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significant period in time. This essay will explore female participation to the war effort
and thus to the building of a national identity.
When examining the role of women during The Great War we are welcomed with an
unappreciated history of forgotten heroes. Through the creation of numerous
organisations, women would see themselves welcomed with endless hours of voluntary
work. Such charitable work included the production of care packages for soldiers
serving abroad, the caring of returned veterans as well as wives widowed by the
endeavours of war. Women would also fill various work-related positions with many
men resigning to serve with the army. And finally, possibly the most significant sacrifice
of all made by women during The First World War, would be the sacrificing of husbands
and sons to the war effort in the hope of securing the survival of a nation. However after
the closing of the chapter that would forever remain the Great War, women would
remain unappreciated for their efforts. In a predominately male war, women, though
determined to exhaust all possible avenues in the hope of contributing to the war effort,
would remain restricted and unnoticed.
Figure 1.
Lady Helen Munro
Ferguson, Founder of the
Australian Red Cross in
1914.
The main aim for The Red Cross was to tend to injured veterans returning home from
the front, coming back not quite the same way they left. These women would provide
soldiers with shelter, food and clothing2. Their time would be sacrificed to look after and
attend to men unable to care for themselves. The Red Cross also aided in the raising of
funds to be spent on both the Australian Forces and Empire Forces. Through charity
Redcross.org.au, 'Red Cross Commemorates ANZAC Legacy | Australian Red Cross' (2014)
<http://www.redcross.org.au/red-cross-commemorates-anzac-legacy.aspx> accessed 15
October 2015.
2
concerts the organisation is also responsible for raising money that would be put
towards the not only ill and wounded soldiers returned from war but also those who,
while overseas fighting, found themselves prisoners of war3.
Awm.gov.au, 'The Australian Red Cross In Two World Wars | Australian War Memorial'
<https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/redcross/redcross_bothwars/?query=red+cross+WW
1> accessed 15 October 2015.
After the conclusion of the war, women hoped their efforts would be noted and
honoured. However the reality was quite different than expected. The sacrificed time of
women volunteering, the countless packages sent and thousands of veterans cared for
was ignored and overlooked as returning diggers were celebrated and esteemed4.
Women were pushed to observe on the sidelines, their own sacrifices dimmed by the
light of male domination.
A WOMANS WORK
A Spike in Female Involvement
The commencement of World War 1 made it possible for women, at the time confined to
domestic roles in the home, to branch out and experience other areas of the workforce.
With a scarce number of men now remaining in the country, some half a million
withdrawing from their daily occupations to take arms on the battlefields overseas,
certain roles would have to be filled by the remaining women. When we are presented
with statistics such as those reported below, and focus on the data presented between
the years of 1911 and 1921, a noticeable increase of women entering into various
sectors of the work force becomes salient. For example the number of female labourers
spikes from 4,039 to 10,379 over this period of time. However despite rising numbers of
females entering into the workforce, a number that inevitably ceased to change would
be wages paid to women. The wages of a woman it would seem were to remain much
lower than those of men and boys in comparable job5. During the war period, womens
labours would be exploited and go unappreciated.
4
Bruce Scates, 'The Unknown Sock Knitter: Voluntary Work, Emotional Labour, Bereavement
Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly, Doubletime, Women In Victoria, 150 Years (Penguin Books 1985),
p. 269
Figure 3.
Leonard Broom and F. Lancaster Jones, Opportunity and Advancement in Australia, pp 125-8
And while the female presence in the workforce did increase, it cannot be denied that a
vast opportunity was limited. Despite women entering into labour, farming and rural
positions, a vast majority of women could only branch out into what was already
considered womens work. These roles included the manufacturing of clothing, as well
as in areas such as food, printing and clerical-related positions6. With the declaration of
war came the installation of clothing factories; their purpose being to provide clothing
to soldiers away at war.
<http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-08/timeline3a-the-women27s-movement/3873294>
accessed 15 October 2015.
Figure 4.
South Melbourne, Vic, 1918, Machine Room in The Commonwealth Clothing Factory.
Kate Adie, Fighting On The Home Front (Hodder & Stoughton 2013), p. 301
However while their efforts and sacrifices would at the time go unappreciated, in the
years that would follow, the female contribution to the war effort, as well as the building
of the countrys strong sense of national identity, would finally be celebrated. The
outbreak of war, and sudden dwindling numbers of able men, allowed to an extent a
number of women to break through the previous gender barriers that had been once
restricted them. And as Kate Adie notes in her novel, as the historical growth of women
has been slowly noted and praised over the years, as well as their heavy contributions
during the period of The Great War recognised, it is now understood that the war
couldnt have been won without them8.
Kate Adie, Fighting On The Home Front (Hodder & Stoughton 2013), p. 302
Figure 5.
The Age (Melbourne), Woman and Her
Home 1915
CONCLUSION
Through our analysis of female participation to war efforts during the period of The
Great War, we are greeted with a rich history of a both brave and determined group of
individuals, unwavering in their attempts to do their part for the nation. These women,
though not recognised for such truths, would act as active participants in Australias
construction of a national identity. Their upholding and sustaining of the Australian
nation in a time that large members of its population were overseas fighting, was
crucial. However following the conclusion of the war they remained overlooked and
ignored for their indispensible maintaining of society in the wake of the war.
Women are extremely significant in the countrys building of a national identity and the
events of The First World War act only to cement this truth further. Through their
substantial sacrifices as well as the determination exhibited women would prove
themselves to be the strong equals to their male counterparts.
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Primary Sources
1. Broom L, Jones F and Zubrzycki J, Opportunity And Attainment In Australia
(Stanford University Press 1977)
2. Darge Photographic Company, 'South Melbourne, Vic, Machine Room In The
Commonewealth Clothing Factory, Where Rows Of Women Worked Sit At
Sewing Machines' <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/DAX2294/> accessed
15 October 2015
3. Cossington Smith G, 'The Sock Knitter, 1915'
4. The Age (Melbourne), 'Woman And Her Home' (1915)
<http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/printArticlePdf/155003796/3?print=n>
accessed 15 October 2015
5. Cubbin N, 'Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, Founder Of The Australian Red Cross In
1914' <http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/australian-red-cross-at100-days-after-wwi-began-one-melburnian-founded-this-aussieinstitution/story-fni0fit3-1227037563402> accessed 15 October 2015
Secondary Sources
1. Adie K, Fighting On The Home Front (Hodder & Stoughton 2013)
2. Alexander A, A Wealth Of Women: The Extraordinary Experiences Of Ordinary
Australian Women From 1788 To Today (Duffy & Snellgrove 2001)
3. Andersen B, 'Timeline: The Women's Movement' (ABC News, 2012)
<http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-08/timeline3a-the-women27smovement/3873294> accessed 15 October 2015
4. Awm.gov.au, 'The Australian Red Cross In Two World Wars | Australian War
Memorial'
11
<https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/redcross/redcross_bothwars/?query
=red+cross+WW1> accessed 15 October 2015
5. Lake M and Kelly F, Doubletime, Women In Victoria, 150 Years (Penguin Books
1985)
6. Redcross.org.au, 'Red Cross Commemorates ANZAC Legacy | Australian Red
Cross' (2014) <http://www.redcross.org.au/red-cross-commemorates-anzaclegacy.aspx> accessed 15 October 2015
7. Scates B, 'The Unknown Sock Knitter: Voluntary Work, Emotional Labour,
Bereavement And The Great War' [2001] Labour History
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