3-DC Motor Starting

Power Converters and
Drives, PCVD320B
DC MOTORS:
STARTING
StartingofDCMotors
At starting conditions, the motor is not turning ( = 0),
therefore the internal generated voltage EA = K = 0V.
The only component to limit starting current is the
armature resistance, which, in most DC motors is a very
low value (approximately one ohm or less),
Therefore, a very high current flows in the armature
circuit during starting condition.
I a , Starting
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Starting a dc motor across the line.

If a dc motor is started with full supply voltage across its
terminals, a very high current will flow, which may damage the
motor due to heavy sparking at commutator and heating of the
winding.
Vt Ea Vt
Ra
Ra
Starting of DC motor
At stand-still, ( = 0), EA = K = 0 Volt
Ia
Vt
Ra
I a , Starting
ADEL ELGAMMAL
DC motor problems on
starting
For instance, for a 50 hp, 250 V DC motor with armature
resistance RA of 0.06 and a full-load current about 200
A, the starting current is
IA
VT E A 250 0
4167
A
RA
0.06
This current is over 20 times the motors rated full-load

current and may severely damage the motor.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Vt
Ra
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Starting of DC motor
Therefore, it is necessary to limit the
current to a safe value during starting.
For normally designed machines, twice the
rated current can be allowed to flow and
for specially designed machines it can be
3.5 times.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Starter in DC Motor
StartingofDCmotor
Ia
We can limit Ia at start-up by:
Speed
1) Controlling Vt using variable supply e.g. using

power electronics converter
At Starting, = 0, then Ea = 0
Vt Ea
Ra
I st
o
V Ea
Td K t
Ra
Motor
Operating
Point
V
I st t
Ra
V K
Td K t
Ra
Ia
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Vt
Ra
Current
V
Tst K t
Ra
ADEL ELGAMMAL
StartingofDCmotor(voltagereduction)
Starter in DC Motor
We can limit Ia at start-up by:
2) Adding external resistor known as starter
V
I st t
Ra
Ia
Ist1
Vt2
Ist2
Ia
When Ea = 0
A solution to the problem of excessive starting

current is to insert a starting resistor in series with
the armature to limit the current until EA can build up
to limit the armature current.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Starting DC Motor
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Vt
R a R st
Rst
ADEL ELGAMMAL
However, this resistor must be removed from the

circuit as the motor speed is high since otherwise
such resistor would cause losses and would decrease
the motors torque-speed characteristic.
Starting resistors are usually incorporated into the
motor design to limit starting current to 125 to 200
percent of full load current .
As motor accelerates and back emf rises, one section
of the resistor is cut out at a time, either manually or
automatically with the help of contactors, such that
the current is kept within specified maximum and
minimum values.
Ia
+
Ea
Vt
Vt1
Ra
StartingofDCmotor(startingresistance)

Ra
Ra + R
Vt
R I
a a
K
K
Ist1
Ist2
I st
Vt
Ra Rst
V
Rst t Ra
I st
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Ia
Example
Solution
A dc separately excited motor has the following data:
Rated torque = Td K I a 3 (5) 15 NM (Newton Meter)
K = 3.0 Vs (Volt second)

Vt = 600.0 V
Ra = 2.0
Ia = 5.0 A (armature current at full load)
Calculate the rated torque, starting torque and starting
current at full voltage.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Starting torque = Tst Vt
K
600.0 * 3.0 / 2.0 900.0 NM
Ra
V
Starting current = I st t 300.0 A
Ra
starting torque is 60 times the rated torque
starting current is also 60 times the rated current
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Example
Solution
A dc separately excited motor has the following data:

K = 3.0 Vs (Volt second)
Vt = 600.0 V
Ra = 2.0
Ia = 5.0 A (armature current at full load)
How can you reduce the starting current to 6 times
the rated current?
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Method 1: Reduce the starting voltage
Vst I st Ra 6 (5.0) (2.0) 60.0 V

Method 2: Increase the starting resistance
V
R Ra t
I st
V
600.0
R t - Ra
- 2.0 18
I st
30.0
ADEL ELGAMMAL
DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

FOR A DC SHUNT MOTOR
A dc shunt motor has the following data: 240 V, 18 A,
1100 r/min, and armature-circuit resistance Ra=0.33 .
The no-load saturation curve for the machine is given
in the following Fig.
The motor is to be started by a manual starter, shown in
next following Fig.; the field current is set at 5.2 A.
If the current during starting varies between 20 and 40
A, determine the starting resistors R1, R2, and R3
needed in the manual starter.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
No-load saturation
curve for a 240-V,
1100-r/min
dc
generator.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Manual starter for a shunt motor
I a (0) I max I a (t1 ) I min
I a (t 2 ) I min
I a (t1 ) I max
I a (t 2 ) I max
t1 t1
t 2 t 2
t3 t3
E (t3 ) E (t3 )
E (t 2 ) E (t 2 )
E (t1 ) E (t1 )
ADEL ELGAMMAL

1. At t = 0; Ia = Imax , Ea = 0 V
Calculate Armature Current at Standstill
At the first contact on the manual starter, 240 V
dc is applied to the shunt field; the field rheostat
has been set to allow I=5.2 A.
Thus, the armature current Ia=IL-I= 40 A-5.2
A=34.8 A.
The 40 A is the maximum permissible load
current.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

2. At t = t1- , Ia = Imin , Ea = ?? V
Calculate the Induced Armature Voltage, Ea,
when the Machine Accelerates ((R1 + R2 +R3)
still inserted in the armature)
As the machine accelerates, an induced armature
voltage is created, causing the armature current to fall
to Imin.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

Calculate the Value of the Starter

Resistance, (R1 + R2 +R3)
Use the equation:
(R1 + R2 +R3) =(Vt/Ia)-Ra=(240 V)/(34.8 A)0.330 =6.57 .
ADEL ELGAMMAL

When the armature current drops to the

minimum allowed during starting
Ia=IL- I=20 A-5.2 A=14.8 A,
the induced voltage is obtained from the
equation:
Ea(t1-)=Ea(t1+)=Vt-Ia(Ra+(R1+R2+R3))
=240V-(14.8 A)(0.330 +6.57 )=137.9 V.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

3. At t = t1+, R1 is removed from the

circuit, Ia = Imax, Ea = 137.9 V
Calculate the Starter Resistance, (R2+ R3)
Use the equation:

(R2+ R3) = ((Vt-Ea) / Ia) - Ra=(240 V137.9 V)/34.8 A-0.330 =2.60 .
ADEL ELGAMMAL

5. At t = t2+, R2 is removed from the

circuit, Ia = Imax, Ea = 196.6 V
Calculate the Starter Resistance, (R3)
Use the equation:
(R3) =(Vt-Ea)/Ia-Ra=(240 V-196.6 V)/34.8
A-0.330 =0.917 .
ADEL ELGAMMAL
starting
In practice, a starting resistor is made up of a series of resistors that can be successively
removed from the circuit as the motor speeds up.
A shunt motor with an extra starting
resistor that can be cut out of the
circuit in segments by closing the 1A,
2A, and 3A contacts.
Therefore, two considerations are
needed to be taken into account:
Select the values and the number of
resistor segments needed to limit the
starting current to desired
ranges; Design a control circuit shutting the resistor bypass contacts at the proper time to
remove particular parts of the resistor from the circuit.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

4. At t = t2- , Ia = Imin , Ea = ?? V
Calculate the Induced Armature Voltage, Ea,
when Machine Again Accelerates
Ea(t2-) = Ea(t2+) = Vt-Ia(Ra+(R2+ R3))

=240V- (14.8A)(0.330+2.60)
=196.6 V.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

6. Calculate the Three Starting

Resistances, R1, R2, and R3
From the preceding steps,
R3= 0.917 ,
R2=1.683 , and
R1=3.97 .
ADEL ELGAMMAL
starting: Ex
Example 5.6: A 100 hp, 250 V 350 A shunt DC motor with an armature resistance of 0.05
needs a starter circuit that will limit the max starting current to twice its rated value and
which will switch out sections of resistor once the armature current decreases to its rated
value.
a. How many stages of starting
resistance will be required to limit
the current to the specified range?
b. What must the value of each segment
of the resistor to be? At what voltage
should each stage of the starting
resistance be cut out?
ADEL ELGAMMAL
I a (0) I max I a (t1 ) I min
I a (t 2 ) I min
I a (t1 ) I max
I a (t 2 ) I max
t1 t1
t 2 t 2
starting: Ex
t3 t3
The starting resistor must be selected such that the current flow at the start equals twice the
rated current. As the motor speeds up, an internal voltage EA (which opposes the terminal
voltage of the motor and, therefore, limits the current) is generated. When the current falls
to the rated value, a section of the starting resistor needs to be taken out to increase the
current twice. This process (of taking out sections of the starting resistor) repeats until the
entire starting resistance is removed. At this point, the motors armature resistance will
limit the current to safe values by itself.
The original resistance in the starting circuit is
E (t ) E (t )
Rtot R1 R2 ... RA
VT
I max
E (t 2 ) E (t 2 )
After the stages 1 through i are shorted out, the total resistance left in the starting circuit is
E (t1 ) E (t1 )
Rtot ,i Ri 1 ... RA
ADEL ELGAMMAL
DC motor starting: Ex
I A,min
VT E A,1
Rtot
I
RA Rtot , n min Rtot
I max
I min 350 A
After the resistance R1 is out of the circuit,

the armature current must increase to
VT E A,2
I A,max
Rtot ,1
Solving for n:
I max 700 A
Rtot
I min Rtot VT E A I max Rtot ,1
The resistance left in the circuit is

n
I
I min
Rtot Rtot ,n min Rtot
I max
ADEL
max
IELGAMMAL
starting: Ex
b. The armature circuit will contain the armature resistance RA and three starting resistors.
At first, EA = 0, IA = 700 A, and the total resistance is 0.357 . The total resistance will be
in the circuit until the current drops to 350 A. This occurs when
E A,1 VT I A,min Rtot 250 350 0.357 125V

At this time, the starting resistor R1 will be taken out making
Rtot ,1 RA R2 R3
VT E A,1
I max
250 125
0.1786
700
This (new) total resistance will be in the circuit until the current drops again to 350 A. This
occurs when
E A,2 VT I A,min Rtot ,1 250 350 0.1786 187.5V

At this time, the starting resistor R2 will be taken out leaving
Rtot ,2 RA R3
VT E A,2
I
250 187.5
0.0893
700
max
ADEL ELGAMMAL
log RA Rtot
log I min I max
Notice that the number of stages n must be

rounded up to the next integer.
Since EA = K, the quantity VT EA must

be constant when the resistance is switched
out. Therefore
Rtot ,1
DC motor starting: Ex
The starting process is completed when Rtot,n is not greater than the internal armature
resistance RA. At the boundary:
The resistance R1 must be switched out of the

circuit when the armature current falls to
VT
250
0.357
I max 700
n
log RA Rtot log 0.05 0.357
2.84 3
log I min I max
log 350 700
ADEL ELGAMMAL
starting: Ex
This total resistance will be in the circuit until the current drops again to 350 A. This occurs
when
E A,3 VT I A,min Rtot ,2 250 350 0.0893 218.75V

At this time, the starting resistor R3 will be taken out leaving only RA in the circuit. The
motors current at that moment will increase to
I A,3
VT E A,3
RA
250 218.75
625 A
0.05
which is less than the allowed value. Therefore, the resistances are
R3 Rtot ,3 RA 0.0893 0.05 0.0393

R2 Rtot ,2 R3 RA 0.1786 0.0393 0.05 0.0893
R1 Rtot ,1 R2 R3 RA 0.357 0.1786 0.0393 0.05 0.1786
The resistors R1, R2, and R3 are cut out when EA reaches 125 V, 187.5 V, and 218.75 V,
respectively.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
A 3-point starter is extensively used to start a D.C

shunt motor.
It provides additional protective features such as over
load protection and no volt protection.
The diagram of a 3-point starter connected to a shunt
motor is shown in figure .
The starter is shown enclosed within the dotted
rectangular box having three terminals marked as A,
L and F for external connections.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
Terminal A is connected to one armature terminal Al

of the motor. Terminal F is connected to one field
terminal F1 of the motor and terminal L is connected
to one supply terminal as shown.
F2 terminal of field coil is connected to A2 through
an external variable field resistance and the common
point connected to supply (-ve).
The external armatures resistances consist of several
resistances connected in series and are shown in the
form of an arc.
The junctions of the resistances are brought out as

terminals (called studs) and marked as 1,2,.. .12. Just
beneath the resistances, a continuous copper strip also
in the form of an arc is present.
There is a handle which can be moved in the
clockwise direction against the spring tension. The
spring tension keeps the handle in the OFF position
when no one attempts to move it.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ADEL ELGAMMAL
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
Now let us trace the circuit from terminal L (supply + ve). The
wire from L passes through a small electro magnet called
OLRC, and enters through the handle shown by dashed lines.
Near the end of the handle two copper strips are firmly
connected with the wire. The furthest strip is shown circular
shaped and the other strip is shown to be rectangular.
When the handle is moved to the right, the circular strip of the
handle will make contacts with resistance terminals 1, 2 etc.
progressively.
On the other hand, the rectangular strip will make

contact with the continuous arc copper strip.
The other end of this strip is brought as terminal F
after going through an electromagnet coil (called
NVRC). Terminal F is finally connected to motor
field terminal Fl.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE OPERATION OF THE

STARTER
Initially the handle is in the OFF position. Neither
armature nor the field of the motor gets supply.
Now the handle is moved to stud number 1. In this
position armature and all the resistances in series gets
connected to the supply. Field coil gets full supply as
the rectangular strip makes contact with arc copper
strip.
As the machine picks up speed handle is moved
further r to stud number 2. In this position the
external resistance in the armature circuit is less as
the first resistance is left out.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
The no volt release coil (NVRC) carries same current
as that of the field coil.
In case supply voltage goes off, field coil current will
decrease to zero.
Hence NVRC will be de-energised and will not be
able to exert any force on the soft iron piece of the
handle.
Restoring force of the spring will bring the handle
back in the OFF position.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
Now gap between the electromagnet and the soft iron
piece is so adjusted that for IL<Irated the iron piece will
not be pulled up.
However, if IL > Irated force of attraction will be
sufficient to pull up iron piece.
This upward movement of the iron piece of OLRC is
utilized to de-energize NVRC. To the iron a copper
strip (A shaped in figure) is attached.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
Field however, continues to get full voltage by virtue of
the continuous arc strip.
Continuing in this way, all resistances will be left out
when stud number 12 (ON) is reached. In this position,
the electromagnet (NVRC) will attract the soft iron
piece attached to the handle.
Even if the operator removes his hand from the handle,
it will still remain in the ON position as spring
restoring force will be balanced by the force of
attraction between NVRC and the soft iron piece of the
handle.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
The starter also provides over load protection for the
motor. The other electromagnet, OLRC overload
release coil along with a soft iron piece kept under it,
is used to achieve this.
The current flowing through OLRC is the line current
IL drawn by the motor. As the motor is loaded, Ia
hence IL increases. Therefore, IL is a measure of
loading of the motor.
Suppose we want that the motor should not be over
loaded beyond rated current.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
During over loading condition, this copper strip will
also move up and put a short circuit between two
terminals B and C.
Carefully note that B and C are nothing but the two
ends of the NVRC. In other words, when over load
occurs a short circuit path is created across the NVRC.
Hence NVRC will not carry any current now and gets
de-energised. The moment it gets de-energised, spring
action will bring the handle in the OFF position thereby
disconnecting the motor from the supply.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

STARTER
Three-point starter has one disadvantage. If we want
to run the machine at higher speed (above rated
speed) by field weakening (i.e., by reducing field
current), the strength of NVRC magnet may become
so weak that it will fail to hold the handle in the ON
position and the spring action will bring it back in the
OFF position.
Thus we find that a false disconnection of the motor
takes place even when there is neither over load nor
any sudden disruption of supply.
DC motor starting circuits

Several different schemes can be used to short contacts and cut out the sections of a
starting resistor. Some devices commonly used in motor-control circuits are
Fuses:
protects
against short
circuits
Spring-type push button switches
Time delay
relay similar to
ordinary relay
except for
having
adjustable time
delay.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Overload: a
heater coil
and
normally
closed
contacts
ADEL ELGAMMAL
A common DC motor starting circuit:
Another type of motor starter:
A series of time delay relays shut contacts removing

each section of the starting resistor at approximately
correct times.
A series of relays sense the value of armature voltage

EA and cut out the starting resistors as it riches certain
values.
Notice that the relay 1TD is energized at the same

time as the motor starts contacts of 1TD will shut a
part of the starting resistor after some time. At the
same instance, relay 2TD is energized and so on
Observe also 4 fuses protecting different parts of the
circuit and the overload in series with the armature
winding.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Relay: a
main coil
and a
number of
contacts
This starter type is more robust to different loads.

FL is the field loss relay: if the field is lost for any
reason, power to the M relay will be turned off.
Armature
current in a DC
motor during
starting.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Problem # 1
Chapter's
Assignment
ADEL ELGAMMAL
A 10 kW , 100 V , 1000 rpm dc machine has Ra=0.1

ohm and is connected to a 100 V dc supply.
a) Determine the starting current if no starting
resistance is used in the armature circuit
b) Determine the value of the starting resistance if the
starting current is limited to twice the rated current
c) This dc machine is to run as a motor, using starter
box. Determine the values of resistance required in
the starter box such that the armature current Ia is
constraint within 100% to 200% of its rated value
during start-up.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Problem # 2
Problem # 3
Calculate the require resistance for a four-step starter

to limit the starting current of a DC shunt motor to
150% 0f rate current. Assume that all four steps have
an equal resistance value. The motor has rating as 25
Hp, 240 Volts, 860 rpm. And armature resistance is
0.08 Ohms, the overall efficiency 90%. Determine at
each speed of the starter resistance must be take into
the starting circuit to maintained the rate value during
start up period. Assume that the field current is
negligible compared to rate armature current.
A 10 hp (7.46kW) 200 V shunt motor has full-load

efficiency of 85%. The armature has a resistance of
0.25. Calculate the value of the starting resistance
necessary to limit the starting current to 1.5 times the
full-load current at the moment of first switching on.
The shunt current may be neglected. Find also the
back emf of the motor, when the current has fallen to
its full load value, assuming that the whole of the
starting resistance is still in circuit.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ADEL ELGAMMAL
Problem # 4
A 25-kW, 230-V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.064 and a field-circuit
resistance of 95 . The motor delivers rated output power at rated voltage when its
armature current is 122 A. When the motor is operating at rated voltage, the speed is
observed to be 1150 r/min when the machine is loaded such that the armature current is
69.5 A.
a) Calculate the rated-load speed of this motor. In order to protect both the motor and the
dc supply under starting conditions, an external resistance will be connected in series
with the armature winding (with the field winding remaining directly across the 230-V
supply). The resistance will then be automatically adjusted in steps so that the armature
current does not exceed 200 percent of rated current. The step size will be determined
such that, until all the external resistance is switched out, the armature current will not
be permitted to drop below rated value. In other words, the machine is to start with 200
percent of rated armature current and as soon as the current falls to rated value,
sufficient series resistance is to be cut out to restore the current to 200 percent. This
process will be repeated until all of the series resistance has been eliminated.
b) Find the maximum value of the series resistance.
c) How much resistance should be cut out at each step in the starting operation and at
what speed should each step change occur?
Problem # 5
ADEL ELGAMMAL
10
A dc shunt motor drives a centrifugal pump at

a speed of 1000 rpm when the terminal voltage
and line currents are 200 V and 50 A,
respectively. The armature and field
resistances are 0.1 and 100 , respectively.
Design a starting resistance for a maximum
starting current of 120 A in the armature
circuit.
ADEL ELGAMMAL

3-DC Motor Starting

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

3-DC Motor Starting

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Power Converters and

Starting a dc motor across the line.

This current is over 20 times the motors rated full-load

We can limit Ia at start-up by:

1) Controlling Vt using variable supply e.g. using

A solution to the problem of excessive starting

However, this resistor must be removed from the

A dc separately excited motor has the following data:

Rated torque = Td K I a 3 (5) 15 NM (Newton Meter)

K = 3.0 Vs (Volt second)

Starting torque = Tst Vt

A dc separately excited motor has the following data:

Method 1: Reduce the starting voltage

Vst I st Ra 6 (5.0) (2.0) 60.0 V

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

Manual starter for a shunt motor

I a (0) I max I a (t1 ) I min

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

Calculate the Value of the Starter

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

When the armature current drops to the

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

3. At t = t1+, R1 is removed from the

Use the equation:

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

5. At t = t2+, R2 is removed from the

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

Ea(t2-) = Ea(t2+) = Vt-Ia(Ra+(R2+ R3))

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER

6. Calculate the Three Starting

I a (0) I max I a (t1 ) I min

After the resistance R1 is out of the circuit,

I min Rtot VT E A I max Rtot ,1

The resistance left in the circuit is

E A,1 VT I A,min Rtot 250 350 0.357 125V

E A,2 VT I A,min Rtot ,1 250 350 0.1786 187.5V

Notice that the number of stages n must be

Since EA = K, the quantity VT EA must

The resistance R1 must be switched out of the

log RA Rtot log 0.05 0.357

E A,3 VT I A,min Rtot ,2 250 350 0.0893 218.75V

R3 Rtot ,3 RA 0.0893 0.05 0.0393

A 3-point starter is extensively used to start a D.C

Terminal A is connected to one armature terminal Al

The junctions of the resistances are brought out as

On the other hand, the rectangular strip will make

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

THE OPERATION OF THE

DC motor starting circuits

Spring-type push button switches

DC motor starting circuits

DC motor starting circuits

A common DC motor starting circuit:

Another type of motor starter:

A series of time delay relays shut contacts removing

A series of relays sense the value of armature voltage

Notice that the relay 1TD is energized at the same