Exam 1 study

Chapter 1
1) Let X ={1,2,3,4,5 } and Y ={1,1,3,5,7 } . Find XY.
XY= {-1,1,2,3,4,5,7}
2) What is Z Z ?
Z Z=Z
3) Find XY for the following:
X ={ x R :0 x< 6 } and Y = { x R : x 7 }
a.

b.

XY=X
X ={0,2,4,6,8 } and Y ={1,3,5,7,9}
XY=

c.

X =Q and Y ={0,1, ,5 }

XY={0,1,5}
4) Find Z Z , Z and Z R
5) Find the union and intersection of { x R : x >7 } and { x N : x >5 }
X ={ x Z : 0 x 10 } ,

6) Let

A B ,

A , B\A,

AB ,

A= { 0,2,4,6,8,10 } and B={2,3,5,7 } . Find

XA ,

7) Find the union and intersections of

and B

A B ,

{ x R: x 29 x +14=0 } and { y Z :3 y <10 } .

8) Suppose A, B and C re subsets of X. Use examples of these sets to investigate the

following:
Let A={1,2,3,4}, B = {3,4,5,6}, C = {2,4,6,8}, X = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
( A B ) ( A C ) and A ( B C )
a.

( A B ) ( A C )={ 2,3,4 } and

b.

A ( B C )={2,3,4 }

( A B ) ( A C ) and A ( B C )
( A B ) ( A C )={1,2,3,4,6 } and

A ( B C )={1,2,3,4,6 }

c.

( A B )c and

A B

( A B )c ={7,8,9 } and
d.

( A B )c and

A c B c ={7,8,9 }

A c Bc

( A B )c ={7,8,9 } and A c Bc ={1,2,5,6,7,8,9}

e.

( A B )c and

A c Bc

( A B )c ={1,2,5,6,7,8,9 } and A c Bc ={1,2,5,6,7,8,9}

f.

( A B )c and A c B c
( A B )c ={1,2,5,6,7,8,9 } and

A B ={7,8,9 }

The sets in parts a, b, c and e are equal.

9) Suppose A, B and C are subsets of X. will post pictures later.
a. Draw a Venn diagram for the case that A and B have no intersection.
c
c
b. Draw Venn diagrams and shade the sets A B , A and ( A B ) .
c. Draw three intersectiong circles to represent the sets A, B and C. Shade the
intersection A B C .
d. Draw Venn diagrams to illustrate the sets in problem 8.
Chapter 3
You may be given one of the two problems in the book to re-write in a clearer form.
Chapter 5 Write solutions using 4-step method.
a+b
ab
1) Show that
for 0<a b .
2
a. Understand
Validate the inequality

a+b
ab
.
2

b. Plan
Work backwards.
c. Implement
a+b
ab
Start with
, multiply by 2 and square both sides. Because both a
2
and b are positive, these steps wont change the inequality and are reversible. The

2
2
result is ( a+b ) 4 ab or a +2 ab+b 4 ab . Subtract 4ab from both sides
2

to obtain a 2ab +b 0

2
or ( ab ) 0 . Since this last statement is true and

all the steps are reversible we can write a solution to the problem starting with

( ab )2 0 and working the other way.

d. Look back
Working backwards is a good technique. We need ab and a+b to be positive
because both x2 and sqrt(x) are increasing for positive numbers this preserves
the inequalities.
2
2
2
2) Show that a +b + c ab+bc +ca for all positive integers a, b and c.
a. Understand
2
2
2
Validate the inequality a +b + c ab+bc +ca

b. Plan
Play around with (a-b)2 (which is positive) and other similar constructs until we
find something that produces the correct terms.
c. Implement
( ab )2 + ( ac )2+ ( bc )2 0
This expands to:

2 ( a2 +b2 +c 2 ) 2 ( ab+ac +bc ) 0

The inequality can be seen by subtracting and dividing by 2.

d. Look back
More than one attempt is necessary before you find the right starting point.
1
f ( x )=
f r ( x )=f ( f ( f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) )) ( f composed with itself r times.)
3) Let
1x . Define
653
Find f (56) .

a. Understand
r
Since f is a composition. We need to learn what happens when we start with
56 and keep applying the function 653 times.
b. Plan
Look for a pattern.
c. Implement

3
f1(56) = -1/55, f2(56)=f(-1/55) =55/56, f3(56)=f(55/56) = 56. So f ( 56 ) =56 .

This means that every multiple of 3 will return to 56. 653 = 3(217)+2, so we
conclude that

f 653 ( 56 )=f 2 ( 56 )=

55
56 .

d. Look back
This depends on the repeating quality of f(x). Other numbers probably have
similar qualities. In fact,

f3

( qp )= qp

for any rational number.

4) Show, without using a calculator, that

7 7! < 8 8 ! and
a.
i. Understand
We need to show that the 7th root of 7! Is smaller than the 8th root of 8! 7!
=7*6*5*4*3*2*1 and 8!=8*7!
ii. Plan
Use properties of roots.
iii. Implement
8
First we observe that 1< 8<2 . Also, for positive integers 8th roots will
be smaller than 7th roots. So

b.

7 7! < 8 8 7 7 ! < 8 8 8 7 !=8 8 !

iv. Look back

Similar inequalities can be found for other integer pairs. It is necessary
that n and n! are both greater than1.
1
100001 100000<
2 100000 .
i. Understand
We need to find a way to manipulate the inequality without using a
calculator.
ii. Plan
Work the final inequality backwards to find a true statement, then re-write
in reverse order. Use properties of numbers and squaring to get rid of the
roots.
iii. Implement
1
100001< 100001+
Begin with
400000

But

1
1
=100000+1+
400000
4100000

100001+

100000+1+

1
2 100000

( 100000 ) + 2 ( 100000 )

So

100000+
100001<

1
2 100000

100000+

( 100000 ) +1+

1
1
+
2 100000
2 100000

)(

1
2 100000

If we take the square root of both sides and subtract

obtain

1
2 100000

100001 100000<

1
2 100000

100000 we

as desired.

iv. Look back

This solution shows the final answer. To understand how to solve you
need only read the solution backwards this is how I decided to use
1/400000 on the first line.
5) Suppose that three friends have a meal for $25. They misread the bill, thinking it says
$27, they give the waiter $10 each and ask for a total $3 in change. He puts $25 in the
the till, gives each friend $1 and pockets the extra $2. The friends each paid $9 which
make a total of $27 and the waiter kept $2 which brings the total to $29. The friends
gave a total of $30. What happened to the extra dollar
a. Understand
This is a riddle. We need to identify the place where the logic fails.
b. Plan
Write out with careful thinking.
c. Implement
3*10-3=27 is OK. The Waiter is right to keep the $2.
9*3+2 = 27 is the wrong math. Since the waiter kept $2 he should subtract. Then
3*9-2 = 25 which is the correct amount to put in the register.
d. Look back
It is easy to confuse people with simple math. The three friends were jerks for not
leaving a tip.

6) Bottle A contains a liter of milk and bottle B contains a liter of coffee. A spoonful of
coffee is poured from B into A and the contents are mixed will. Liquid from A is then
poured into B until B once again has one liter of liquid. Is the fraction of coffee in A
greater than the fraction of milk in B or is it the other way around?
a. Understand
After the first exchange there is a small amount of coffee in the milk. When the
containers are balanced again there will be a small amount of milk in the coffee
too. Which amount is greater?
b. Plan
Use a variable to calculate the ratios.
c. Implement
Let x be the size of the spoon. So x coffee is removed from container B and
placed in Container A. This leaves 1+x liters in A and 1-x liter in B. The
concentration of coffee in A is x/(1+x). When x mixture is removed from A and
returned to A, the amount of coffee in the spoon is (x)(x/(1+x))= x2/(1+x). This
means that there will be x/(1+x) milk in the spoon. Simple algebra will show that
there is now x-x/(1+x)= x/1+x coffee in the milk. Since the only milk in container
B came from the spoon we see that the amount of coffee in A is the same as the
amount of milk in B
d. Look back
Fast way to understand: Suppose the spoon contains a liter. Then we mix both
containers and then split them back into two. The concentration is the same in
both.
Chapter 6
1) Which of the following are statements?
a. Life is sweet. yes
b. Is 2 prime? no
c. Prove that 2 is prime. no
d. The president of the united states in 1789 was a man. yes
e. The president of the united states in 2089 will be a woman. - yes
2) Construct truth tables for the following:
a. not(A and B)
b. not(A or B)
c. (not A) or (not B)
d. A or (not B)
e. (not B) or B
f. (not B) and B
A B
T T
F T

not (A and
B)
F
T

not(A or
B)
F
F

(not A) or (not
B)
F
T

A or (not
B)
T
F

(not B) or
B
T
T

(not B)
and B
F
F

T
F

F
F

T
T

F
T

T
T

T
T

T
T

F
F

3) Negate the following:

a. A is true or B is false A is false and B is true
b. A is false and B is true A is true or B is false
c. A is true or B is true A is false and B is false
d. A is true and B is true A is false or B is false
4) Construct truth tables for the following:
a. A and (B or C)
b. (A and B) or C
c. (not(A or B)) and C
A
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F

B
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F

C
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F

A and (B or
C)
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
F

(A and B) or
C
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F

not(A or B)
and C
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
F

5) Tautology and/or contradiction.

a. Show that A or (not A) is a tautology. A and (not A) have opposite truth value.
One of them is always true.
b. Is Winners dont quit and quitters dont win a tautology? NO both statements
are subjective and might both be false.
c. Show that A and (not A) is a contradiction. A and (not A) have opposite truth
value. They are never both true at the same time.
Chapter 7
1) Suppose A is true and B is false. Which of the following are true?
a. A B false
b. B A true
c. (not B) A true
d. A A true
e. A or (not B)
f. (not A) A true
g. not(A or B) false
2) Negate the following:
a. If you score 70%, then you have done well in this course

You score 70% and you have not done well

b. If it rains, then I will stay home
It rains and I dont stay home.
c. If x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 then x = -1.
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 and x -1
d. x2 + x 2 = 0 implies x = 1 or x = -2.
x2 + x 2 = 0 and neither x = 1 nor x = -2
3) Write the following using only if
a. If x = -2, then x2 = 4.
x2 = 4 only if x = -2
b. If x and y are odd, then xy is odd.
xy is odd only if x and y are odd.
c. x2 + x 2 = 0 x = 1 or x = -2.
x = 1 or x = -2 only if x2 + x 2 = 0
d. x2 + x 2 = 0 x = 1.
x2 + x 2 = 0 only if x = 1.
4) Construct truth tables for the following:
a. (A B) (not A)
b. A or [B (not A)]
A
T
F
T
F

B
T
T
F
F

(A=>B)=>(not
A)
F
T
T
T

A or (B=>(not
A))
T
T
T
T

5) Show the following are tautologies using truth tables:

a. A (A or B)
A
T
F
T
F

B
T
T
F
F

A or B
T
T
T
F

A => (A or
B)
T
T
T
T

b. [(A and B) C] [(not C) {(not A) or (not B)}]

A
T
F
T

B
T
T
F

C
T
T
T

(A and B)
=> C
T
T
T

(not C) => {(not A) or

(not B)}
T
T
T

{(A and B) => C} =>

[(not C) => {(not A) or (not B)}]
T
T
T

F
T
F
T
F

F
T
T
F
F

T
F
F
F
F

T
F
T
T
T

T
F
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

Chapter 8
1) Rewrite the following as if..then statements:
a. A sufficient condition for Peter to win the Championship is that he wins in Brazil.
If Peter wind in Brazil, then he will win the championship
b. A necessary condition for Stuart to win the championship is that he beats Peter.
If Stuart wins the championship, then he beats Peter.
c. Regular work is sufficient to pass this course.
If you do regular work, then you will pass this course.
d. Regular work is not necessary to pass this course.
Not(If you pass this course then you did regular work.)
i.e. You can pass the class _and_ not do regular work.
e. To be President of the United States of America it is necessary to be born in the
USA.
If you are President of the United States then you were born in the USA.
f. To be Prime Minister of India it is not necessary to be born in India.
Not(If you are Prime minister of India then you were born in India).
i.e. You can be Prime Minister of India _and_ be born in another country.
2) Let A be x2 2x 3 > 0 and B be x > 3. Which of the following are true and which
are false?
The solution to the inequality is {x: x > 3 or x < -1}
a. A B false
b. B A true
c. A is necessary for B true
d. B is sufficient for A true
e. A is sufficient for B false
f. B is necessary for A false
g. not(B) not(A) false
h. not(A) not(B) true
3) Which of the following statements are equivalent? a and d
a. If my team lost the last game, then they most have lost the championship.
b. If my team lost the last game, then your team won the championship.
c. If my team lost the last game, then they won the championship.
d. If my team won the championship, then they won the last game.
e. If my team won the last game, then they won the championship.

f. If my team lost the championship, then they must have lost the last game.
4) What is the contrapositive of A(BC)?
Not(B=>C) => (not A) or If (B and (not C)) then (not A)
Chapter 9
1) Write the converse of the following statements:
a. If x > 5, then x is red.
If x is red then x>5.
b. An integer can be even or odd but it cannot be both.
If n is even or odd but not both, then n is an integer.
c. Eating ice cream is necessary for me to be happy all day.
If I am eating ice cream then I am happy all day.
d. Eating ice cream is sufficient for me to be happy all day.
If I am happy all day then I am eating ice cream.
e. It is not necessary to understand things to argue about them.
It is not sufficient to understand things to argue about them
f. Stop or I will shoot. (Remember PQ is the same as (not P) or Q.)
If I shoot then you didnt stop.
2) Which of the following are equivalent?
a and c are equivalent and b and d are equivalent.
a. If A and B are both red, then X is true.
b. If A and B are both not red, then X is true.
c. If X is false, then A and B are not both red.
d. If A or B are not red, then X is true.
3) Create truth tables for:
a. A B
b. The converse of A implies B.
A
T
F
T
F

B
T
T
F
F

A <=> B
T
F
F
T

B =>
A
T
F
T
T

4) Give the converse of each of the following statements:

a. If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
If a = 0 or b = 0, then ab = 0.
b. If 2x2 7x + 6 = 0, then x = 2.
If x = 2 then 2x2 7x + 6 = 0.
c. The product of two odd integers is odd.
If the product is odd then the integers are odd.
d. The sum of an odd number and an even number is odd.

If the sum is odd then one number is odd and one is even.
e. Suppose that A, B and C are sets. In this case A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) .
If

A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) then A B and C are sets.

f. Suppose that f is a polynomial in the variable x.

If f(a) = 0, then x a is a factor of f.
If x a is a factor of f then f(a) = 0.
Chapter 10
1) Rewrite the following using and :
a. For all integers x, x is odd or even.
xZ(x is odd or even)
b. There exist two prime numbers such that their sum is prime.
(p and q prime)(p+q is prime)
c. There exists a rational number greater than 2 .
xQ(x>

2 )

d. If x is a real number, then x2 is greater than x.

xR(x2>x)
e. For all n N there exists a prime p such that p > n.
n N p prime(p > n)
2) Decide whether the following are true or false:
a. xy(x2 = y), where both x and y are real numbers. true
b. yx(x2 = y), where both x and y are real numbers. false
c. xy(x2 = y), where both x and y are integers. true
d. yx(x2 = y), where both x and y are integers. false
x R y R (x+y=0) true
e.
f.

x R y R (x+y=1) false

g. xP(x) xP(x) true

h. xP(x) xP(x) false
n N such that n2 n. true, because n = 1 is a natural number.
i.
Chapter 11
1) Rewrite the following using the symbolic notation and :
a. If a and b are real numbers with a 0, then ax + b = 0 has a solution.
a,bR,a0,x(ax + b = 0)
b. If a and b are real numbers with a 0, then ax + b = 0 has a unique solution.

a,bR,a0,!x(ax + b = 0)
2) Negate the following:
a. There exists a grey cat.
All cats are not grey.
b. For all cats there exists an owner.
There exists a cat with no owner.
c. There exists a grey cat for all owners
There exists an owner with no grey cat.
d. Every fire engine is red and every ambulance is white.
There exists a non-red fire engine or a non-white ambulance.
3) Negate the following:
a. Some students in the class are not here today
All students are here today.
b. Let x, y, z N. For all x there exists y such that x + y = z.
For all x and y, x+yz
c. There exists a unique x such that P(x) is true.
(P(x) and P(y) are true for xy) or (P(x) is not true for all x).
d. All mathematics students are hardworking.
Some mathematics students are not hardworking
e. Only some of the students in the class are here today.
All students are here today.
f. The number x is rational if x is an integer.
There is some integer x with

x not rational.

4) Simplify the following:

not ( y x ( P ( x , y ) Q ( x , y )) )
a.
For for all x there exists y with notP(x,y) and Q(x,y)
b. not ( x , y z not( u vP(u , v , x , y , z )) )
z x , y ( u v P ( u , v , x , y , z ) )
c. not(there exist xR and yR such that for all zQ we have xz and z y)
For all x and y in R, there exists z in Q with x<z or y>z.
d. not(there exist xR and yR such that xy or for all zQ we have xz and z y)
for all x and y in R y<x and for all z in Q x<z or y>z.
5) Show the following:
1 25
n N , <

N
a.
such that
n 37 .
Let N = 2 > 37/25.

b.

such that n N ,

N N

5 n2 +2
1
5<
2
1000
n

Let N = 45.
c.

>0, N N

such that

1
n N , <
n

Let N > 1/.

d.

>0, N N
Let N >

such that n N ,

5 n2 +2
5<
n2

2/

Chapter 12
1) Find examples of the following:
a. A non-constant function f : R R

such that f(x)= 0 for a finite number of x.

f(x) = x

b. A non-constant function f : R R

such that f(x)= 0 for an infinite number of x.

f(x) = sin(x)
c. A non-polynomial function f : R R such that f(x) is always positive.
f(x)= tan(x)
f
:
R

R such that f(x) is negative for x < 0 and

d. A non-polynomial function
positive for x 0.
f(x) = |x|
e. A function f : R R

such that f has a maximum at x = -2 and

a minimum at x = 7.
f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 - 84x + 2 (yay calculus!)
2) Determine whether or not the following are true: (explain answer)
a. x3 < 0 for all x < -1.
True. If x < -1 then x <0 and x3 < 0 too.
b. x3 > 0 for all x > 1000.
True. If x >1000 then x > 0. So x3 > 0 too.
c. x3 0 for all x 1.
False. Let x = . Then x3 = 1/8 > 0.
3) Find counterexamples for the following:
1x
a.
is not an integer for x Z .
x
If x = 1 the fraction is 0.

b.

( a+b )2=a2 +b 2 .
Let a = 1 and b = 2. The left side is 9, while the right side is 5

4) Find a counter example to f(c)=0 implies that f has a maximum or minimum at x = c.

f(x) = x3 satisfies f(0) = 0, but it does not have a minimum or maximum at x = 0.