Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Advanced Level Pure

Mathematics
10
Algebra
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Complex Numbers
Introduction
Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number
Polar Form of a Complex Number
Complex conjugate
Geometrical Applications
Transformation
DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number 22
2
4
4
8
11
19
i 1
2
10.1
A
Introduction
Fundamental Concepts
(1) A complex number
is a number of the form a bi where a, b are real numbers and i 2 1 .

Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 1
Complex Numbers
(2) The set C of all complex numbers is defined by

C a bi : a, b R and i 2 1
where
a is called the real part of z and a Re(z ) and

b is called the imaginary part of z and b Im(z ) .
(3)
is said to be purely imaginary if and only if Re( z ) 0 and Im( z ) 0 .
(4) When Im( z ) 0 , the complex number z is real.

i 3 i 2 i i ,
N.B.
i4 i2 i2 1,
i5 i 4 i i ,
i 6 i 4 i 2 1 .
Solve x 2 x 1 0 in terms of i .
Example
Solution
Operations On Complex Numbers
Let
(1)
(2)
(3)
z1 a bi and z 2 c di . Then
z1 z 2 (a c) (b d )i
z1 z 2 (a c) (b d )i
z1 z 2
= (a bi )(c di )
= (ac bd ) (ad bc)i

(4)
z1
a bi c di ac bd (bc ad )
2
i , where z 2 0 .
=
=
z2
c di c di c 2 d 2
c d2
N.B. (i)
(ii)
Example
1 i
i
2
i ;
i i
1
1
1
c di
1
2
2
z2 .
2
z 2 c di c d
c d2
If z1 2 3i and z 2 1 4i , find
(a)
z1 2z 2
(b)
z 2 iz1
(c)
z1 z 2
(d)
z1
z2
Solution
Example
Express the following in the form of x yi , where x, y are real numbers.

Page 2
Complex Numbers
(a)
2 z
, where z 1 i
2z
(b)
1 cos 2 i sin 2
1 cos 2 i sin 2
(c)
1
1 cos 2 i sin 2
Solution
Example
Solution
Find the square roots of the complex number 3 4i and 5 12i .
10.2
Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number
From the definition of complex numbers, a complex number z a bi is defined by the two real numbers a
and b . Hence, if we consider the real part a as the x coordinate in the rectangular coordinates system
and the imaginary part b as the y coordinate , then the complex number z can be represented by the
Page 3
Complex Numbers
point ( a, b) on the plane. This plane is called the complex plane or the Argand diagram. On this plane, real
numbers are represented by points on x axis which is called the real axis; imaginary numbers are
represented by points on the y axis which is called the imaginary axis. The number 0 is represented by
the origin O.
Any point ( a, b) on this plane can be used to represent a complex number z a bi .

For example, as shown in Figure, the z1 , z 2 , z 3 represents respectively the complex numbers.
z1 3, z 2 2i, z 3 4 3i
10.3
Polar Form of a Complex Number
A. Polar Form
A complex number z a bi can be represented by a vector
The length of the vector

by
OP
r OP
. The angle between the vector
amplitude of
OP
as shown in Figure.
, is called the modulus of the complex number

OP
z , and it is denoted
and the positive real axis is defined to be the argument or
and is denoted by arg z or amp z .
arg z is infinitely many-valued, that is,

arg z 2k
, where k Z .
If arg z lies in the interval , we call this value the principal value.
Page 4
Complex Numbers
Theorem
Example
Solution
B.
a r cos
b r sin
tan
a2 b2
b
a
Express the complex number z1 5 12i and z 2 3 3 3i in polar form.
Use of Polar Form in Multiplication and Division
Theorem
Let z1 r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ) , z 2 r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )

arg( z1 z 2 ) arg z1 arg z 2 .
(1) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 ,
Or z1 z 2 r1 r2 cos( 1 2 ) i sin( 1 2 )
z1
z
z1
arg( 1 ) arg z1 arg z 2
(2)
,
z2
z2
z2
Or
z1 r1
cos( 1 2 ) i sin( 1 2 )
z 2 r2
proof
Page 5
Complex Numbers
Example
Let z1 1 3i and z 2 3 3i .
(a) By expressing z1 and z 2 in polar form, find z1 z 2 and
z1
.
z2
iz
(b) Find the modulus and the principal value of the argument of 2
z1
Solution
Example
Prove that if
z 1
and z 1 , then
1 z
is purely imaginary.
1 z
Solution
Page 6
Complex Numbers
Example
Solution
Show that z1 z 2 and z1 z 2 are both real , then either z1 and z 2 are both real or z1 z 2 .
10.4
Complex conjugate
A.
Complex Conjugate
Definition
Let z a bi , where a, b R . The complex conjugate of
z , denoted by
is defined as
z a bi
Theorem
Properties of Complex Conjugate

Let z be a complex number. Then
(1) z is real if and only if z z .
2
(2) z z
(3) z z z
(4) z z
(5) arg z arg z ( z 0)
(6) z z 2 Re( z )
(7) z z 2i Im( z )
proof
Page 7
Complex Numbers
Theorem
Properties of Complex Conjugate

(Continued)
Let z1 and z 2 be two complex numbers. Then
(1) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
(2) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z
z
(3) 1 1
z2
z2
Example
( z 2 0)
Prove that, for any complex numbers z1 and z 2 .

z1 z 2
z1 z 2
2( z1
z2 )
Solution
Page 8
Complex Numbers
Example
Let z
1 i
. Find Re(z ) .
2i
Solution
Example
Prove that if
z 1
and z 1 , then
1 z
1 z
Solution
Example
Let u, v and w be complex numbers with modulus equal to 1.

Show that if u v w 0 , then uv vw wu 0 .
Solution
Page 9
Complex Numbers
B.
Roots of Polynomials with Real Coefficients Occurs in Conjugate Pairs

Let f ( x) a n x n a n 1 x n 1 a1 x a 0 0 ( a n 0 ) be a polynomial with real coefficients and
degree n ( 2 ). If z a bi ( b 0 ) is a root of this polynomial, then z a bi is also a root.
10.5
Geometrical Applications
Vectors
Addition
Subtraction
Scalar multiplication
( ai bj ) (ci dj )
= ( a c)i (b d ) j
( ai bj ) (ci dj )
= (a c)i (b d ) j
(ai bj ) ai bj , R
Complex Numbers
(a bi ) (c di )
= (a c) (b d )i
(a bi ) (c di )
= (a c ) (b d )i
(a bi ) a bi, R
In the set C of all complex numbers, if z a bi is regarded as a vector v ai bj ; then as far as the above
three operations are concerned complex numbers behave similar to those of vectors.
Geometrical Meaning of the Difference of Two complex Numbers

Suppose the complex numbers representing the points Z and P on the Argand diagram be z x yi and
p a bi representing the points Z and P on the Argand diagram respectively.
(1) The complex number z p represents the vector PZ ;
(2) The modulus z p represents the length of PZ ;
(3) arg( z p ) represents the angle between the vector PZ and the positive x-axis.
Page 10
Complex Numbers
Usually, if the point Z on the Argand diagram is represented by the complex number z , we use Z (z ) to
denote it. Therefore, for any four points Z 1 ( z1 ) , Z 2 ( z 2 ) , P1 ( p1 ) and P2 ( p 2 ) on the Argand diagram, the
angle between the vectors P1 Z 1 and P2 Z 2 , as shown in Figure, is given by
= 1 2
arg( z1 p1 ) arg( z 2 p 2 )
=
=
arg(
Theorem
z1 p1
)
z 2 p2
Angle between Two Line Segments
Let Z 1 ( z1 ), Z 2 ( z 2 ), P1 ( p1 ) and P2 ( p 2 ) be four points on the Argand diagram. If is the angle between
the line segments P1 Z 1 and P2 Z 2 , then
z p1
arg( 1
)
z 2 p2
is considered to be positive if it is obtained by rotating anti-clockwise the vector

denominator to the vector P1 Z 1 representing the numerator.
P2 Z 2
representing the
Collinear
Theorem
Let P1 , P2 , P3 be three distinct points in the Argand diagram representing respectively the
z 3 z1
,
complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z 3 . Then P1 , P2 , P3 are collinear if and only if
z 2 z1
Where is a non-zero real number.
Proof
Equation of a Circle
Page 11
Complex Numbers
Let A be a point in the complex plane and the complex number corresponding to it be
the circle with A as centre and radius r is given by
a . The equation of
z a r,
where z is the complex number corresponding to any point P on the circle.

This equation is then rewritten as
2
za
=
r2
( z a )( z a )
=
r2
z z az a z a a =
r2
z z az a z ( r 2 a a )
This equation is in the form z z az a z k , where k is a real constant.

Example
Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation z z (1 2i ) z (1 2i ) z 4 in the
complex plane.
Solution
Theorem
Given that Z 1 ( z1 ), Z 2 ( z 2 ) and P ( p ) are three points on the Argand diagram. Then
z1 p
p
2
(1) Z 2 PZ1 arg
(2) The three points Z 1 , Z 2 , P are collinear if and only if

(3)
Example
z1 p
is real.
z2 p
Z 1 P and Z 2 P are mutually perpendicular if and only if
z1 p
z2 p
1
3
Let z1 be a non-zero complex number and w
i . If the points A, B and C are
2
respectively represented by the complex numbers z1 , z 2 wz1 and z 3 w 2 z1 , show that

ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Solution
Page 12
Complex Numbers
Example
Let z1 and z 2 be two non-zero complex numbers. Prove that if

arg z1 arg z 2 n
, where
2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
, then
n is a non-negative integer.
Solution
Page 13
Complex Numbers
Example
Suppose the vertices P, Q and R of an equilateral triangle represent the complex numbers
z1 , z 2 and z 3 respectively.
2
(a) Show that z1 z 2 z 2 z 3 z 3 z1 z1 z 2 z 3 .

(b) If z1 , z 2 and z 3 are the roots of the equation z 3 3 pz 2 3qz r 0, show that
p2 q .
Solution
Page 14
Complex Numbers
Theorem
Corollary
More Properties on Moduli

Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers. Then
(1) Re( z ) z , Im( z ) z
(2) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
(Triangle Inequality)
z1 z 2 z n z1 z 2 z n
Proof
This property can be proved by using mathematical induction on
Example
Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers.

Prove that z1 z 2 z1 z 2
n.
Solution
Loci
When a variable complex number z has to satisfy some specific conditions, there is a set of points in the
Argand diagram representing all the possible values of z . The graph of this set of points is called the locus
of the complex number z .
Example
Interpret the following loci in the Argand diagram.

( a , b, r R )
(a) z (a ib) r
(b)
z i
1
z 1
(c)
z
2
z i
Solution
Page 15
Complex Numbers
Example
If
z i
is pure imaginary, interpret the locus of
zi
in the Argand diagram.
Solution
Page 16
Complex Numbers
Example
Let be a complex constant and k a real constant.

Show that the equation z z k represents a straight line.
Solution
Page 17
Complex Numbers
10.6
Transformation
Translation or Displacement
Definition
Let b be a fixed complex number. The function f ( z ) z b, z C is called a translation.
Example
Given a translation f defined by f ( z ) z 1 2i, z C.

(a) Plot the point f ( 2 3i ) .
(b) Sketch the image of the set S z C : z 2 1 under f .
Solution
Enlargement
Definition
Let p be a fixed real number, the function f ( z ) pz , z C is called an enlargement.
Example
Given two enlargements defined by f ( z ) 2 z and g ( z ) z , z C .
1
2
(a) Plot the point f (1 2i ) .

(b) Sketch the image of the (i) ellipse (E ) in Figure A under f .
(ii) triangle (T) in Figure B under g .
Solution
Page 18
Complex Numbers
Rotation
Definition
Let be a fixed real number. The function f ( z ) z (cos i sin ), z C is called a

rotation and is the angle of rotation.
Example
Given a rotation f ( z ) z (cos120 i sin 120), z C.

(a) Plot the point f (2 i ) .
(b) Sketch the image of region R in figure under f .
Solution
Example
Let w 3 z
z 1,
1
. If the locus of
z
on the z plane is a unit circle centred at the origin, i.e.
show that the locus of the points represented by
w on the
w plane
is an ellipse.
Solution
Example
The complex numbers
and
w are represented by points P and
in an Argand diagram.
Page 19
Complex Numbers
If z (1 w) w and P describes the line 2 x 1 0 , prove that Q describes a circle whose

centre is at the origin.
Solution
Page 20
Complex Numbers
10.7
DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number
For any real number 1 , 2 , (cos 1 i sin 1 )(cos 2 i sin 2 ) cos( 1 2 ) i sin( 1 2 )
In particular, if 1 2 , we have (cos i sin ) 2 cos 2 i sin 2 .
For any positive integer
n , by induction on n , the result may be generalized as

(cos i sin ) n cos n i sin n
()
and this is known as the DeMoivre's Theorem for integral index.
For any negative integer
n , we may let n m . Then

(cos i sin ) n
Hence, () also holds for negative integers
For any rational number
n . Put
(cos i sin ) m
1
(cos i sin ) m
1
cos m i sin m
cos m i sin m
cos 2 m sin 2 m
cos( m ) i sin( m )
cos n i sin n
n.
p
, where p, q Z and no loss of generality if q is taken as to be
q
positive. Then
(cos n i sin n ) q
cos n i sin n
cos nq i sin nq
cos p i sin p
(cos i sin ) p
(cos i sin )
p
q
(cos i sin ) n
In general, for any real number , positive number
and rational number
n , we have
[ r (cos i sin )] n r n (cos n i sin n )
The nth roots of a complex number
w are the n values of z which satisfy the equation
z n w . If we
write w cos i sin and assuming that the equation is satisfied by z cos i sin , then
Page 21
Complex Numbers
1
n
(cos i sin ) cos i sin
()
cos i sin (cos i sin ) n cos n i sin n
By equating the real parts and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
sin sin n
cos cos n
n 2k
2k
n
()
where k Z .
For k 0,1,2, , n 1 , since
We obtain the
2k 2n 2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n distinct complex roots for
() with the values of obtained in () .
For k 0 or k n 1 , the root obtained is equal to one of the roots mentioned above. Hence, the equation
() has only
n distinct complex roots.
Theorem
DeMoivre's Theorem for Rational Index
Let
n be a positive integer and be a real number. Then

1
(cos i sin ) n cos
2k
2 k
, where k 0,1,2, , n 1
i sin
n
n
Using the DeMoivre's Theorem, we will have the following properties.

(i)
z m z n z mn
(ii)
zm
z mn
n
z
(iii)
z0 1
(iv)
( z m ) n z mn
Application of DeMoivre's Theorem to Trigonometry

A
Direct application of DeMoivre's Theorem and the binomial theorem, we are able to express
(i)
multiple angles such as sin n and cos n in terms of sin and cos , and
Page 22
Complex Numbers
(ii)
powers of sin and cos back again into multiple angles.
Example
Verify that cos 3 4 cos 3 3 cos

< Express cos n , sin n in terms of powers of sin and cos >
Solution
Example
(a) Show that sin 4 4 sin ( 2 cos 3 cos )

(b) Prove
Solution
Example
sin 6
32 cos 5 32 cos 3 6 cos .
sin
For what values of that the result is not true?
Prove that cos 6 32 cos 6 48 cos 4 18 cos 2 1.

Hence show that the roots of the equation 64 x 3 96 x 2 36 x 3 0 are cos 2 (
cos 2 (
5
7
) and cos 2 (
) , and deduce that
18
18
5
7
sec 2 ( ) sec 2 ( ) sec 2 ( ) 12 .
18
18
18
),
18
Solution
Page 23
Complex Numbers
If z cos i sin , we have

1
2
1
sin ( z z 1 ) .
2i
z z 1 2 cos ,
cos ( z z 1 ) ;
z z 1 2i sin ,
As z n cos n i sin n and z n cos n i sin n
z n z n 2 cos n , cos n
1 n
( z z n )
2
Page 24
Complex Numbers
z n z n 2i sin n ,
sin n
1 n
( z z n ) .
2i
Example
Solution
Express cos 4 and sin 4 in terms of functions of multiple angles.
Example
Solution
Prove 16 sin 5 sin 5 5 sin 3 10 sin
Example
(a) Prove that 32 cos 6 cos 6 6 cos 4 15 cos 2 10 .

(b) Prove that 32 cos 4 sin 2 2 cos 2 2 cos 4 cos 6 .
Solution
Page 25
Complex Numbers
Example
By expanding (1 i ) 2n , show that

n
n
( 1) k C 22kn 2 n cos
,
2
k 0
n 1
(1)
k 0
C 22kn1 2 n sin
n
2
Solution
Example
(a) Show that cos 5 16 cos 5 20 cos 3 5 cos .

(b) Using (a), or otherwise, solve 16 cos 4 20 cos 2 5 0 for values of between
0 and 2 . Hence find the value of cos 2
3
cos 2
.
10
10
Solution
Page 26
Complex Numbers
The nth roots of a Complex Number

1
2k
2k k 0,1,2, n 1
If w n z r (cos i sin ) , then w r n (cos
.
i sin
),
n
n
Example
Solution
Find the three cube roots of 8 and locate them in the complex plane.
Example
Find the fifth roots of 1 .

Also, interpret the result in the Argand diagram.
Solution
Page 27
Complex Numbers
nth of Unity
Theorem
nth of Unity of Their Properties
Let n be a positive integer. Then the equation z n 1 has
2k
2k
z k cos
i sin
n distinct roots given by
( k 0,1,2, , n 1)
These roots are called the nth roots of unity. If we denote one of them by ( 1) , then we have
n =1
2
n 1
=0
1
Proof
Example
Let
n be a positive integer and cos 2

n
i sin
2
, find the values of
n
(a) 1 2 n 1 ,
(b) 2 3 n 1 ,
(c)
(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 ) (1 n 1 )
(d) 1 m 2 m 3m ( n 1) m , where m Z .
Solution
Page 28
Complex Numbers
Solution of Equations
Example
Solve the equation z 8 2 z 4 cos 4 1 0. When 0
, show that the roots occur in

4
Conjugate pairs.
Solution
Page 29
Complex Numbers
Example
Let
n be a positive integer. By solving the equation

n
x n x n ( x x 1 2 cos
k 1
Hence deduce that

n
2 2 n 1 sin 2
k 1
x 2 n 1 0 , show that
2k 1
)
2n
n
2k 1
2k 1
1 and cos n ( 1 sin 2 csc 2
)
4n
2
4n
k 1
Solution
Page 30
Complex Numbers
Page 31

Complex Numbers

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Complex Numbers

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure

(1) A complex number

is a number of the form a bi where a, b are real numbers and i 2 1 .

(2) The set C of all complex numbers is defined by

a is called the real part of z and a Re(z ) and

is said to be purely imaginary if and only if Re( z ) 0 and Im( z ) 0 .

(4) When Im( z ) 0 , the complex number z is real.

Operations On Complex Numbers

= (ac bd ) (ad bc)i

Express the following in the form of x yi , where x, y are real numbers.

Find the square roots of the complex number 3 4i and 5 12i .

Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number

Any point ( a, b) on this plane can be used to represent a complex number z a bi .

Polar Form of a Complex Number

The length of the vector

. The angle between the vector

, is called the modulus of the complex number

and the positive real axis is defined to be the argument or

and is denoted by arg z or amp z .

arg z is infinitely many-valued, that is,

Express the complex number z1 5 12i and z 2 3 3 3i in polar form.

Use of Polar Form in Multiplication and Division

Let z1 r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ) , z 2 r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )

Let z a bi , where a, b R . The complex conjugate of

Properties of Complex Conjugate

Properties of Complex Conjugate

Prove that, for any complex numbers z1 and z 2 .

Let u, v and w be complex numbers with modulus equal to 1.

Roots of Polynomials with Real Coefficients Occurs in Conjugate Pairs

Geometrical Meaning of the Difference of Two complex Numbers

Angle between Two Line Segments

is considered to be positive if it is obtained by rotating anti-clockwise the vector

where z is the complex number corresponding to any point P on the circle.

This equation is in the form z z az a z k , where k is a real constant.

(1) Z 2 PZ1 arg

(2) The three points Z 1 , Z 2 , P are collinear if and only if

Z 1 P and Z 2 P are mutually perpendicular if and only if

respectively represented by the complex numbers z1 , z 2 wz1 and z 3 w 2 z1 , show that

Let z1 and z 2 be two non-zero complex numbers. Prove that if

(a) Show that z1 z 2 z 2 z 3 z 3 z1 z1 z 2 z 3 .

More Properties on Moduli

This property can be proved by using mathematical induction on

Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers.

Interpret the following loci in the Argand diagram.

in the Argand diagram.

Let be a complex constant and k a real constant.

Let b be a fixed complex number. The function f ( z ) z b, z C is called a translation.

Given a translation f defined by f ( z ) z 1 2i, z C.

Let p be a fixed real number, the function f ( z ) pz , z C is called an enlargement.

Given two enlargements defined by f ( z ) 2 z and g ( z ) z , z C .

(a) Plot the point f (1 2i ) .

Let be a fixed real number. The function f ( z ) z (cos i sin ), z C is called a

Given a rotation f ( z ) z (cos120 i sin 120), z C.

on the z plane is a unit circle centred at the origin, i.e.

show that the locus of the points represented by

The complex numbers

w are represented by points P and

If z (1 w) w and P describes the line 2 x 1 0 , prove that Q describes a circle whose

DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number

n , by induction on n , the result may be generalized as

and this is known as the DeMoivre's Theorem for integral index.