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110
ZIMBABWE
INTRODUCTION
TO
CULTURE
When a group of people stay together, they develop some ways
of doing, expressing things. Societies develop culture which is
sometimes unique to them. Culture of one society/community
can be different to another community. Cultures of certain
community or group of people can be taken to other
communities and have an effect. This means therefore that
culture is not static but is dynamic. Culture can be defined in
several ways.
SOME DEFINITIONS
deliberately
institutions.
perpetuated
in
society
through
its
THEORIES OF CULTURE
THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM
ZIMBABWEAN
VALUES
TRADITIONAL
AND
CULTURAL
MARRIAGE INSTITUTIONS
-Marriage is one of the most important institutions that was/is
highly valued by the various cultural groups that are found in
Zimbabwe.
-The marriage institution allowed procreation and therefore
continuity hence it was largely celebrated.
-in the case of divorce she must be officially returned to her kin.
OTHER TRADITIONAL FORMS OF MARRIAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
person can do that; same with the faith healers these days=not
all persons can speak a hear God (vanzwi vedenga)
- There are two types of traditional healers
1. One who specialize in divinity
2. One who specialize in herbalist (therapy)
-The professional diviner gives the diagnosis for the illness and
sometimes prescribes the remedy.
-the diagnosis includes curve hakata /gata i.e. throwing of the
divining dices which can be carved wood, ivory or bone. Dices
-these
divers
have
different
chirume,nhokwara,kwadzima,ngwena,kivani.
names
of
have
unique
cultural
MBENDE/JERUSAREMA
-Jerusarema dance was traditionally performed by the Zezuru
people of Murehwa and Uzumba Maramba Pfungwe districts
-The Jerusarema dance was originally called Mhende
-The dance was originally performed as a war dance which was
devised to distract the enemy.
-The mbende dance was performed in order to confuse the
enemies in the same way as the Haka dance of the All Blacks in
rugby today.
-The Zezuru would put forward women, too old and too young,
to dance before the war so that the enemy would think the
battle would be too easy.
effects
of
AND
ZIMBABWEAN
TOTEMISM
What is it?
It is the belief that people are discerned from animals, plants
and other natural objects.
-these natural objects are symbolized as totems which are
associated with clans/groups of families with common descent
(ancestry)
is
MWARI/MUSIKAVANHU
FAMILY SPIRITS/MUDZIMU
-The shona believe in the high God whose personal name is
Mwari with various names such as Nyadenga, Dedza,
Musikavanhu, Dzivaguru, Chikara, Mutakangakugara
-Mwari is considered a spirit (mudzimu) since he has other
vadzimu below him he is the supreme mudzimu.
-Shona religion is one of the few religions in Africa and the
entire world that believes in the existence of one god
(monotheistic religion)
-Mwari who is the god of the Shona people was one of the
earliest of the Shona people called Murenga whose epithet
were Pfumojena or Sorojena and he was the son of Tovela.
-he was elevated to the position of God because of his extra
ordinary activities.
-he was a warrior leader who was eager to fight for his people.
-He was a charismatic leader whose people always depended
on him for their security and survival.
-consequently when he died he became a legend emulated by
all people.
-in shona religions history his spirit did not possess any human
medium heart could communicate to its followers from trees,
rocks, caves and from the sky.
-below Mwari
Makombwe)
kuchengeta, kurasha,
of
HERITAGE
-Heritage can be regarded as all the inherited resources which
people value for the reasons beyond functional and utilitarian
reasons.
-Heritage therefore encompasses all things that a society,
group of people or even individuals deem necessary to retain
for posterity.
- International Cultural Tourism Charter, ICOMOS (1999) defines
heritage as a broad concept and includes the natural as well as
the cultural environment.
-It should encompass landscapes, historic places, sites and built
environments, as well as bio-diversity, collections, past and
continuing
cultural
practices,
knowledge
and
living
experiences.
-It records and expresses the long processes of historic
development, forming the essence of diverse national, regional,
indigenous and local identities and is an integral part of modern
life.
-It is a dynamic reference point and positive instrument for
growth and change. The particular heritage and collective
memory of each locality or community is irreplaceable and an
Types of Heritage
Heritage
Cultural
Tangible
ArchaeologicalMonuments, sites, Rock art
Ethnographical-Material
culture like clay pots etc.
Historic buildingsVictoria Hotel, Meikles
building, Italian Chapel,
Utopia House etc.
Colonial-Graves of
Rhodes, A. Wilson at the
Matopos
Liberation HeritageGraves of heroes, Regalia,
guns and weaponry, mass
Natural
Intangible
Games
Folk tales
Music
Skills
Tacit Knowledge
Dances and
songs
Rituals
Social practices
Craftsman
Mountains
Springs
Pools
Animals
Rocks
Landscapes
Caves
Fossils
Falls
law enforcing agents are not fully aware if not ignorant of the
existence of such legislation. From independence very few (if
there were some at all) cases that went to the courts.
Presentation and information
In terms of presentation and information, the act provides for
the extensive dissemination. There is useful and uncomplicated
provision that exhorts Museums and Monuments board to
maintain a continuous flow of information to the public
regarding the professional activities, programmes and projects
of the organisation. This means that the information should be
disseminated through a variety of means.
Incentives
The act states that if a monument is has been discovered,It
should be reported to the board without delay by (a) the
discoverer thereof and (b) the owner or occupier of the
land.when the discovery come into notice. The act ii