Chapter-3

Atoms and Molecules

SOLUTION OF NCERT IN TEXT QUESTIONS:QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-31,32):Q.1:- In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid.
The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium
ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass.
Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide +
water
Ans.:- In the given reaction, sodium carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid to
produce sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide, and water.
Total mass of reactants = Mass of (Sodium carbonate + Ethanoic acid)
= 5.3g + 6.0g,

= 11.3g

Total mass of products = Mass of (Sodium ethanoate + Carbon dioxide + Water)

= 2.2g + 8.2g + 0.9g,

= 11.3g

Since, the total mass of reactants is equal to that of the total mass of
products, hence these observations are the law of conservation of mass.
Q.2:- Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water.
What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas?
Ans.:- It is given that: The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass to form water is 1:8. Then, the
mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 1 g of hydrogen
gas is 8 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas is:- 8 3 g = 24 g.
Q.3:-Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory is the result of the law of
conservation of mass?
Ans.:- The postulate of Daltons atomic theory which is a result of the law of
conservation of mass is:- Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Q.4:- Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory can explain the law of
definite proportions?
Ans.:- The postulate of Daltons atomic theory which can explain the law of
definite proportion
is:The relative number and kind of atoms in a given compound remains constant

QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-35):Q.1:- Define atomic mass unit.

Ans.:- Atomic mass unit:- Mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of one
atom of carbon-12 is called one atomic mass unit. It is written as u.
1 a.m.u. = 1.66

1027

kg (6.022

1023 )

Q.2:- Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

Ans.:- The size of an atom is so small that it is not possible to see it with naked
eyes. Also, the atom of an element does not exist independently.

QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-39):Q.1:- Write down the formulae of:1. Sodium oxide
2. Sodium chloride
3. Sodium sulphide
4. Magnesium hydroxide
Ans.:- (1) Formula of sodium oxide:Symbol:-

Na

Atomic number:Na
O

11

Electronic configuration:2

2,8,1

2,6

Valency:NaO

(2) Formula of aluminium chloride:Symbol:Formula:-

Al

Cl

Formula:-

1
2

Atomic number:Cl

13

17

Electronic configuration:1

2,8,3

2,8,7

Valency:AlCl

Al
3

(3) Formula of sodium sulphide:Symbol:-

Na

Atomic number:Na
S

Formula:-

11

Electronic configuration:2

2,8,1

Valency:NaS

16
2,8,6

(4) Formula of Magnesium hydroxide:Symbol:Atomic

Mg

Mg

OH

Formula:-

number:OH

Electronic configuration:1

12
2,8,2

Valency:Mg(OH)

Q.2:- Write down the names of compounds represented by the following

formulae:(1) Al(So),

(2) CaCl,

(3) KSO,

(4) KNO,

Ans.:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Chemical Formula
Al(So)
CaCl
KSO
KNO
CaCO

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3

Name of compound
Aluminium Sulphate
Calcium Chloride
Potassium Sulphate
Potassium Nitrate
Calcium Carbonate

(5) CaCO

Q.3:- What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Ans.:- The chemical formula of a compound means:The symbolic representation of the composition of a compound.
From the chemical formula of a compound, we can know the number and
kinds of atoms of different elements that constitute the compound.
For example:- From the chemical formula CO of carbon dioxide, we come to
know that one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded
together to form one molecule of the compound, carbon dioxide.
Q.4:- How many atoms are present in a:1. HS molecule and
2. P

3
O4 ion?

Ans.:- (i) In an HS molecule, three atoms are present; two of hydrogen and one
of sulphur.

3
(ii) In a P O 4

ion, five atoms are present; one of phosphorus and four of

oxygen.

QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-40):Q.1:- Calculate the molecular masses of H , O, Cl, CO, CH, CH, CH, NH,
CHOH.
Ans.:- (1) Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u
H contains 2 atoms of hydrogen.
So, Molecular mass of hydrogen (H) = 1

2 = 2u.

(2) Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16u

O contains 2 atoms of Oxygen.

2 = 32u.

So, Molecular mass of Oxygen (O) = 16

(3) Atomic mass of Chlorine (Cl) = 35.5u
4

Cl contains 2 atoms of Chlorine.

So, Molecular mass of Chlorine (Cl) = 35.5

2 = 71u.

(4) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u

Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16u
CO in which there is 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of Oxygen.
So, Molecular mass of Carbon dioxide (CO) = 12

1 + 16

= 44u.
(5) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u
Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1u
In CH, 1 atom of carbon and 4 atoms of Hydrogen are present.
So, Molecular mass of CH = 12

1+1

4 = 12 + 4 = 16u.

(6) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1u
In CH, 2 atom of carbon and 6 atoms of Hydrogen are present.
So, Molecular mass of CH = 12

2+1

6 = 24 + 6 = 30u.

(7) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1u
In CH, 2 atom of carbon and 6 atoms of Hydrogen are present.
So, Molecular mass of CH, = 12

2+1

4 = 24 + 4 = 28u.

(8) Atomic mass of Nitrogen (N) = 14u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1u
In NH, 1 atom of Nitrogen and 3 atoms of Hydrogen are present.

2 = 12 + 32

 1+1

So, Molecular mass of NH, = 14

3 = 14 + 2 = 17u.

(9) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u
Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16u
In CHOH, 1 atom of Carbon, 1 atom of oxygen and 4 atoms of Hydrogen are
present.
So, Molecular mass of CHOH, = 12

1 + 16

1+1

4 = 12 + 16 + 4

= 32u.
Q.2:- Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na O, KCO, given atomic
masses of Zn = 65u, Na = 23u, K = 39u, C = 12u, O = 16u.
Ans.:- Solution:-

1 + 16u

1. Formula unit mass of ZnO = 65u

= 65u + 16u = 81u

2. Formula unit mass of NaO = 23u

2 + 16u

= 46u + 16u = 62u

3. Formula unit mass of KCO = 39u

2 + 16u

1 + 16

= 78u + 12u + 48u = 138u

QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-42):Q.1:- If one mole of carbon atoms weights 12g, what is the mass (in gram) of 1
atom of carbon?
Ans.:- Solution:Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u
1 mole = 6.022

1023

atoms

So, mass of 1 atom of carbon =

12 g
6.023 10

= 1.99

1023 g

Q.2:- Which has more number of atoms, 100g of sodium or 100g of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23u, Fe = 56u)?
Ans.:6

 Molar mass of sodium (Na) = 23g

1 mole = 6.022
Number of atoms in 23g of sodium (Na)

Number of atoms in 1g of sodium (Na)

= 6.022

Number of atoms in 100g of sodium (Na) =

1023

1023

6.022 10
23

atoms

23

6.022 10
23

23

= 26.18

atoms

100

23

10

Molar mass of iron (Fe) = 56g

1 mole = 6.022
Number of atoms in 56g of iron (Fe)

Number of atoms in 1g of iron (Fe)

Number of atoms in 100g of iron (Fe)

= 6.022

1023

1023

atoms

atoms

6.022 10 23
56
6.022 10 23
56
= 10.75

100
23

10

Thus, there will be more atoms in 100g of Sodium as compound to 100g of

iron.

SOLUTION OF NCERT EXERCISE :Q.1:- A 0.24g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to
contain 0.096g of boron and 0.144g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
composition of the compound by weight.
Ans.:- Percentage of any element in a compound =

100

Mass of the element present

Massof the compound

Mass of the boron

Mass of the compound

% of boron =

0.096 g
0.24 g

% of boron =

100

100

% of boron = 40%

Mass of the Oxygen

Mass of the compound

% of Oxygen =

0.144 g
0.24 g

% of Oxygen =

100

100

% of Oxygen = 60%
Q.2:- When 3.0g of carbon burnt in 8.00g oxygen, 11.00g of carbon dioxide is
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00g of carbon is
burnt in 50.00g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your
answer.
Ans.:-

Carbon

Oxygen

3.0g

Carbon dioxide

8.00g

11.00g

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products

(3.0g + 8.00g) 11.00g = 11.00g
Thus, the law of conservation of masses is proved.
Then on burning 3.00g carbon in 50.00g oxygen, 53.00g carbon dioxide
will be formed, which is based on the law of conservation of masses.
Q.3:- What are the polyatomic ions? Give examples.
Ans.:- Polyatomic ions:- When molecule is formed by the combination of more
than two atoms, it is called polyatomic molecule.
For example:- Phosphorous (P), Sulphur molecule (S) etc.
Q.4:- Write the chemical formulae of the following:(1) Magnesium chloride
nitrate

(2) Calcium oxide

(4) Aluminium chloride

(5) Calcium carbonate.

Ans.:- (1) Magnesium chloride:-

(3) Copper

Symbol:-

Mg

Cl

Atomic number:Mg
Cl

Formula:-

12

Electronic configuration:1

17

2,8,2

Valency:MgCl

2,8,7

(2) Formula of Calcium oxide:Symbol:-

Ca

Atomic number:Ca
O

Formula:-

20

Electronic configuration:2

2,8,8,2

Valency:CaO

2,6

(3) Formula of Copper nitrate:Symbol:Atomic

Cu

*Cu

NO

Formula:-

number:NO

Electronic configuration:1

29
2,8,17,2

Valency:Cu(NO)

(4) Aluminium chloride:Symbol:-

Al

Cl

Atomic number:Cl

13

17

Electronic configuration:1

2,8,3

2,8,7

Formula:Al
3

Valency:AlCl

(5) Calcium carbonate:Symbol:Atomic

Ca

Ca

CO

Formula:-

number:CO

20

Electronic configuration:2

2,8,18,2

Valency:CaCO

Q.5:- Give the name of the elements present in the following compounds.
(A) Quick lime
Potassium sulphate

(B) Hydrogen bromide

(C) Baking powder

(D)

Ans.:1. Quick lime: Formula:- CaO

Elements:- Calcium(Ca) & Oxygen (O)
2. Hydrogen bromide: Formula:- HBr
Elements:- Hydrogen (H) & Bromine (Br)
3. Baking powder: Formula:- NaHCO (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate)
Elements:- Sodium (Na), Hydrogen (H) & Carbonate (CO)
4. Potassium sulphate: Formula:- KSO (Potassium sulphate)
Elements:- Potassium (K), Sulphur (S) & Oxygen(O)
Q.6:- Calculate the molar mass of the following substance:(A) Ethyne, CH (B) Sulphur molecule, S (C) Phosphorous molecule, P (Atomic
mass = 31u)
(D) Hydrochloric acid, HCl

(E) Nitric acid, HNO

10

Ans.:A. Molar mass of Ethyne (CH):Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u
In Ethyne, (CH) 2 atom of Carbon and 2 atoms of Hydrogen are present.
So, Molecular mass of Ethyne (CH) = 12

2+1

2 = 24 + 2 =

26u.
B. Molar mass of Sulphur molecule (S):Atomic mass of Sulphur (S) = 32u
In Sulphur (S), 8 atom of Sulphur molecule are present.
So, Molecular mass of Sulphur (S) = 32

8 = 256u.

C. Molar mass of Phosphorous (P):Atomic mass of Phosphorous (P) = 31u

In Phosphorous (P), 4 atom of Phosphorous molecule are present.
So, Molecular mass of Phosphorous (P) = 31

4 = 124u.

D. Molar mass of Hydrochloric acid (HCl):Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u

Atomic mass of Chlorine (Cl) = 35.5u
In Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1 atom of Hydrogen and 1 atom of chlorine
molecule are present.
So, Molecular mass of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) = 1
35.5 + 1 = 36.5u.
E. Molar mass of Nitric acid (HNO):Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u
Atomic mass of Nitrogen (N) = 14u
11

1 + 35.5

1=

Atomic mass of Oxygen(O) = 16u

In Nitric acid (HNO), 1 atom of Hydrogen, 1 atom of Nitrogen and 1 atom
of Oxygen molecule are present.
So, Molecular mass of Nitric acid (HNO) = 1

1 + 14

1 + 16

3
= 1+ 14 + 48 = 63u.

Q.7:- What is the mass of:A. 1 mole of nitrogen atom?

B. 4 moles of aluminium atoms (atomic mass of Al = 27)
C. 10 moles of sodium sulphite (NaSO)
Ans.:- Mass (m) = Molar mass (M)

Number of moles (n)

A. Mass of 1 mole nitrogen atom:= 14

1 = 14u

(Atomic mass of

4 = 108u

(Atomic mass of

nitrogen = 14u)
B. Mass of 4 mole aluminium atoms:= 27

aluminium = 27u)
C. Mass of 10 mole sodium sulphite(NaSO):= 10

[23u

2 + 32u

1 + 16u

3]

(Atomic

mass of Na = 23u, S = 32u, O = 16u)

= 10

[46u + 32u

+ 48u],

= 1260u

Q.8:- Convert into mole:A. 12g of oxygen gas

B. 20g of water
12

= 10

[126u],

C. 22g of carbon dioxide

Ans.:-

Given mass( m)
Molar mass( M )

No. of moles (n) =

A. 12g of oxygen gas:-

2 = 32g mol

Molar mass of Oxygen (O) = 16g

12 g
32 g mol

No. of moles in 12g Oxygen (O) =

= 0.375 mole

B. 20g of water:-

Molar mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1g

Molar mass of Oxygen (O) = 16g

2 = 2g mol

1 = 16g mol

Molar mass of Water (HO) = 2 + 16 = 18 g mol

20 g
18 g mol

No. of moles in 20g Water (HO) =

= 1.11 mole

C. 22g of Carbon dioxide:Molar mass of Carbon (C) = 12g

Molar mass of Oxygen (O) = 16g

1 = 12g mol

2 = 32g mol

Molar mass of Carbon dioxide (CO) = 12 + 32 = 44 g mol

No. of moles in 22g Carbon dioxide (CO) =

22 g
44 g mol

Q.9:- What is the mass of:A. 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?

B. 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Ans.:- Solution:A. 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16g
0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 16

13

0.2 = 3.2g

= 0.5 mole

B. 1 mole of water molecules (HO) = [1

5 mole of water molecules = 0.5

2 + 16

1] = 18g

18g = 9.0g

Q.10:- Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S ) present in 16g of

solid sulphur.

Ans.:-Solution:- Molecular mass of sulphur (S) = 32

8 = 256g

1 mole = 6.022

1023

molecule
Therefore, the number of molecules in 256g (1mole) sulphur = 6.022

23

10

The number of molecules in 1g sulphur =

6.022 10 23
256

The number of molecules in 16g sulphur =

= 3.76

6.022 10 23
256

Therefore, in 16g of solid sulphur there will be 3.76

16

1023

1023

molecules.

Q.11:- Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium

oxide.
[Hint:- the mass of an ion is the same as that of an atoms of the same element.
Atomic mass of Al = 27u]
Ans.:- Solution:- Mass of 1 mole aluminium oxide (AlO) = [27

2 + 16

3] = 102g
102g = 1 mole
0.051g =

104

mole

14

1
102

0.051, = 5

Number of ions of aluminium in 1 mole aluminium oxide (AlO) = 2

6.022

1023

Number of ions of aluminium in 5

104

mole aluminium oxide (AlO)

=
=2

6.022

6.022

1023

104

1020

EXAMINATION BASED OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Short & Long answer type questions :Q.1:- What you mean by reactant and products? Explain with an example.
Ans.:- Reactants and Products:- In a chemical reaction the substances that
combine or react are known as reactants and the new substance/substances
formed are called product or products.
A chemical reaction can be represented in general as follows:-

Example:- When calcium oxide is dissolved in water, calcium hydroxide is

formed. The reaction involve in this can be written as:-

15

 In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium
hydroxide is product.
Q.2:- Explain Laws of Chemical Combinations with an example.
Ans.:-Laws of Chemical Combinations :- There are two laws of chemical
combination.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Constant Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions

1. Law of Conservation of Mass :- Antoine L. Lavoisier, a French scientist,

established the theory of Law of Conservation of Mass. The law of
conservation of mass states,
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
According to this law total mass of products is always equal to the total
mass of reactants.

Example:- When calcium oxide is dissolved in water, calcium hydroxide is

formed. The reaction involve in this can be written as:-

In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium
hydroxide is product.
In this reaction 74 g of calcium hydroxide is obtained when 56 g of calcium
oxide reacts with 18 g of water, which is proved by experiment.

Here the total mass of reactants, i.e. calcium oxide and water is equal to
74 g. And the mass of product, i.e. calcium hydroxide is also equal to 74g.
This proves that the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total
mass of product, which proves the Law of Conservation of Mass.

16

2. Law of Constant Proportions:- Law of Constant Proportion states that:A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements
by mass.
This law is also known as Law of definite proportions. Joseph Louis Proust
gave this law hence, this law is also known as Prousts Law.

Explanation of the law:- Compounds are formed by the combination of two or

more elements. In a compound the ratio of the atoms or element by mass
remains always same irrespective of the source of compound. This means a
certain compound always formed by the combination of atoms in same ratio by
mass. If the ratio of mass of constituent atoms will be altered the new compound
is formed.

Examples:Water (HO) is formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of
masses of hydrogen and oxygen is always in 1:8 in water irrespective of source
of water. Whether you collect the water from a well, river, pond or from
anywhere the ratio of their constituent atoms by mass will always same.
Nitrogen dioxide is a compound, which is formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen by mass in nitrogen
dioxide is in 7:16.
Nitrous oxide is a compound which is also formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrous oxide is
in 28:16.
Nitric oxide is a compound, which is also formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitric oxide is in
7:8.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions:- This law states that:When two elements A & B combine together to form more than one compound,
then the different masses of A combine with a fixed mass of B are in simple
ratio.
Example:A. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water and hydrogen peroxide.
In water (HO):- 2g of hydrogen combine with 8g of oxygen.
In hydrogen peroxide (HO):- 2g of hydrogen combine with 32g of oxygen.
B. Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide.
In carbon monoxide (CO):- 12g of carbon combine with 16g oxygen.
17

 In carbon dioxide (CO):- 12g of carbon combine with 32g oxygen.

Q.3:- Explain Daltons Atomic Theory.
Ans.:- Daltons Atomic Theory:- John Dalton, a British Chemists and scientists
gave the Atomic Theory in 1808. This theory is popularly known as Daltons
Atomic Theory in the honour of John Dalton. He gave the theory on the basis of
Laws of Chemical Combination and explains them properly. In his theory he
explains about atom.
Main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory:1. Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties;
3. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
4. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
5. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to
form chemical compounds.
6. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
Q.4:- Give the major drawbacks of Daltons atomic theory.
Ans.:- Demerits (drawbacks) of Daltons atomic theory:- Dalton theory could
explain few laws of chemical combination but it could not explain other laws on
combination of volumes.
It has other drawbacks which are as follows:1. Dalton said, atom is indivisible. But now we know that atoms is divisible
and can be further divided into Electron (e), Protons (P) and Neutrons
(n).
2. Dalton atomic theory states that atoms of same element have same mass.
But now it is known that atoms of same elements can slightly different
masses and they are called Isotopes.
3. According to Dalton atomic theory, atoms of different elements have
different masses. It is now clear that atoms of different elements can have
same mass and are termed as Isobars.
4. Dalton atomic theory fails to explain the different properties of Charcoal,
Diamond and Graphite, though all these substances are made up of same
kind of atoms namely Carbon.
5. Dalton atomic theory could not explain the laws of combining different
volumes framed by Gay Lussac.

18

6. Dalton atomic theory stated that atoms of different combine in simple

ratio. This is valid for majority of the simple and small molecules. But in
case of larger or bigger and complex molecules the idea of simple ratio
does not hold.
Example:- Sugar:- CHO and ratio is:- 12 : 22 : 11

Q.5:- Explain modified Dalton atomic theory.

OR

What are the modifications in Daltons atomic theory of matter?

Ans.:- Modified Dalton atomic theory:- With the discovery of Isotopes, Isobars and
other researches, Dalton atomic theory is modified. The main points are as
follows:1. Atom is the smallest particle of matter which undergoes chemical
reactions and is made up of Electron (e), Protons (P) and Neutrons (n).
2. Atoms of same element may have different masses as in Isotopes and this
is because of extra number of neutrons in their nucleus.
3. Atoms of different element may have same mass as in Isobars.
4. Atom can be created or destroyed in a nuclear reaction.
Q.6:- What is atom? What its characteristics, and how they are represented?
Ans.:- Atoms:- On the basis of Daltons Atomic Theory atom can be defined as
the smallest particles of matter are called atoms.
Other characteristics of atoms:1. Atom is the smallest particle of matter.
2. All elements are made of tiny particles called atom.
3. Atoms are very small in size and cannot be seen through naked eyes.
4. Atom does not exist in free-state in nature. But atom takes part in a
chemical reaction.
5. The properties of a matter depend upon the characteristics of atoms.
6. Atoms are the building block of an element similar to a brick which
combine together to make a building.

19

7. The size of atoms is indicated by its radius.

8. In ancient time atoms was considered indivisible.

Symbols of Atoms of Elements:- For convenience elements are represented by

unique symbols.
For example: Hydrogen is represented by H.
Oxygen is represented O.
Nitrogen is represented by N.
Iron is represented by Fe.

Symbol of many elements are taken from their English name, while symbol
of many elements are taken from their Greek or Latin names.

20

Symbol of some element which are derived from their Latin name:-

Several elements are named after the place where they discovered, such
as Copper which was taken from Cyprus. Some elements are named after
their colour, such as Gold which means yellow.

Q.7:- What you mean by atomic mass? How we can calculate atomic mass of any
element?
Ans.:- Atomic Mass:- Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are very
small consequently actual mass of an atom is very small.
For example:- The actual mass of one atom of hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x 10 -24
g. This is equal to 0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such
small number is very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is used.
Carbon-12 is considered as unit to calculate atomic mass. Carbon-12 is an
isotope of carbon. The relative mass of all atoms are found with respect to
C-12. ]
One atomic mass = 1/12 of the mass of one atom of C-12.

21

 Thus atomic mass is the relative atomic mass of an atom with respect to
1/12th of the mass of carbon-12 atom. a.m.u. is the abbreviation of
Atomic mass unit, but now it is denoted just by u.
The atomic mass of hydrogen atom = 1u.
This means one hydrogen atom is 1 times heavier than 1/12 th of the
carbon atom.
The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u, this means one atom of oxygen is 16
times heavier than 1/12th of carbon atom.
Example:-

Q.8:- What you mean by Absolute or Actual mass? How we can calculate
Absolute or Actual mass of any element? Give example.

Ans.:- Absolute mass or Actual atomic mass:- It is found that, the actual atomic
mass of a carbon-12 atom is equal to 1.9926 X 10 -23g.

Thus by multiplying the relative atomic mass with 1.6605 10 -24 g we can
get the absolute or actual mass of an atom.
22

Example:-1:- Find the absolute mass oxygen.

Example:-2:- Find the absolute mass of Sodium.

Example:-3:- Calculate the absolute mass of hydrogen atom.

Example:-4:- Calculate the absolute or actual mass of Nitrogen atom.

Q.9:- What you mean by Atom? How an Atom existence in nature?

Ans.:- Atom:- The smallest particles of matter are called atoms.
23

Existence of Atoms:- Atoms of most of the elements exist in the form of molecule
or ion, since they are most reactive.
For example:- Hydrogen (H), Oxygen(O), Chlorine (Cl), etc.
However, atoms of some elements, which are non-reactive, exist in freestate in nature.
For example:- Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), etc.
Usually atoms are exist in following two forms:1. In the form of molecules
2. In the form of ions
1. Molecule:1. Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
2. Atoms exist in free states in the form of molecule.
3. A molecule may be formed by the combination of two or more similar
atoms of an element, such asoxygen molecule is formed by the
combination of two oxygen atoms, molecule of hydrogen which is formed
by the combination of two hydrogen atoms.
4. Molecules may be formed by the combination of atoms of two or more
different elements. For example:- Molecule of water. It is formed by the
combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Molecule
of Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide. It is formed by the combination of
one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
5. A molecule takes part in chemical reaction.
6. Most of the atoms exist in the form of molecule. Molecules are formed by
the combination of two or more elements.
Example:- Molecule of hydrogen (H2), Molecule of oxygen (O2), Molecule of
nitrogen (N2), etc.
Molecules of elements
Molecules of Compounds

Molecules of elements:- When two of more atoms of same element combine to

form a molecule these are called molecules of element.
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Example: Hydrogen molecule (H):- Molecule of hydrogen is formed by the

combination of two hydrogen atoms.
Oxygen molecule (O):- Molecule of oxygen is formed by the combination
of two oxygen atoms.
Sulphur molecule (S):- Molecule of sulphur is formed by the combination
of eight sulphur atoms.
Phosphoroud molecule (P):- Molecule of phosphorous is formed by the
combination of four phosphorous atoms.
Molecules of some non-reactive elements are formed by single atom.
For example: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), etc.
Molecules of metals:- Molecules of metals formed as big cluster of atoms.
They are represented by their symbols simply.
For example:- Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), etc. These molecules are
known as giant molecules.
Carbon is a non-metal, but it also exists as giant molecule and represented
by its symbol C.
Q.10:- What you mean by Atomicity? How many types of atoms present in
nature? Give an Example.
Ans.:- Atomicity:- The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called
Atomicity.
Thus, the molecule may be classified as follows:1. Monoatomic:- When molecule is formed by single atom only, it is called
monoatomic molecule. Generally noble gas forms monoatomic molecules.
For example:- Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Kr (Krypton), Xenon (Xe),
Randon (Rn).
2. Diatomic:- When molecule is formed by the combination of two atoms of it
is called diatomic molecule.
For example:- Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), etc.
3. Triatomic:- When moleucule is formed by the combination of three atoms it
is called triatomic molecule.
For example:- Molecule of ozone (O)

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4. Tetra-atomic:- When molecule is formed by the combination of four atoms

it is called tetra-atomic molecule.
For example:- Phosphorous molecule (P)
5. Polyatomic:- When molecule is formed by the combination of more than
two atoms, it is called polyatomic molecule.
For example:- Sulphur molecule (S)

Q.11:- What you mean by Molecules of compounds? Give an example.

Ans.:- Molecules of compounds:- When molecule is formed by the combination of
two or more atoms of different elements, it is called the molecule of compound.
Example:- Molecule of water (HO). Molecule of water is formed by the
combination of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

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Q.12:- What you mean by Ions? How many types of Ions present in nature?
Ans.:- Ions:- Atoms of several elements exists in the form of ion. Atoms or
molecule with negative or positive charge over them are called ions.

Types of Ions:- Ions classified into two types on the bases of charge &
atoms.
On the bases of charge:1. Cations:- Ions having positive charge over them are called cations.

2. Anions:- Ions having negative charge over them are called anions.

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 On the bases of atoms:1. Monoatomic ions:- Ions formed by one atom are called monoatomic ions.

2. Polyatomic ions:- Ions formed by two or more atoms are called polyatomic
ions.

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