the Enterprise
A partition could provide high-availability mesh-protected
connections to support mission-critical applications for a variety
of packet and storage protocols. The Enterprise B partition may
be established to support cloud services in which customers can
schedule large data transfers required for storage mobility or
virtual machine migrations.
Service Providers
Infrastructure
Enterprise A
Enterprise B
Branch Office
Headquarters
Data Center
31
32
33
34
35
Conclusion
To summarize, the key benefits of deploying OTN include:
Key element in making the network an open and
programmable platform
Service transparency
End-to-end monitoring
For most organizations today, the goal is to lower costs and streamline
network operations. Organizations are simultaneously seeking a
solution that will set a new benchmark in service economics and turn the
network into a dynamic and intelligent pool of resources. OTN offers
a deterministic and simple service delivery model that complements
packet networks and paves the way for an entirely new generation of
servicesone that is likely to reshape the way people communicate.
Why Ciena?
Ciena delivers many state-of-the-art features and capabilities to enhance
OTN performance.
Cienas OneConnect intelligent control plane, provides a proven track
record, it is:
B
eing deployed in the worlds largest mesh network
The industrys richest OTN control plane; refined over more than
a decade of real-world experience
Scalable to 1000+ nodes
Ciena also offers the broadest portfolio of OTN solutions, including:
A
complete family of OTN transport and switching platforms
Seamless portfolio interworking for SONET/SDH/OTN and
packet switching
36
Unmatched scalability
39
40
Paul Littlewood
Principal, Network Architecture
Office of the CTO
Paul Littlewood is a principal engineer in the CTO
team at Ciena. His current areas of interest include
network architecture evolution, metro network
design, and multilayer networking.
During his career, Paul has led product
management and engineering teams in optical
transport and digital cross-connect projects, and
was also a leader in the definition and development of Carrier Ethernet
technologies, including Resilient Packet Rings.
Paul has seven patents granted and has written a number of papers on
optical networking. He has an honors degree in pure physics from the
University of Newcastle upon Tyne in Great Britain
Fady Masoud
Senior Advisor, Technical Marketing
Ciena Portfolio Solutions
Fady Masoud is a senior advisor for Technical
Marketing at the Ciena Portfolio Solutions group.
His area of expertise focuses on the architecture
and requirements of next-generation optical
platforms.
During his more than 18 years in the
telecommunications industry, Fady has held various
positions in the optical networking domain at Nortel and now Ciena. He
started as a hardware test engineer on the first OC-192 (10 Gbps) systems
and then as a systems engineer on optical metropolitan products, all
combined with hands-on experience.
Fady holds a bachelors degree in electrical engineering from Laval University
(Quebec City, Canada) and a masters degree in systems technology
(simulation of optical networks) from the Superior School of Technology
(Montreal, Canada). He has written publications on next-generation optical
networking, including 40G, ROADMs, intelligent network evolution strategies
and architecture, and on many other key topics.