COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

MODULE EG-120
Prof. J. Bonet

d:\documents\teaching\strength\cover.doc, 19/01/12

College of Engineering

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Prof JJ. Bonet
Prof.
MODULE EGEG-120

1/19/2012

Introduction

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

The studyy of how materials can sustain external

actions without failure by using simplified
mathematical models.
Actions:
A ti
Forces
p
Changes
g
Temperature
Settlements

Failure:
Introduction

1/19/2012

Rupture
Excessive deformation

St
Strength
th off Materials
M t i l uses very simplified
i lifi d models
d l off
complex structures to obtain useful engineering
results for important classes of problems such as
Beam Theory, Simple Torsion,..

SYLLABUS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Introduction

1/19/2012

Basic Concepts: Governing

gp
principles,
p
Stress;
Strain; Elasticity; Strain Energy; Material Failure;
Time Effects.
B
Basic
i Beam
B
th
theory: Introduction;
I t d ti
A
Axial
i lF
Forces,
Bending Moments and Shear Force Diagrams;
Longitudinal Stresses; Deflection of Beams
Analysis of Stress and Strain: Shear Stress and
Direct Stress; Mohrs Circle; Principal Stresses;
Strain; Stress-Strain
Stress Strain Relationships; Pressurised
vessels; 3-D stress and strain.
Advanced Beam Theory: Direct stresses in General
Beam Sections; Shear Stresses in a Beam Section;
Simple Torsion; Stability and Buckling of Beams.

ASSESSMENT & TEXTS

College of
Engineering

Written examination:

80%

Blackboard Tests

20%

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Introduction

1/19/2012

TEXTBOOKS
D
D. Gross
Gross, W
W. Hauger,
Hauger J.
J Shroder,
Shroder W.
W Wall,
Wall JJ. Bonet,
Bonet
Engineering Mechanics 2: Mechanics of Materials,
Springer.
Hibbeler, RC, Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall,
SI Second Edition.
C
Case, Chilver
Chil
&R
Ross, Strength
St
th off Materials
M t i l &
th
Structures, 4 Edition.
Class notes

BASIC CONCEPTS
PRINCIPLES:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Governing principles
St. Venant's principle

INTERNAL FORCES AND STRESSES:

Internal forces
Direct stress
Shear stress

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAINS:

Displacements
Linear strain
Shear
Sh
strain
t i
Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR:

Stress-Strain relationships
p
Superposition principle
Material properties
Strain energy
Material failure
Time effects

GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

The wayy in which materials transmit loads is

governed by two basic principles:
Equilibrium: the sum of forces and moments on a
b d or any partt off the
body
th b
body
d mustt b
be equall tto zero.

Fx

0 ;

Fy

0 ;

Certain problems can be solved using only

equilibrium considerations
considerations. These are known as
statically determinate.
Compatibility: the movements resulting from the
external loads must be internally compatible (i.e. the
material must not break) and compatible with the
external support conditions
conditions.

ST. VENANT
VENANT'S
S PRINCIPLE
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

A useful further p
principle
p is St. Venants Principle:
p no
matter how complex the distribution of external
forces at a small region on the surface of a body is,
the resulting effect at a small distance away will only
depend on the statically equivalent force.

Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

INTERNAL FORCES
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Consider a bar with an external load and its Free

Body Diagram:
F
F

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

Taking a cut through a section of a bar, equilibrium

and Newtons third law of action and reaction imply
the existence of an equal internal force acting on
each section of the bar:

On a given slice we have:

DIRECT STRESS
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Stress is the amount of internal force p

per unit area:

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Units: Newtons/metre2 or N/m2 or Pascal.

Pascal Typically
2
6
engineers use MN/m , i.e. 10 N/m2 or N/mm2.
Stress can be tensile ((+)) or compressive
p
((-):
)
Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

Tension (+)

Compression ((-))

SHEAR STRESS
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

The force acting

g on an area may
y be normal or
tangential to the area. The direct stress is then the
normal force per unit area and the shear stress is
the tangential force per unit area:
F
Ft

Fn
A

and

Ft
A

Fn

A
Basic
Concepts

Signs:
y

1/19/2012

x
9

DISPLACEMENTS
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

As a result of the external actions materials will

deform. This deformation manifests itself in small
movements or displacements of material points. It
has units of length (m or mm):

Strength of
Materials

Basic
Concepts

In the case of a beam where the displacement is

perpendicular to the structure, it is known as
deflection:

1/19/2012

10

LINEAR STRAIN
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

All materials deform when subject

j
to external actions
such as loads or temperature changes. The
deformation, i.e. change in shape is measured by the
strain at a point:
Linear Strain is defined as the change in length over
the initial length:

Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

11

Strain is dimensionless
dimensionless. It is often given as a %
%.

SHEAR STRAIN
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Deformation can also imply distortion which is

measured
db
by the
h shear
h
strain
i as the
h change
h
iin
angle:

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Basic
Concepts

The shear strain is dimensionless and often given as

a percentage %
%.

1/19/2012

12

STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

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Derived from tensile tests:

Strain Gauge

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Strain is related to stress via the stress-strain curve :

Breaking
Point

Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

13

Proportionality
P
ti lit
Limit
Linear
Elastic
Range

SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

In the linear elastic range

g the effect of more than one
load can be obtained by adding the effect of each
individual load acting alone:

EG--120
EG

F1

Strength of
Materials

F2

=
Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

F1

F2

14

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

In the elastic range,

g direct stress is p
proportional
p
to
linear strain. The proportionality coefficient is
Youngs Modulus E of the material:

E
Shear stress is proportional to shear strain. The
proportionality coefficient is the Shear Modulus G:

G
Basic
Concepts

1/19/2012

15

Thermal effects. Changes in temperature lead to a

linear strain which is proportional to the temperature
change. The proportionality coefficient is the
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion :

T T

POISSON
POISSON'S
S RATIO
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

The result of a direct stress in one direction is a

direct strain in the same direction plus a lateral
strain:
d

EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Basic
Concepts

d
and 2

d
The ratio between direct and lateral strain is given by
P i
Poissons
coefficient
ffi i
(typically
( i ll 0
0.3):
3)

1/19/2012

16

2
1

MATERIAL PARAMETERS: Typical Values

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Material
Mild Steel

200

1.2 10

-5

370

280

High Steel

200

1 3 10
1.3

-5

1550

770

Concrete T

14

1.2 10

-5

Concrete C

14

1.2 10

-5

30

170

1400

Glass Fibre

60

1600

Aluminium

70

2.3 10

-5

430

280

120

0.9 10

-5

690

385

45

2.7 10

-5

280

155

Carbon Fibre
Basic
Concepts

2
E(GN/m ) (oC-1) u(MN/m2) l(MN/m2)

1/19/2012

Titanium
17

Magnesium

STRAIN ENERGY
F

College of
Engineering

When a material is deformed, the work done by the

external forces is accumulated as elastic strain
energy in
i th
the material.
t i l

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

W F d A d V d

The strain energy per unit volume w is the area

under the stress-strain relationship:

Basic
Concepts

w ( ) d

For linear elastic materials w is:

1/19/2012

w 21 21 E 2

18

1
2
2E

MATERIAL FAILURE
All materials fail at different values of stress.
Depending on the amount of strain (or strain energy)
before failure, the material is said to be brittle or
ductile:

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

DUCTILE MATERIAL

BRITTLE MATERIAL

Basic
Concepts

Breaking Point
1/19/2012

19

Breaking Point

TIME EFFECTS
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Creep: the deformation of materials under load

increases with time:

Prof. J. Bonet

tertiary creep

EG--120
EG

secondary creep

Strength of
Materials

primary creep

Fatigue: materials subject to cyclic loads eventually

fail
a at a lower
o e tthan
a tthe
e sshort
o t te
term failure
a u e st
stress:
ess
Basic
Concepts

Endurance
limit

Mild Steel

Aluminium

1/19/2012

20

104

105

106

107

No. Cycles

BASIC BEAM THEORY

INTRODUCTION:

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Definition
Support Conditions
Types of Beams

INTERNAL FORCES:

Axial force, shear force and bending moment

Sign convention
Equilibrium of a section

DIRECT STRESSES:

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

21

Assumptions
Stress and strain due to axial forces
Stresses and strains due to bending
Second moment of area

BEAM DEFLECTION:

Introduction
Cantilever with a point load
Statically indeterminate beams

BEAMS - DEFINITION

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

A Beam is a member with one dimension, its length,

g
much larger than the other two (width and depth):
P1

P2
P3

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

22

A beam can be loaded transversely with point loads

loads,
moments or distributed loads w (N/m). These are
often constant or uniformly distributed loads (UDL).

SUPPORT CONDITIONS
Beam supports
pp
can be:
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Engineering

Built-in or encastrated or clamped:

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Simple supports:
Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

H
V

23

TYPES OF BEAMS
Depending
p
g on the supports
pp
beams are classified as:
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Cantilever:

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Simply supported:

Propped cantilever:
Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

24

Continuous Beam:

INTERNAL BEAM FORCES

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Consider a beam under g

general load conditions and
take a cut through a general section. Equilibrium of
each resulting component implies the existence of an
internal axial force N, shear force S and bending
moment M acting on each section along the beam:

P
x
Basic Beam
Theory

P
S

1/19/2012

N
M

25

N
M

A.F., S.F. AND B.M. DIAGRAMS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

In g
general, the internal axial & shear forces and the
bending moment are not constant but change from
section to section along the beam, i.e. they are
functions of x. The corresponding graphs are the
axial force, shear force and bending moment
diagrams. For the case above:

M P ( x ) cos
x

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

26

N = P sin q

S = P cos q

SIGN CONVENTIONS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Due to Newtons third law of action and reaction the

internal forces on left facing and right facing sections
are in opposite directions. Hence to establish a sign
convention the pair acting on opposing faces of a
slice is considered:

Basic Beam
Theory

Positive BM
BM, SF and AF are:
1/19/2012

27

EQUILIBRIUM OF A BEAM SECTION

College of
Engineering

Consider a beam section with a vertical distributed

load w and a horizontal distributed load wx:
w

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

S M

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

28

N dN

N N
S

dx

Equilibrium gives:

dN
w x
dx

M dM

dS
w
dx

S dS
wx

dM
S
dx

d 2M
w
dx 2

DIRECT BEAM STRESSES - ASSUMPTIONS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

In order to determine the stresses and strains inside

beams the following basic assumptions are made:
Beam sections remain undeformed:

Strength of
Materials

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

The material behaviour in tension and compression is

identical and remains inside the linear elastic range.
Additionally the superposition principle will also be
used The resulting theory was first proposed by Euler
used.
and is known as Euler Beam Theory.

29

Stress And Strain Due To Axial Force

College of
Engineering

Consider a beam with a simple

p ((i.e. doubly
y symmetric)
y
)
section with area A under an axial force N.
u

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

dx

Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

30

Beam cross-section

u du

The resulting stress and strain in a section will be

constant
t t and
d equall to:
t
N
N

E EA
A
The strain is related to the horizontal displacement as:

du
dx

du N

dx EA

STRESSES AND STRAINS IN BENDING

College of
Engineering

Consider a beam with a rectangular

g
cross-section
under pure bending:

Prof. J. Bonet

M x

Strength of
Materials

dx

After deformation:

Neutral fibre

Basic Beam
Theory

R
1/19/2012

y
R

31

E
y
R

E
R

STRESSES DUE TO A BENDING MOMENT

College of
Engineering

The stresses due to p

pure bending
g vary
y linearly
y
across the section:

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

dA

Noting that the resultant moment of these stresses

must be M gives:
Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

32

M E

I
R

or

M
y
I

and

1 M

R EI

where the second moment of area I of the section

about the z axis is:

I = y 2 dA
A

SECOND MOMENTS OF AREA

b

College of
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2r

2r

Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

Basic Beam
Theory

bh 3
I
12

r 4

I tr3

P ll l Axis
Parallel
A i Theorem:
Th
0
c

I 0 I C Ad 2

1/19/2012

33

BEAM DEFLECTION

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
Strength of
Materials

The curvature radius R of a beam is related to the

bending moment M by:
1 M

R EI
dx
d
x

y
Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

34

For small deflections y(x) the slope = dy/dx and

therefore:

1
d
d 2y

2
R
dx
dx

hence

d 2y
M

EI
dx 2

CANTILEVER WITH POINT LOAD: Deflection

Consider a cantilever beam with an p
point load:
College of
Engineering

M (x ) P ( x )

Prof. J. Bonet

Strength of
Materials

The deflection is:

Basic Beam
Theory

d 2y P

( x )
dx 2 EI
y (x )

1/19/2012

35

and

z FH z

and y (0) 0

and

I
K

dy
d
0
dx y 0

P
P
( x ) dx dx
(3x 2 x 3 )
EI
6EI
P 3
P

3EI

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Knowing
g the expressions
p
for the deflection and slope
p
of a beam it is possible to solve for redundant
reactions using the superposition principle:
w

Strength of
Materials

V (?)

w
Basic Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

36

w V 1 Hence V

w
1

ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

1/19/2012

37

2-DIMENSIONAL STATES OF STRESS:

Shear stress in a tensile test
Mohr
Mohrs
s circle for the tensile test
General 2-D stress system
Principal stresses
Mohrs circle
2-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN:
Direct strain
Shear strain
General
G
l 2-D
2 D strain
t i
ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS:
Strain due to uni-axial stress
Direct stress
stress-strain
strain relationships
Shear stress-strain relationship
PRESSURISED VESSELS:
Longitudinal and Hoop Stresses
Cylindrical shells
Spherical shells
3
3-D
D STRESS AND STRAIN:
3-D stresses & Strains
General elastic stress-strain equations

SHEAR STRESSES IN A TENSILE TEST

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Consider a simple
p tensile test situation:
y

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

and obtain the direct and shear stress acting on the

cut shown using equilibrium:

Stress and
Strain

1/19/2012

38

21 x 21 x cos 2
t 21 x sin 2

MOHR'S
MOHR S CIRCLE FOR TENSILE TEST
The direct and shear stress in a tensile test g
given by:
y
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

21 x 21 x cos 2
t 21 x sin 2

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

can be graphically interpreted as points in a circle

known as Mohrs Circle:

= 45

Stress and
Strain

= 0

= 90

1/19/2012

39

GENERAL 2
2--D STRESS SYSTEM

College of
Engineering

In general materials are subject to direct and shear

stress:

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

yx

xy

yx

xy

Due to rotational equilibrium the shear stresses are

equal:
yx xy
The
Th stresses can be
b written
i
as a symmetric
i matrix:
i

1/19/2012

40

LM
N

yx

xy
y

OP
Q

STRESSES ON AN INCLINED SECTION

College of
Engineering

Consider a general stress case, the stresses on an

inclined plane are:

xy

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG

xy

Strength of
Materials

Equilibrium
E ilib i
gives:
i

12 ( x y ) 21 ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2
Stress and
Strain

21 ( x y ) sin 2 xy cos 2
There are two angles for which = 0, these define
the principal directions of stress:

1/19/2012

41

1 21 tan 1

2 xy

and 2 90
21 tan 1

x y

2 xy

x y

PRINCIPAL STRESSES

College of
Engineering

The direct stresses on the p

principal
p directions are the
principal stresses:

Prof. J. Bonet

xy

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

y
yyx

2
1
yx

xy

2
y

Stress and
Strain

The principal stress values are:

2
1 21 ( x y ) 21 ( x y ) 2 4 xy

1/19/2012

42

2
2 21 ( x y ) 21 ( x y ) 2 4 xy

MOHR
MOHR'S
S CIRCLE
The direct and shear stress at an angle
g from the

principal directions define a circle:

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Engineering

12 ( 1 2 ) 21 ( 1 2 ) cos 2

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

1
2

( 1 2 ) sin 2

max
xy

1/19/2012

Stress and
Strain

Maximum shear:

x
1
( 1
2

xyy

max 21 ( 1 2 )

2)

43

DIRECT STRAIN

College of
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Direct strain along

g the x axis:
y

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

x
x

Direct strain along the y axis:

y
Stress and
Strain

1/19/2012

44

y
y
x

SHEAR STRAIN

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

The shear strain measures the distortion as the

change in angle. This can be measured with
reference to the x or y axis:
y

Strength of
Materials

yx
xy

Stress and
Strain

A simple rotation shows that:

xy yx

1/19/2012

45

GENERAL 2
2--D STRAIN

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

In g
general shear and direct strains will take p
place
simultaneously:
y

y y
y

xy
x

x x

x
Stress and
Strain

The strains can be written as a symmetric

y
matrix:
1/19/2012

46

LM
N

yx

xy
y

OP
Q

STRAINS DUE TO UNI

UNI--AXIAL STRESS

College of
Engineering

Consider a 1x1 block of material under uniaxial stress

y
x :
y

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

1/19/2012

x
x

If E is the Youngs modulus and the Poissons ratio

the strains in the x and y directions resulting from x
are:
1

x x and y x x
E
E
Si
Similarly
il l the
th strains
t i resulting
lti ffrom a stress
t
iin th
the y
direction y are:

47

y andd x y y
E
E

DIRECT STRESSSTRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

College of
Engineering

Consider a unit block subject

j
to direct stresses in both
y
axes:
y

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

Using the superposition principle gives:

1
( x y )
E
1
y ( y x )
E

1/19/2012

48

E
( x y )
1 2
E
y
( y x )
1 2

or

SHEAR STRESSSTRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

College of
Engineering

Consider a unit block subject

j
to shear stress xy:
xy
y
yx

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

xy

Strength of
Materials

xy
x

xy

Noting that the principal axes are at 45, that:

1 2 xy

Stress and
Strain

1/19/2012

and

1 2

gives
i
a relationship
l i
hi b
between and
d in
i terms off the
h
shear modulus G of the material as:

xy G xy

49

where
h
G

E
2(1 )

PRESSURISED VESSELS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Many engineering applications involve thin

cylindrical
li d i l or spherical
h i l vessels
l under
d pressure:
p

2R

EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

We can identify Longitudinal stresses sl and Hoop

or circumferential stresses sh in a cylinder:

sh

1/19/2012

50

sl

sl
sh

STRESSES IN THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Equilibrium shows that the hoop stresses are:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

sh

sh

For a closed cylinder, the longitudinal stress due to

internal pressure is:
Stress and
Strain

sl

p
1/19/2012

sl

51

STRESSES IN SPHERICAL SHELLS

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In a thin sphere
p
under p
pressure, there are equal
q
spherical ss stresses in all directions:

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

ss

Strength of
Materials

ss

ss
ss

Equilibrium
across a maximum circle g
gives
q
Stress and
Strain

t
R

1/19/2012

52

ss

ss

3-D STRESS SYSTEM

z

In g
general:

College of
Engineering

zy

zx

Prof. J. Bonet

yz
y

EG--120
EG

xz

Strength of
Materials

yx
xy

x
Stress and
Strain

x
The stresses can be written as:

LM
M
MN

1/19/2012

xy xz
x yyz
zy z

yx
y

53

College of
Engineering

zx

Strength of
Materials

OP
PP
Q

xy yx
xz zx
zy yz

and

There are 6 independent

strains in 3-D, 3 direct
p
strains:
z

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

z
z

y
x

and 3 shear strains:

Stress and
Strain

z
zx

1/19/2012

54

zy

y
x

y
x

yx

3-D STRESSSTRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Stress and
Strain

The g
general stress-strain relationships
p for an elastic
material are:

E x x ( y z )
E y y ( x z )
E z z ( x y )

55

G xz xz
G yz yz

The direct stress-strain equations

q
can be inverted
and expressed in terms of the Lam coefficients:

x 2 x ( x y z )
1/19/2012

G xy xy

y 2 y ( x y z )
z 2 z ( x y z )

E
2(1 )
E

(1 )(1 2 )

ADVANCED BEAM THEORY (I)

COMBINED STRESSES IN BEAMS:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

53

Stress due to bending moment and axial force

Eccentric thrust, section core
Centroid of a symmetric section
Centroid of a general section
Stress due to bending in two planes
Bending of beams with general sections
Double bending of beams
Principal axes

SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAM SECTIONS:

Warping of sections due to shear

Shear Stresses in a beam section
Shear stresses in a rectangular section
Shear stress flow in thin sections

ADVANCED BEAM THEORY (II)

TORSION OF BEAMS:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Torsion of beams
Torsion of circular beams
Shear stresses due to torsion
Torsion of thin walled tubes

INSTABILITY OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS:

Beam
Theory

Buckling of beams and columns

Buckling modes
Buckling of beams with initial deflections

1/19/2012

54

STRESSES DUE TO COMBINED M & N

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Consider a section under a combined axial force N

and bending moment M. Using the superposition
principle:
M

EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

N
Beam
Theory

N
1/19/2012

55

N
A

M
y
I

N M

y
A I

ECCENTRIC THRUST - SECTION CORE

College of
Engineering

Consider an axial force N acting

g at a distance e from
the section centre:
M Ne

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

56

e
N

F 1 eyy I
HA I K

The region
g
where a compressive
p
force N can be
applied without resulting in tensile stresses is known
as the section core.
core For a circular section:

R 4

CENTROID OF A SYMMETRIC SECTION

College of
Engineering

Consider a section only

y symmetric
y
about the vertical
axis:
z

Prof. J. Bonet

yc

EG--120
EG

N A

Strength of
Materials

M
Beam
Theory

M (y yc ) I

M
N
(y yc ) dA 0 or N
(y yc ) dA 0
I
A
A
A

Both equations lead to the definition of the centroid

centroid:

1/19/2012

yc

57

1
y dA
AA

CENTROID OF A GENERAL SECTION

Consider a g
general section with uniform stress:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet

yc

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

zc
y

Enforcing that:
Beam
Theory

(y yc ) dA 0

58

and

(z z c ) dA 0

Gi
Gives:
1/19/2012

yc

1
1
y dA and z c
z dA
AA
AA

STRESSES DUE TO BENDING IN 2 PLANES

Consider the case of a beam bending
g in 2 directions:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Strength of
Materials

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

59

My

Mz

EG--120
EG

y
y
y
Using the superposition principle:
E
E

y
z
Ry
Rz
and for doubly symmetric sections:
My
My
M
M
1
1
z
z and

hence z y
Ry EI z
R z EI y
Iz
Iy

where:
h

I z y 2 dA ; I y z 2 dA and I yz yz dA 0
A

Bending Of Beams With General Sections

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Beam
Theory

Consider a beam with a g

general cross section:
w
w
x
z
y
y
E
E
y gives: M y z dA
Assuming
I yz 0 ?
Ry
Ry
To support the vertical loads the beam has to bend in
the vertical and horizontal p
planes:
E
E
y
z

Ry
Rz

where the conditions My=0 and M z y dA give:

1/19/2012

60

1
1 I yz

Rz
Ry I y

and

M zIy
2
I y I z I yz

Fy I z I
GH I JK
zy
y

Double Bending Of General Sections

College of
Engineering

Consider a g
general section under bending
g moments
My and Mz:
centroid

Prof. J. Bonet

Mz

EG--120
EG

My

Strength of
Materials

Combining:
Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

61

E
E
y
z with M z y dA and M y z dA
Ry
Rz
A
A
Gives:

LMM OP LM I
NM Q NI
z

I yz

yz

Iy

OPLE / R O and y z LM I
QMNE / R PQ
NI
y

I yz

yz

Iy

OP LMM OP
Q NM Q
1

PRINCIPAL AXES OF A SECTION

Consider a general section:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet

Strength of
Materials

y y cos z sin
z y sin
i z cos

EG--120
EG

y
New axes can be defined so that Iyyz
z = 0. These are
known as Principal Axes.
Axes Noting that:

I y z y z dA (y cos z sin )(y sin z cos ) dA

Beam
Theory

I y sin cos I z sin cos I zy (cos2 sin 2 ) 0

G
Gives:

1/19/2012

tan 2
62

2I zy
Iz Iy

then

M y
M z
y
z
I z
I y

Warping Of Beam Sections Due To Shear

Consider a beam section with a shear force S:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

y
dx
Note that the assumption of un-deformable sections
leads to constant shear strain and stress:

Beam
Theory

S
A

1/19/2012

63

NOT POSSIBLE

Hence the section has to warp:

SHEAR STRESSES IN A BEAM SECTION

College of
Engineering

Consider a p
portion of a beam section with a shear
force S and bending moment M:

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

M dM
x
y
d

gives:
1/19/2012

64

SQy
Iby

where

Ay

by

g equilibrium
q
Using
and:

dx

Beam
Theory

My
I
Qy

and

dM
S
dX

y dA or

Ay

FQ A I ; S
GH Ib JK A
y

Shear Stress In A Rectangular Section

Consider the p
particular case of a rectangular
g
section:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

I 121 bh 3

z
y

A bh

h /2

Strength of
Materials

bh 2 by 2
Qy y bdy
y

8
2
y

The shear stress distribution is therefore:

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

LM F I OP
MN GH JK PQ

3S
y
1

2A
h 2

65

15
. (S A )

SHEAR STRESS FLOW IN THIN SECTIONS

College of
Engineering

Consider a thin-walled I beam section with a shear

force S:
Along the flange:

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Qy 21 hts 1 and by t
Along the web:

S1

S2

Qy 21 t [bh s 2 (h s 2 )]
by t

b
Beam
Theory

Along the flange:

Along the web:

1/19/2012

66

Sh
s1
2I

bh s 2 (h s 2 )
2I

s1

s2

TORSION OF BEAMS
Beams can be subject
to twisting
j
g moments:
College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

The simplest case is the torsion of a circular shaft:

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

67

TORSION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT

Consider the torsion of a circular shaft:
College of
Engineering

Noting that:

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

1/19/2012

68

and

d
dx

Beam
Theory

d
; G
dx

T r dA

gives:

T
r
I0

where the Polar second moment of area is:

is:

I 0 r 2 dA
A

d
T

dx GI 0

SHEAR STRESSES DUE TO TORSION

Torsion results in a shear stress distribution as:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

T
r
I0

For a circular section the polar moment of area is:

Beam
Theory

I 0 r dA
2

A
1/19/2012

zz

R 2

r 2r ddr

0 0

R4

so the maximum shear stress is:

max

2T
R 3

69

TORSION OF THIN WALLED TUBES

Consider a thin walled tubular section:
College of
Engineering

Prof. J. Bonet

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

dA

z
z

T tr ds
2t dA

ds

Beam
Theory

Equilibrium implies that t must be constant and

hence:
T

2tA

1/19/2012

70

Where A is the area (in blue) contained inside the

hollow section.

BUCKLING OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

71

Consider a simply
p y supported
pp
column under
x
compression:
M Ny
N
d 2y
M

EI
dx 2

y (0) y ( ) 0
y
For certain high
g values of N,, the beam becomes
unstable and bends significantly. This is known as
buckling. Assuming a sinusoidal deflection after
buckling
buckling y (x ) sin gives:

k
N

EI

k 2 2 EI
hence N
2
Each value of k represents a buckling mode.

BUCKLING MODES

College of
Engineering

The first 3 buckling modes of a simply supported

beam are:
N3
N2
N1

Prof. J. Bonet
EG--120
EG

Strength of
Materials

Mode 1

Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

72

/2
Mode 2

/3

Mode 3

The corresponding buckling loads are:

2 EI

N k 2 where k
(length between inflections)
k
k
The first value is the Euler buckling load:

NE

2 EI

2
For values below this, the beam is stable.

Buckling Of Beam With Initial Deflection

College of
Engineering
Prof. J. Bonet

Consider a beam with a n initial imperfection

p
in the
form of a deflection yi (x ) y 0 sin x
x
N
M N (y yi )

EG--120
EG
Strength of
Materials

y0

d 2y
M

EI
dx 2
y (0) y ( ) 0

yc

y
Beam
Theory

1/19/2012

73

Assuming a final buckled deflection y (x ) yc sin x

gives:

N
yc y 0
NE N

NE

yc / y 0

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS EG-120

Example Sheet No. 1
Basic Concepts
(For steel assume E = 200 GN/m2 and = 0.3)
1-

The steel bolt shown carries a tensile load

of 45 kN. The smooth section of the shaft
has a diameter of 26 mm and the threads
are 2 mm deep.
(a) Determine the tensile stress in the
smooth part of the shaft and in the
threaded section. (Ans.: 84.75 MN/m2 & 118.4
MN/m2)

45 kN

(b) Calculate the increase in length of an

original 30 mm length of the smooth shaft
and the resulting reduction in section.
(Ans.: .0127 mm & -.135 mm2)
2- The piston rod of a double acting cylinder
is 3 m long and has a diameter of 150 mm.
The piston has a diameter of 420 mm and
is subject to an oil pressure of 12 MN/m2
on one side and 4 MN/m2 on the other. On
the return stroke these pressures are
reversed.
(a) Obtain the stress in the piston rod.
(Ans.: -66.7 MN/m2)
(b) Determine the change in length of the
rod between strokes. (Ans.: 1.76 mm)

40 cm

60 cm

3- A plank of wood is attached to a wall by

means of two nails of diameter 3 mm
placed as shown in the figure. Determine
the shear stress in the nails if a vertical
force of 1 kN is applied at the end of the
plank. (Ans.: 212 MN/m2 & 354 MN/m2)
4- A manual signal is operated remotely by
means of a 750 m long steel cable with a
diameter of 0.5 cm. It is know that in order
to move the signal end of the cable by
17.5 cm, a movement of 46.2 cm is
required at the remote end.
(a) Determine the strain in the cable. (Ans.:
3.83 10-4)

46.2 cm

17.5 cm

(b) Determine the force required to operate

the signal. (Ans.: 1.5 kN)

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

1c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

2m

5- A rigid rod 2 m in length is suspended by

two steel wires as shown in the figure.
Both wires are 1.5 m long but the left wire
has a diameter of 1.5 mm whereas the
right wire is 2.5 mm in diameter.

1.5 m

(a) If a 200 N weight is suspended from the

middle of the rod, determine the stresses
in the wires and the resulting slope of the
rod. (Ans.: 56.6 MN/m2, 20.4 MN/m2 & 0.008)
200 N

(b) Determine the point from which weight

has to be suspended in order to keep the
rod horizontal. (Ans.: 1.47 m from left)
6- A 1 m long aluminium rod with a Youngs
modulus of 70 GN/m2 and a diameter of
2.5 cm is placed inside an equally long
hollow steel cylinder with an internal
diameter of 4 cm and 0.2 cm in thickness.
Rod and cylinder are then welded together
by means of rigid plates at either end (see
figure). Determine the stress and strain in
both the rod and cylinder when a 10 kN
tensile force is applied at the end plates.
(Ans.: =1.18 10-4, stee l= 23.6 MN/m2 & aluminium =
8.26 MN/m2)
7- A 25 mm long steel rod and a 50 mm long
copper rod are joined together as shown.
Both rods have a diameter of 10 mm. The
combined rod is placed between rigid
surfaces and its temperature is raised by
50 C. The Youngs modulus of copper is
110 GN/m2 and the coefficients of thermal
expansion are 1.2x10-5 per C for steel
and 1.9x10-5 per C for copper.

Steel

Copper

25 mm

50 mm

(a) Determine the stresses in each rod.

(Ans.: 107.8 MN/m2)
(b) Find the displacement of the coppersteel interface. (Ans.: 1.53 10-3 mm to right)
8- A weight of 200 N is suspended 2 m below
a horizontal beam by means of two steel
wires 2 mm in diameter at angles of 30
and 60 with the vertical (see figure).
(a) Find the forces in the wires. (Ans.: 100 N
and 173 N)
(b) Obtain the vertical and horizontal
displacements of the weight. (Ans.: 0.87 mm
downwards and .23 mm leftwards)

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

30 60

200 N

2c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Example Sheet No. 2
Beam Theory
For steel take E=200 GN/m2, =0.3 and =7840 kg/m3. Take gravity g=10 m/s2.
9- Consider a 250 m long uniform steel rod with
a section of 100 mm2 hanging under the
action of gravity.
(a) If the rod hangs from a single point at the
top as shown in figure (a): sketch the axial
force diagram; determine the axial strain at
any point of the rod and the vertical
displacement at the lowest and middle points.
(Ans.: umid= 9.2 mm, ulow=12.25 mm.)
(b) If the rod hangs from two points as shown
in figure (b): determine the reaction at bottom
of the rod; sketch the axial force diagram;
and obtain the vertical displacement at the
middle point. (Ans.: umid=3 mm.)
10- An infinitely long steel wire rests on a surface
with a uniform friction coefficient =0.4. The
wire has a section of 300 mm2 and is pulled
on one end by a force of 1000 N. Determine:
(a) the axial force along the wire; (b) the
stress and strain along the wire; and (c) the
horizontal displacement at the end point
where the load is applied. (Ans.: u=0.89 mm)
11- Draw the bending moment and shear force
diagrams for the simply supported beams of
length shown (=12 m, P=6kN, w=2 kN/m
and M=1 kNm)
w
/3

/3

/3

/3

(a)

(b)

1000 N

/2

/3

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

/2

/3

/3

/3

/3

/2

M
/2

/3

w
/2

/3

12- Draw the bending moment and shear force

diagrams for the cantilevered beams of
length shown (use ,P,M & w as above):
P

/3

/2

w
/2

3c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

(b)

13- A steel beam is to be constructed by welding

together three equal plates with rectangular
cross sections of dimensions 10 x 100 mm2.

(e)
(d)

(a) Determine the second moment of area of

each of the possible welded configurations
shown in the figure with respect to their
middle horizontal axes. (Ans. in mm4: I(a)=22.5
106, I(b)=25 103, I(c)=2.5 106, I(d)=22.5 104, I(e)=1.68
106, I(f)=8.5 105, I(g)=6.9 106, I(h)=7.73 106)

(c)
(f)

(b) Determine the maximum stress that will

result from the application of a bending
moment of 1 KNm on each of the sections (a)
shown. (Ans. (a)-(h) in N/mm2: 6.7, 200, 20, 67, 30,

(h)
(g)

59, 8.7, 14)

14- For the simply supported beams of length ,

Young modulus E and second moment of
area I shown, draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams and determine the
deflection at the centre of the beam and the
slope at the supports. (Ans. clockwise:
ymid=M2/16EI, P3/48EI, 23P3/648EI, 5w3/384EI)

15- For the cantilevered beams of length ,

Young modulus E and second moment of
area I shown, draw the SF & BM diagrams
and determine the deflection and slope at the
free end. (Ans.: y=5P3/48EI, w4/8EI ; =P2/8EI,
w3/6EI)

16- Consider the propped cantilevered beams of

length , Young modulus E and second

P
M

/2

/3

/2

/3

w
/2

/2

moment of area I shown.

(a) Using
the
superposition
principle,
determine the redundant vertical reaction.
(Ans.: V=5P/16, 3w/8)

(b) Obtain expressions for both the position

and magnitude of the maximum deflection.
(Ans.: y=P3/48 3 EI, w2/185EI)
(c) Sketch the deflected shape of the beam.

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

4c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Example Sheet No. 3
Stress and Strain
17- Consider the element of material shown in
the figure subject to biaxial direct and shear
stresses. For each of the cases given below,
draw the Mohr circle; determine the principal
stresses and their direction, as well as the
maximum shear stress and its direction.
(a) x=6 N/mm , y=8 N/mm , xy=3 N/mm
2

y
xy
xy
x

x
xy

(Ans.: 1=10.2, 2=3.8 at -36, max=3.2 )

(b) x= -5 N/mm2, y=7 N/mm2, xy=4 N/mm2

xy

(Ans.: 1=8.2, 2=-6.2 at -16.8, max=7.2 )

(c) x=10 N/mm2, y= -6 N/mm2, xy=4 N/mm2

(Ans.: 1=-11, 2=-7 at 13.3, max=9 )

120 N/mm2
18- For the rectangular stressed piece of material
shown, draw the Mohr circle and determine
the direct and shear stress on the plane
shown for:
(a) = 30o , (b) = 45o ,

(c) = 60

(Ans.: (a) =116 =-37 (b) =90 =-60 (c) =56 =-67)

30 N/mm2
30 N/mm2

30 N/mm2

30 N/mm2
120 N/mm2
60 N/mm2

19- A crack has been detected at 75 in a wall

subject to a vertical stress of 60 MN/m2. If the
maximum friction coefficient on the cracks
surface is 0.5, determine the minimum
horizontal compressive stress required to
ensure the stability of the wall.
(Ans.: = -18.13 N/mm2)

20- A steel plate is subject to two mutually

perpendicular stresses, one compressive of
45 MN/m2 , the other tensile of 75 MN/m2,
and a shearing stress, parallel to these
directions, of 45 MN/m2. (a) Find the principal
stresses. (b) Find the strains in the horizontal
and vertical axes taking E = 200 GN/m2 and
= 0.3. (c) Find the principal strains. (Ans.: (a)
90 MN/m2 and 60 MN/m2 (c) 5.4 10-4 and 4.35 10-4)

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

45
45
45
75

75
45
45
45

5c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

21- Consider a long closed cylindrical shell of

length , radius r and small thickness t under
internal pressure p as shown in the figure.

(a) Determine, at a point away from the

edges, the longitudinal and circumferential
stresses and the maximum shear stress.

2r

(Ans.: =pr/2t,c=pr/t, max=pr/4t)

(b) Assuming that the material has a Youngs

modulus E and Poissons ratio , determine
the change in length and diameter of the
tube. (Ans.: = pr(1-2)/2Et, d = pr2(2-)/Et)

22- An open thin steel pipe (E=200 GN/m2,

=0.3) with an internal diameter of 10 cm and
thickness of 1 mm is subject to an internal
fluid pressure of 3 N/mm2 and a total
compressive load of 15.7 kN. Determine the
principal stresses on the tube, the maximum
shear stress and the change in diameter.

(Ans.:1 = 150 MN/m2 , 2 = -50 MN/m2, max = 100

MN/m2)

23- An open thin tube of thickness t and diameter

d of a given material (E1, , 1) is lined with a
second tube of identical thickness but made
of a different material (E2, , 2). (Assume
that the diameters of the tubes are identical.)
Determine the principal stresses in each tube
when:

(a) An internal pressure p is applied

(b) An increment of temperature
applied. (Assume that 1>2.)

is

24- A block of elastic material is placed between

two horizontal rigid surfaces and stressed
along two orthogonal horizontal directions as
shown.
(a) Determine the stress in the vertical
direction z in terms of x, y and the elastic
constants of the material. (Ans.:z = (x + y ))

z
x
xy

MN/m2)

(b) Determine the stress-strain relationships

between x, y, xy and x, y, xy. (Ans.: xy= Gxy,
x = E

(1 ) x + y
(1 + )(1 2 )

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

, y = E

(1 ) y + x
(1 + )(1 2 )

6c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Example Sheet No. 4
Advanced Beam Theory

25- For the homogenous

determine:

sections

shown,

All dimensions in mm
5

(a) the positions of the centroids;

(b) the second moment of area with respect
to horizontal and vertical axes passing
through the centroids;

50
3
250

60

100

40

40

26- A tensile load of 10 kN and a vertical load of

2 kN are applied on the free end of a 10 m
long cantilevered beam as shown in the
figure. The beam is made of wood with a
Youngs modulus of 10 GN/m2 and has a
rectangular cross section of 0.6 x 0.3 m2.

100

2 kN

(a) Determine the direct and shear stresses at

any point on the section at the built-in end of
the beam.
(b) Determine the vertical and longitudinal
displacements at the corner point where the
tensile load is applied.

10 kN

27- A hollow circular beam with external and

internal radii of 0.2 m and 0.1 m respectively
has three point loads of 1 kN each acting on
its free end as shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the direct and shear stresses
on any section of the beam.

1 kN

(b) Draw the Mohrs circle of stress at point A

and find the maximum shear stress at this
point.
1 kN

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

1 kN

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28- An open steel pipe has a length of 1 m,

radius of 100 mm and thickness of 1 mm.
The pipe is under the action of a torsional
moment of 2 kNm and a tensile load of 100
kN acting at the open ends. Additionally, a
uniform compressive pressure of 1N/mm2 is
applied on the outer surface of the pipe.
(a) Determine the direct and shear stresses
along the axial and circumferential
directions of the pipe.
(b) Draw the resulting Mohr circle of stress.

1 N/mm2
100 kN

100 kN
2 kNm

2 kNm
1m

(c) Determine the principal stresses and the

maximum shear stress.
(d) Taking a Youngs modulus of 200 GN/m2
and a Poissons ratio of 0.3, find the
changes in length and diameter of the pipe.

Prof. J. Bonet, 11/01/11

8c:\users\cgbonet\documents\teaching\strength\example_sheets.docx