GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Scope:
i. the results obtained from stress analysis of vessel is evaluated for
plastic collapse, local failure, buckling and cyclic loading.
ii. even includes requirements for analysis of bolts, perforated plates and
layered vessels.
iii. Procedure for design evaluation for experimental stress analysis, and
for fracture mechanics
Protecting the component for all the below mentioned failure modes and
evaluating each with applicable failure modes. In case of multiple failure
mode procedure are provided for component only one failure mode is
enough to satisfy.
a. Protection against plastic collapse
b. protection against local failure
c. protection against collapse from buckling
d. protection against cyclic loading
Allowable stress is taken from Annex 3-A at design temperature governed
by time dependent properties unless specified otherwise in design
procedure.

Numerical Analysis:

i. Design by analysis is based on the results of detailed stress analysis

ii. procedures are provided to determine safety criteria for plastic collapse,
local failure, buckling and cyclic load failures. Also, to suggest necessary
thickness change or appropriate material properties .
iii. Methods, modeling and validation of stress analysis results are not
provided. Because of variation in approach to the problems.
iv. Material properties used in stress analysis are given in Part 3

Loading Condition:

i. Table 5.1 shows supplement Loads and load cases to be considered in

design.
ii. Table 5.2 gives load description . Table 5.3,5.4 and 5.5 load
combination for elastic analysis, limit load analysis and elastic-plastic
analysis.
iii. In case of time varying loads, loading histogram to be created. that
should accumulate number of cycles involved based on the startup,
working, upset and shutdown condition. the actual operation to be
included in the histogram otherwise cyclic evaluation of all possible
loading to be done. Supplement loads and loading conditions are
applicable (NL, press, temp, DW etc). Relation between applied loading
during time history to be kept.

PROTECTION AGAINST PLATIC COLLAPSE

Three alternative analysis method are provided for evaluating protection

against plastic collapse
i. Elastic stress analysis method
ii. Limit load analysis
iii. Elastic plastic stress analysis method
Grouping of stresses to be done appropriately based on significant prior
knowledge to avoid ambiguous results due to categorization of load cases.

For heavy walls (R/t 4) pressure containing components, especially

around structural discontinuities may produce non conservative results for
elastic analysis and SCL extraction. In such scenarios elastic plastic is
used.
To avoid collapse of component general equivalent membrane stress,
local equivalent membrane stress and sum of primary membrane and
primary bending equivalent stress should be within conservative level to
avoid collapse (as in Para 5.2.2) if limit load analysis / elastic plastic
analysis are satisfies then no need to do elastic analysis.
ELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS METHOD:
Stress analysis results of a component subjected to loading conditions is
categorized (tagged/sorted) and compared with associative limiting value.
The basis of categorizing is as follows:
a) Equivalent stress of the components which is calculated using yield
criteria is compared with mechanical strength properties of the material
obtained in tests under uni-axial loading.
b) The maximum distortion energy yield criteria is used to establish
equivalent stress (i.e. von Mises Equivalent stress).
Stress Categorization: The three basic stress categories and limits that are
to satisfied are as follows.
a) General primary membrane equivalent stress (Pm)
1.Derived from average value across the thickness of a section produced
due to internal pressure and other specified mechanical loads. The stress
does not include secondary and peak stresses.
2. Example of stress category for pressure vessel is given table 5.6
b) Local Primary Membrane equivalent stress(PL)
1. Stress value across thickness excluding secondary and peak stress, in
the meridional direction with in (Rt) region the equivalent stress exceeds
1.1S (S-> allowable stress based on material construction and design)
2. Region shall be separated in meridional direction distance greater than
or equal to 1.25(R1 + R2)(t1 + t2), such that there is no overlapping area
in which the membrane stress exceeds 1.1S.
3. Stress category for pressure vessel as in Table 5.6
C) Primary membrane (general or local) plus primary bending equivalent
stress (PL + Pb)
1. Equivalent stress derived from highest value across thickness of a
section of design pressure and specified mechanical loads excluding
secondary and peak stresses.
2. Stress category for pressure vessel shown in Table 5.6
Linearization of stress results for stress classification. SCL extraction as
described in Annex 5-A, and comparing to the limits in paragraph 5.2.2.4.
5.2.2.4 Assessment Procedure Determine acceptability of a component.
The computed stresses in para 5.2.2.2 should exceed the specified
allowable values.
Step1. Separate load cases like "Load controlled" pressure and
externally applied reaction due to weight effects and " strain controlled"
loads due to thermal gradients and imposed displacements. The loads
should include as in table 5.1 and load combination should include table
5.3 but should not be limited to it.

Step 2.Calculate stress tensor at the point on vessel that is being

investigated for each load type. Assign each stress computed in tensor to
the appropriate groups defined in figure 5.1 and table 5.6. Equivalent
stresses Q and F not needed for evaluation of protection against plastic
collapse. (stress tensor -Sxx,Syy,Szz,Sxy,Syz,Szx)
a) General primary membrane equivalent stress Pm
(b) Local primary membrane equivalent stress PL
(c) Primary bending equivalent stress Pb
(d) Secondary equivalent stress Q
(e) Additional equivalent stress produced by a stress concentration or a
thermal stress over and above the nominal
(P + Q)stress level F
Step 3. Sum the stress tensor assigned to each equivalent stress category.
The final stress tensor is effects of all loads against each equivalent stress
category. The detailed analysis performed using numerical method such
as FEA typically provides a combination of PL + Pb and PL + Q + F directly
a. in FEM computed equivalent stresses can be used to directly represent
Pm, PL + Pb and PL + Pb + Q i.e. only for "Load controlled" loads.
b. In case of strain controlled load computed equivalent stress Q alone. PL
+ Pb + Q shall be derived for load cases developed from both "Loadcontrolled" and "strain-controlled" loads.
c. F is due to stress concentration i.e. excess of normal membrane +
bending stress.
Step 4. Determine equivalent stresses from principal stresses (which is the
sum of stress tensor assigned).
Step 5. Equivalent stress are compared with corresponding allowable
Pm S
PL 1.5 S
(PL + Pb) 1.5 S

PROTECTION AGAINST LOCAL FAILURE:

Local strain limit criterion does not need to be checked if component

design is done in accordance with details of part 4.
Two analysis methodologies for analyzing local failure
a) Elastic Analysis
b) Elastic plastic analysis
5.3.2 Elastic Analysis: Checking criterion (1,2,3 = principal stresses)
1 + 2+ 3 4S

5.4 PROTECTION AGAINST COLLAPSE FROM BUCKLING:

5.4.1 DESIGN FACTORS:
5.4.1.1 Protection from plastic collapse as well as buckling of component
with compressive stress field under applied load shall be satisfied.
5.4.1.2 Types of buckling analysis
a) Type1- Bifurcation buckling performed using elastic stress analysis
without geometric non-linearities in solution to determine pre-stress in the
component. Minimum design factor B=2/cr Load combination for prestress as per table 5.3.

b)Type 2-If bifurcation buckling analysis performed using elastic plastic

with effects of non-linear geometry to determine pre-stress in component
as per load combination in table 5.3, minimum design factor B=1.667/cr .
cr -capacity reduction factor
B- design factor for buckling
c) Type 3-Elastic plastic analysis
5.4.1.3
a) unstiffened or ring stiffened cylinders and cones under axial
compression
cr =0.207
for Do /t 1247
cr = 338/(389+ Do/t)
for Do/t <1247
b) Unstiffened and ring stiffened cylinders and cones under external
pressure
cr = 0.80
c) Spherical shells and spherical, torispherical, elliptical heads under
external pressure
cr = 0.124
5.4.2: Numerical analysis
Simplification of FE model should not result in exclusion of a critical
buckling mode shapes