Competency 2: Knowledge of first and second language

acquisition theories a nd classroom application

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1.

The
Acquisition
Learning
hypothesis

There is a difference between "learning" a

language and "acquiring" it. Children
"acquire" a first language using the same
process they used to learn their first
language.However, adults who know only
one language have to learn a language
through coursework, studying, and
memorizing. One can acquire a second
language, but often it requires more
deliberate interaction within that language.

The Affective
Filter
Hypothesis

People will learn a second language when

they are relaxed, have high levels of
motivation, and have a decent level of selfconfidence.

Audio Lingual
Method

Developed in the U.S. during World War II

and using new ideas from descriptive
linguistics and behavioral psychology, the
audio lingual method use only the target
language. The teacher present dialogs;
students repeat each line and practice
changing one or more words in a sentence.

Audio lingual
Method

Uses only the target language

5.

both languages

Experts on bilingualism recommend

exposing the child to ___ ___ as early as
possible.

6.

Chomsky

Nature is more important than nurture

Chomsky:
Language
Acquisition
Device

described as Nativist, asserts that humans

are born with a special biological brain
mechanism called a Language Acquisition
Device (LAD). His theory supposes that the
ability to learn language is innate, that
nature is more important than nurture, and
that experience using language is only
necessary in order to activate the LAD

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11.

circumlocution
circumlocution

the use of an unnecessarily large number of

words to express an idea is ___.
An ELL is assigned the task of writing a
narrative about an animal. The student
asks the teacher, "What is puppy, you
know, little one baby, for cat?" This is an
example of ___.

cognitive
flexibility

One of the reasons for learning and using

more than one language is to support ___
___

cognitive
processes

The creation of original utterances is proof

that the L2 learner is using ____ ____ to
acquire the L2

cognitive skills

___ are any mental skills that are used in

the process of acquiring knowledge,
including reasoning, perception, and
intuition.

Communicative
Approach

promotes learning "whole"

communication, which is to say learning to
use the language rather than learning the
rules of language usage.

Communicative
Approach

Emphasizes use vs. usage

Community
Language
Learning

This method evolves from Charles Curran's

counseling learning approach. It
emphasizes a commitment between teacher
and learners to trust one another and the
learning process, and approaching
learning as a dynamic and creative
process.Teachers assist students in
communications by supplying chunks of
language in the first language to ensure
comprehension.

Community
Language
Learning

Teacher gives students chunks of language

in the first language to ensure
understanding.

17.

Direct Method

focuses on using the second language to

communicate. The teacher directs class
activities, but the students interact and are
more like partners in the teaching/learning
process.

18.

Direct Method

Uses second language to communicate;

students induce grammar

ELLs, social
conditions

Social factors influence second language

learning because many ___ cannot ignore
their ___ ___.

error analysis

S.P. Corder is most noted for his work in

____.

Experimental
or Simplified
Speech

Also known as the Advanced Language

Proficiency stage. When the learner
develops a level of fluency and can make
semantic and grammar generalizations.

Formulaic
Speech

Also known as the Intermediate Language

Proficiency stage. The learner knows about
6,000 receptive words and begins to make
complex statements, state opinions, ask for
clarification, share thoughts, and speak at
greater length.

Fossilization

____ is a term applied by Selinker to the

process in which an L1 learner reaches a
plateau and accepts that less than fluent
level, which prevents the learner from
achieving L2 fluency.

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28.

grammar

The difference between learning a language

and acquiring it is best explained by the
statement: Studying the ___ of a language
instead of learning it through reading, TV,
etc.

Grammar
Translation
Method

Transcription of literary texts into language

being learned or vice-versa.

Grammar
Translation
Method

Traditional approach originally used to teach

latin and Greek. Emphasis is placed on
helping students read and appreciate the
literature of a new language, with the
expectation that students will speak and
write their native language better, as well as
grow intellectually.

Initiating

In a conversation, ___ means declaring

one's conversational intent and inviting
consent from one's prospective conversation
partner.

The Input
Hypothesis

A language learner will learn best when the

instruction or conversation is just above the
learner's ability. That way, the learner has
the foundation to understand most of the
language but will have to figure out, often in
context, the unknown elements. Some people
call this "comprehensible input."

37.

Lexical Chunks

Also known as the Speech Emergence

Stage. The learner knows about 3,000
receptive words and can communicate
using short phrases and sentences.
Long sentences typically have
grammatical errors.

38.

Listening

Hearing what is spoken requires a

more complicated process than simply
hearing sounds.

The Monitor
Hypothesis

When the learn language "Monitors"

the acquired language. In other words,
this is when a person's grammar check
kicks in and keeps awkward, incorrect
language out of a person's L2
communication.

monitor
hypothesis

Which theory by Stephen Krashen

explains conscious error correction
during oral second language
production?

more, produce

According to Krashen and Terrell's

Input Hypothesis, language learners
are able to understand slightly ___
than they can ___.

The Natural Order

Hypothesis

The learning of grammatical structures

is predictable and follows a "natural
order".

43.

Overgeneralization

___ occurs when the learner attempts

to apply a grammatical rule to
instances where it does not apply.

44.

overgeneralization

"The Teacher 'writted' on the

whiteboard" is an example of

45.

overgeneralization

Most students in a 6th grade

beginning-level ESOL class use the
morpheme -ed to create the past tense
form of all verbs, including irregular
ones. These students are applying
which second language transitional
strategy?

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Instrumental
Motivation

acquiring a second language for a specific

reason, such as a job.

Instrumental
Motivation

Acquiring a second language for a specific

purpose, such as a job.

Integrative
Motivation

Acquiring a second language to fulfill a wish

to communicate within a different culture.

Integrative
Motivation

acquiring a second language to fulfill a wish

to communicate within a different culture

33.

Interlanguage

___ is a strategy used by a second language

learner to compensate for his/her lack of
proficiency, while learning a second
language.

34.

interlanguage

Larry Selinker introduced the theory of ____

in 1972.

46.

Paraphrasing

___ re-states what is written or

spoken.

35.

L1 Transfers

occurs when a learner's primary language L1

influences his or her progress in L2.
Pronunciation, grammar structures,
vocabulary, and semantics are commonly
affected.

47.

Piaget

Who coined the Cognitive

Constructivism Theory?

48.

Piaget

Language is a reflection of thought

Piaget: Cognitive
Constructivism

Language is simply one way that

children represent their familiar
worlds, a reflection of thought, and
that language does not contribute to
the development of thinking. He
believed cognitive development
precedes language development.

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Language
Acquisition
Device

Chomsky's Theory was known as the ____

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Private
Speech

Also known as the early production stage.

When the learner knows about 1,000
receptive words and speaks in one or two
word phrases. The learners can use simple
responses, such as yes/no, either/or.

Questioning

___ stimulates thinking and learning. They

can be used to simulate interest in an
academic topic and to set goals for learning.

Semantic
errors

Which technique contributes best to

learning?

Silent Period

The stage when a learner knows perhaps

500 receptive words but feels uncomfortable
producing speech. The absence of speech
does not indicate a lack of learning and
teachers should not try to force the learner to
speak. Comprehension can be checked by
having the learn point or mime. Also known
as the Receptive or Preproduction stage.

Silent Period,
Private
Speech,
Lexical
Chunks,
Formulaic
Speech, and
Experimental
or simplified
speech

Place the stages of the language acquisition

process in order:

The Silent
Way

Promoted that people learn language by

forming rules and applying them, relying on
their own thinking processes or cognition to
learn.

The Silent
Way

Believes people learn language by forming

rules and applying them

57.

Simplification

Saying 'You like' instead of 'Do you like this

one?' is an example of:

58.

Simplification

The practice of modifying language to

facilitate comprehension.

59.

strategy

Interlanguage is best described as a

language learning ___

60.

Summarizing

___ presents a condensed version of the

original language without losing the basic
meaning.

Total Physical
Response

Developed by James Asher, and also called

"The comprehension approach," this method
relies on students beginning learning by
listening. Use the target language
communicatively from the beginning of
instruction, and emphasizes communicative
activities throughout the language learning
course.

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61.

Total Physical
Response

Teacher gives and acts out commands with

students

trust each
other

Community Language Learning requires

the members of the group and the teacher to
___

64.

Turn Taking

Conversations progress by managing the

flow of information back and forth between
partners.

65.

value of L2

Bilingualism of ELLs can be greatly

improved by the community's ___ __ ___.

66.

vulnerable

The affective domain affects how students

acquire a second language because
learning a second language may make the
learner feel ___.

67.

Vygotsky

___ said that Social communication

promotes language and cognition

Vygotsky,
scaffolding

___ states that students' learning is

enhanced when teachers or other
individuals provide __ for less-experienced
students.

Vygotsky:
Social
Constructivism
and Language

He was interested in the ways different

languages impact a person's thinking. He
suggests that what Piaget saw as young
children's egocentric speech was actually
private speech, the child's way of using
words to think about something, which
progressed from social speech to think in
words. He views language first as social
communication, which gradually promotes
both language itself and cognition.

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