Brushless Excitation System

DGC Brushless Excitation
System Description

System Description
Table of Contents
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM
2.1
Permanent Magnet Generator
2.2
AC Exciter
2.3
Rectifier Wheel
2.4
Voltage Regulator
3.0
DGC VOLTAGE REGULATOR SYSTEM
3.1
Exciter Field Breaker
3.2
Digital Generator Controller
3.3
VME Modules
3.3.a
3.3.b
3.3.c
3.3.d
3.3.e
Single Board Computer

Analog and Digital I/O Unit (ADIOU)
I/O Interface Control Unit (IOICU)
VME Power Supply
Network Hub Module
7
7
7
8
8
3.4
Field Interface Panel
3.5
Base Adjuster
10
3.6
Power Amplifiers
11
3.7
Field Breaker
12
3.8
Control Switches and Indications
12
3.8.a
3.8.b
3.8.c
3.8.d
3.8.e
3.9
Field Breaker Control Switch

Regulator Mode Control Switch
Voltage Adjuster Control Switch
Base Adjuster Control Switch
Regulator Output Meter
12
12
13
13
13
Feedback Signals
3.9.a
3.9.b
3.9.c
13
Generator Terminal Voltage

Generator Stator Current
Exciter Field Current
13
14
14
4.0
CONTROL SOFTWARE
14
4.1
Operating and Control Modes
14
4.1.a
4.1.b
4.1.c
4.1.d
OFF Mode - Base Control

Test Mode - Base Control
ON Mode Automatic Voltage Control
FORCED Mode Base Control
Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions.

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14
15
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System Description
4.2
Basic Operation of the Voltage Regulator
16
4.3
Automatic AC Voltage Control Software
17
4.3.a
4.3.b
4.3.c
4.3.d
4.3.e
4.4
Proportional Action
High Initial Response
Integral Action
Derivative Action
19
20
20
20
20
Maximum Excitation Limiter

Minimum Excitation Limiter
Volts/Hz Limiter
20
21
22
Protection Software
4.6.a
4.6.b
4.6.c
4.6.d
5.0
19
Limiters
4.5.a
4.5.b
4.5.c
4.6
18
18
18
18
19
Controller Characteristics
4.4.a
4.4.b
4.4.c
4.4.d
4.5
Voltage Control
Setpoint
Voltage Feedback Signal
Load Compensation
Line Compensation
22
Over Excitation Protection

Volts/Hz Protection
Minimum Excitation Protection
Excitation Removal
22
24
24
25
LEGAL NOTICE

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System Description
1.0
Introduction
Emersons Excitation System is a versatile combination of elements which can be adapted to

provide finely controlled excitation to synchronous machines over a wide range of capacities.
The heart of the excitation system is the Digital Generator Controller (DGC). The Digital Generator
Controller is a VME-based computer system running Emersons proprietary DGC application
software. The software provides all of the features required for precise control of the generator
under normal and fault conditions.
The DGC computer system is backed up by an independent manual control system which provides
a high level of reliability for operation of the unit. The manual system is completely independent of
the DGC computer, such that loss of the computers will not result in a loss of excitation. This
document describes Emersons DGC as it is applied in a brushless excitation system.
2.0
Brushless Excitation System
On large generators, the field windings are mounted on the rotor so excitation current must be
somehow transferred to the generator shaft. One way to accomplish this is to use slip rings and
brushes; however, the disadvantage of that solution is that constant maintenance is required.
The key to eliminating brushes is to generate the excitation current where it is to be used, on the
turbine generator shaft. This task is accomplished by building a generator whose armature
windings are mounted on the turbine generator shaft. In this way, the electrical energy for field
excitation is transferred to the generator field windings by magnetic fields instead of brushes and
slip rings.
Figure 1: Brushless Exciter

As shown in Figure 1, the Brushless Exciter is comprised of three components, all of which are
contained in the Exciter housing. The Voltage Regulator is a separate component but is a vital part
of the excitation system.
2.1
Permanent Magnet Generator
The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) is an AC generator mounted at the end of the exciter
shaft. The PMG field is provided by permanent magnets which are mounted on the rotor. The
armature windings are on the stator. It produces 3-Phase, 120 VAC at 420 Hz for use by the
Voltage Regulator. The Voltage Regulator rectifies the AC and supplies DC current to the AC
Exciter field windings.

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System Description
2.2
AC Exciter
The AC Exciter is also an AC Generator. It is mounted in the middle of the exciter shaft. This
generator is constructed somewhat backwards, in that the armature windings are wound on the
rotor, and the field windings are mounted on the stator. The current flow to the field windings of the
AC Exciter is controlled by the voltage regulator. The output of the AC Exciter is multi-phase AC,
which is carried through insulated conductors, along the exciter shaft to the Rectifier Wheel.
2.3
Rectifier Wheel
The Rectifier Wheel is a multi-phase full wave rectifier which converts the AC output of the AC
Exciter into DC for application to the Main Generator Field. Each leg of the rectifier contains
multiple rectification diodes with fuses. The fuses are designed to remove a leg of the rectifier from
the circuit if the diode should short.
The DC output of the Rectifier Wheel is wired to the generator shaft coupling insulated conductors
inside the shaft. The exciter conductors are connected to the Main Generator field windings
through bolted connections located inside the coupling between the Exciter shaft and the Main
Generator shaft. Smaller units have the connection on the outside of the shaft.
2.4
Voltage Regulator
The Voltage Regulator controls the magnitude of the field current to the AC Exciter. Therefore, the
voltage regulator controls the AC output voltage of the AC Exciter. The Rectifier Wheel simply
converts the AC Exciter output into DC for application to the main generator field. Therefore, the
voltage regulator directly controls the field current in the main generator. Having control of main
generator field current means that the voltage regulator controls generator output voltage.
3.0
DGC Voltage Regulator System
The DGC hardware is normally supplied as a redundant computer system with an independent
manual back-up system, providing high reliability and serviceability. Single channel systems are
sometimes supplied for less critical applications.
Figure 2: DGC Excitation System for Brushless Exciter

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System Description
3.1
Exciter Field Breaker
The Exciter Field Breaker controls the application of AC power to the system. AC power is typically
supplied from a Permanent Magnet Generator which is part of the Brushless Exciter. Some
systems may obtain AC power from a station service source.
The Exciter Field Breaker is typically a molded case breaker mounted in a draw out assembly.
Alternately, a latching contactor may be supplied for lower current applications.
3.2
Digital Generator Controller
The Digital Generator Controller is a customized compute r system which runs Emersons
proprietary software to make it act as a voltage regulator. The components of the DGC computer
conform to the VME Bus standard, which is an internationally recognized standard for the design
and packaging of industrial electronic systems. The VME Bus standard is supported by an active
syndication of manufacturers worldwide and is popular in the industrial, telecommunication and
military marketplaces. VME Bus architecture was selected for use in the DGC based on its high
reliability, flexibility and rugged performance. The wide support of the VME Bus standard ensures
that the DGC will avoid the rapid obsolescence issues that naturally accompany the design and
construction of proprietary computer systems.
3.3
VME Modules
Each channel of the DGC is comprised of four VME modules. In a redundant DGC, the two
channels share an Ethernet hub module located in the center of the chassis. The following
paragraphs describe the functions of each VME module.
VME Modules, Redundant DGC

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System Description
3.3.a Single Board Computer

The computers used in each channel of the DGC are state-of-the art, industrial grade Single Board
Computers (SBC), featuring a high-speed Pentium processor, a serial port, an Ethernet port and
various other features. System operating software and calibration constants are stored in nonvolatile Flash memory so that all programming is retained on power loss. The SBC uses no
moving parts to ensure rugged and reliable performance.
The two processors share information via the Ethernet port. The video output is normally
connected to a flat panel display. Keyboard and mouse connectors are available on the front of the
module.
All field I/O communication is accomplished across the bus connections on the VMEbus Backplane
to the adjacent ADIOU module.
3.3.b Analog and Digital I/O Unit (ADIOU)
The Analog and Digital I/O Unit (ADIOU) module provides analog and digital input and output
capabilities for the DGC using Industry Pack (IP) technology. IP modules are small circuit cards
that provide specific I/O functions that can be mixed and matched to create a system with the
desired types and quantities of I/O. The ADIOU circuit card is a carrier card that provides
mechanical support and electrical interfaces to support four IP modules.
The four IP modules utilized on the ADIOU are:
Slots A and B: 48-Point Programmable Digital I/O modules. Of the 96 available points,
36 are configured as digital inputs and 60 are configured as digital outputs. The digital
inputs provide the controllers with the ability to monitor switch positions, breaker
positions and alarm conditions. The digital outputs enable the controllers to energize
lamps, generate alarms, warnings and generator trips. Digital inputs and outputs
operate at 5 VDC level.
Slot C: 16-channel A/D Converter which allows the controllers to monitor a variety of
analog signals. The module supports monitoring of both AC and DC field signals in the
range of + 10 Volts.
Slot D: 16-channel D/A Converter module which provides the controllers with the ability
to generate + 10 VDC signals for control and indication.
Communication with the single board computers is carried out across the VMEbus Backplane.
Field input and output signals are connected through ribbon cables on the front of the card to the
front edge of the I/O Interface Control Unit (IOICU).
3.3.c I/O Interface Control Unit (IOICU)
The IOICU module provides the circuitry to scale, buffer and filter the signal types associated with
synchronous machine voltage regulators. In a single channel system, all of the field connections
are made through a single IOICU, whereas a redundant unit has two IOICU modules whose outputs
must be paralleled to fully implement the redundancy features. When configured as a redundant
unit, the IOICU ultimately determines which DGC channel is in control of the system outputs.
The IOICU receives and conditions analog input signals from the field in three ranges: 150 VAC, 6
VAC and + 10 VDC, converting them to the range of + 10 Volts.
The IOICU buffers the outputs and provides the capability to tristate each of the analog outputs as
part of the redundancy features of the DGC.

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System Description
The IOICU receives and conditions digital input signals from the field in three ranges: 125 VDC, 15
VDC and 5 VDC and converts them to the 5 VDC logic states. Digital inputs are optically isolated.
The IOICU converts the logic states to dry relay contacts and provides the capability to tristate
each of the digital outputs as part of the redundancy features of the DGC.
3.3.d VME Power Supply
Each DGC channel is equipped with its own rack mounted, quad output, power supply module.
Each Power Supply is fed by two independent power sources; Station 125 VDC system and an
independent 120 VAC source.
Each Power Supply provides dedicated power to its respective channel of the DGC at +5 VDC, +12
VDC and -12 VDC. Each power supply also provides auctioneered +48 VDC to the IOICU
Backplane for distribution to the Field Interface Panel and the cooling fans.
3.3.e Network Hub Module
The Network Hub Module provides a hub for Ethernet communication with the DGC channels. The
two single board computers also use the network connection for inter-processor communications.
The network connection is also used by the DGC configuration software and optional SCADA
software.
3.4
Field Interface Panel
The Field Interface Panel (FIP) is a large printed circuit card with a purpose to provide simple and
reliable connections between the DGC computer and the field. The FIP connects to the IOICU
backplane using prefabricated ribbon cables.
FIP2 for WTA Retrofit Applications / FIP3 for Stand Alone Applications
The field terminations on the FIP are designed to accommodate the physical connections for two
distinctly different DGC applications. For the WTA Retrofit application, the FIP connects to the field
using four large AMP connectors, which are compatible with the existing WTA Regulator cable
harnesses. For all other applications, the FIP connects to the field using euro style terminal blocks
mounted on the periphery of the board.
The FIP is largely a passive device. The only active components mounted on the FIP are
interposing relays and LEDs that are assigned to some of the digital output circuits to accommodate
higher contact rating requirements.

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System Description

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System Description
3.5
Base Adjuster
The emergency manual adjuster or Base Adjuster is an independent modular PLC-based device
which acts as the controller for manual operation of the excitation system. When in manual control,
the adjuster maintains a constant exciter field current. The emergency manual adjuster will be
controlled by the Base Adjuster control switch.
OPTO 22 Programmable Adjuster Replacement (OPTO PAR)
When the DGC is in automatic control the adjuster follows the automatic signal to ensure a
bumpless transfer between auto and manual operations.
The adjuster has an independently powered track/hold backup circuit. An alarm is sent to the DGC
if the base adjuster senses an internal problem.

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System Description
3.6
Power Amplifiers
The Power Amplifiers come in either a drawer-mounted version or a panel-mounted version. Both
versions consist of two basic components: a firing circuit and a rectifier bridge.
The firing circuit generates the firing pulses to control the SCRs in the rectifier bridge. The demand
signal to the trigger circuit is the summation of the DC control signals from the DGC and the Base
Adjuster.
The rectifier bridge uses SCRs to convert 3-phase AC into DC current. The SCRs pass current
flow in response to the gating pulses from the firing circuitry. The output current can be controlled
from zero to maximum amps. An alarm is provided to alert the operator of a problem with the
rectification process.
Integrated Power Amplifier

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System Description
For WTA retrofits, the Integrated Power Amplifier incorporates the functionality of the Firing and
Power drawers into one drawer. The Firing Drawers are removed and discarded and the Power
Amplifiers are replaced with new Integrated Power Amplifiers. The Integrated Power Amplifier has
the same form and fit as the existing WTA
Power Drawer, utilizing the existing racking
mechanism and bus-bar connections in the rear.
A new cable and connector arrangement is
installed to support the other needed
connections.
For all other applications, the Power Amplifier
components are panel mounted. The panel
dimensions and bolting patterns are designed to
facilitate installation into a variety of existing
cabinet configurations. The Power Amplifier
Panel is typically constructed with redundant
SCR Bridges; however, single channel panels
are available.
Panel Mounted Power Amplifier

3.7
Field Breaker
The DB25 (or DB15) Field Breaker is replaced with a Square D MasterPac breaker assembly which
is configured as a form, fit and function retrofit. The new breaker assembly adapts to the existing
rails with a carriage that becomes a permanent part of the cubicle. The MasterPac breaker carriage
is permanently mounted inside the adapter carriage. The MasterPac breaker racks into its own
carriage and provides the same functionality as the existing breaker.
3.8
Control Switches and Indications
The design of the DGC Excitation System is such that the operation of the new voltage regulator is
largely unchanged from the old regulator. The control room interfaces are retained and their
functionalities are nearly identical.
3.8.a Field Breaker Control Switch
The Field Breaker Control Switch (41CS) allows the operator to close the 41Breaker (contactor) to
initiate excitation. The actual position of the 41 device is indicated with lamps.
3.8.b Regulator Mode Control Switch
The Regulator Mode Control Switch (90CS) is a three-position switch that allows the operator to
select the operating mode of the regulator. The actual operating mode is indicated with three
lamps. The state of the lamps is controlled by digital outputs from the DGC.

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System Description
3.8.c Voltage Adjuster Control Switch

The Voltage Adjuster Control Switch (90VCS) is used to establish the terminal voltage setpoint for
the voltage regulator. The range of the switch is typically calibrated for 90% to 110% of the
generators rated voltage.
The Voltage Adjuster Control Switch position is indicated on an analog meter, driven by an analog
output signal from the DGC. In the absence of a meter, the position may be indicated with a set of
lamps. Digital outputs are available to drive indicating lamps or for status indication of the voltage
adjuster position.
The Voltage Adjuster Control Switch has pre-position capabilities that allow the adjuster to be
forced to a specified position upon request.
3.8.d Base Adjuster Control Switch
The Base Adjuster (PAR) provides control of excitation when not in automatic voltage control. The
Base Adjuster is typically calibrated for the full range of power amplifier conduction which results in
zero to maximum amps of field current.
The Base Adjuster position is indicated on an analog meter, driven by an analog output signal from
the PAR. In the absence of a meter, the position may be indicated with a set of lamps. Digital
outputs are available to drive indicating lamps or for status indication of the voltage adjuster
position.
The Base Adjuster has pre-position capabilities that allow the adjuster to be forced to a specified
position upon request.
The Base Adjuster operates in a follower mode when the DGC is in automatic control. This is a
significant safety feature because the Base Adjuster will always be adjusting its output to bring the
output of the regulator back to zero. The practical result is that if the regulator experiences a failure
or is restricted from producing a regulator output, the Base Adjuster will maintain the generator
voltage at the same level.
The PAR alarm output is monitored by the DGC as a condition that will generate an alarm. This
alarm is usually configured to generate the DGC Trouble Alarm output.
3.8.e Regulator Output Meter
The Regulator Output Meter in the control room provides indication of the control signal value when
it is not in the OFF mode.
The Regulator Output Meter signal is the final control signal of the DGC. It is supplied to the firing
circuits to control the amount of excitation current supplied to the Generator. Since the reliability of
the Regulator Control Output Meter is critical to the operation of the DGC, the signal is selfmonitored by the DGC to ensure that it is operable and accurate.
3.9
Feedback Signals
The DGC requires several Feedback Signals in order to provide control and protection for the
generator.
3.9.a Generator Terminal Voltage
Generator Terminal Voltage is the principle feedback signal for controlling the generator. The signal
is taken from the Regulator PTs. It is also used as an input to the Limiters and Protection features.

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System Description
3.9.b Generator Stator Current

Generator Stator Current is taken from Generator CTs. It is used to calculate VARs so that the
DGC can compensate the generator output for changes in VAR loading. It is also used as an input
to the Limiters and Protection features.
3.9.c Exciter Field Current
Exciter Field Current is taken from a shunt inside the voltage regulator cubicle. It is used in the DGC
control software as a stabilizing signal to dampen the response of the regulator during transients. It
is also used as an input to the Limiters and Protection features.
4.0
Control Software
The DGC is continuously running its Control Software. The Control Software performs four basic
functions: it establishes the operating mode of the system, it monitors and controls the generator
output voltage, it provides limiting of excitation under abnormal operating conditions and it
provides generator protection under fault conditions.
4.1
Operating and Control Modes
The mode of the regulator determines how the operator controls the generator output. The
operating mode is selected by the operator using the 90/CS but the actual mode is determined by
the DGC software.
4.1.a OFF Mode - Base Control
In traditional OFF Mode, the DGC does not actively control excitation. Using the Base Adjuster, the
operator manually raises or lowers excitation current as desired to adjust Machine Voltage, VARs
and Power Factor. The DGC protection is still operating.
Key points:
The operator uses the Base Adjuster to control the generator output voltage
The DGC output is held at zero
The Protection functions are operable
4.1.b Test Mode - Base Control

In TEST Mode, excitation current is still manually controlled by the operator using the Base
Adjuster.
TEST Mode was historically used by the operators to "null" the regulator output prior to placing the
regulator into service. The DGC is normally configured to automatically null the regulator by moving
the voltage adjuster to match the current generator voltage.
If the Voltage Adjuster is moved, the regulator output meter will still respond to verify the operability
of the regulator. However, when the voltage adjuster switch is release, the regulator output will
automatically return to zero as the voltage adjuster tracks the current generator voltage.

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System Description
Key points:
The operator uses the Base Adjuster to control the generator output voltage
The Voltage Adjuster tracks the generator terminal voltage (if so configured)
The DGC hardware output is held at 0 VDC
All alarms are cleared by transitioning into TEST mode.

4.1.c ON Mode Automatic Voltage Control
In AUTO (ON) mode, the DGC has full range control of excitation current. The operator establishes
a setpoint using the Voltage Adjuster switch. The DGC monitors the actual generator terminal
voltage and automatically adjusts excitation to maintain the generator output at the setpoint.
Getting into ON mode requires four conditions to be met for the usual configuration:
1. The field breaker must be closed
2. The PT signals must be valid
3. The regulator control switch must be in the ON position
4. The automatic controller error signal must be less than the limit
When in automatic, additional features are in place to prevent the generator from being operated
outside its design limits.
Key Points:
The operator uses the Voltage Adjuster to control the generator output variable
The Base Adjuster will only momentarily change generator output voltage because
the automatic controller opposes any changes, so it should not be used
The generator terminal voltage is actively controlled by the DGC utilizing closed
loop feedback control
The Limiters are operable
4.1.d FORCED Mode Base Control

Under certain contingent circumstances, it is necessary and/or prudent to force the DGC out of
automatic, back in to a manual mode. In the FORCED Mode, the operating mode is identical to the
OFF Mode.
The request to force manual operation may be generated internally by the protective features of the
DGC or externally at the customers discretion.

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System Description
The contingency conditions are:
Any Alarm that enforces the NO AUTO restriction i.e., Bad PTs
Customer input requests a Regulator Trip
OXP requests a Regulator Trip
VHP requests a Regulator Trip
In the FORCED Mode, the OFF lamp blinks at approximately 2 Hz until the fault condition is cleared
and the Operator returns the control switch to TEST position.
Figure 3: Simplified Voltage Regulator Control Loop

4.2
Basic Operation of the Voltage Regulator
The generator output voltage is directly proportional to the magnitude of the excitation current.
Excitation current to the generator field is supplied by the exciter output, which in turn receives its
stimulus from the power amplifiers. The power amplifiers and exciter are typically capable of
producing more than 130% of the rated excitation current. The excess capacity is provided to
support rapid transient response.
The magnitude of the excitation current is directly proportional to the excitation demand. Excitation
demand is the sum of two signals: the Base and the Regulator Output.
The Base signal is controlled by the operator using the Base Adjuster control switch. It is capable
of providing an excitation demand from 0% to 100%. The Base signal is also adjusted automatically
when it receives the follower command.

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System Description
When the DGC is in OFF or TEST modes, the regulator output signal is held at 0%, thus the
excitation demand is entirely controlled by the Base signal.
The Regulator Output signal is produced by the DGC. The DGC is usually configured as a
proportional only controller, receiving a positive setpoint from the Voltage Adjuster (+) and a
negative feedback signal from the generator. The two signals are added together to produce an
error signal which can be positive or negative. Integral control can be utilized if desired, usually
seen when a numeric setpoint is provided. In lieu of DGC integral control, the Base following action
acts as an integrator.
If the generator voltage is too low, then the error signal is positive, calling for more excitation. If the
generator voltage is too high, then the error signal is negative, calling for less excitation. If the
generator voltage is equal to the setpoint, then the regulator output is zero. The Regulator Output is
capable of providing an excitation demand from 100% to +100%.
When the DGC operational mode implements the AC or DC control type, the Regulator Output is
permitted to pass. If the regulator output signal is zero, then the excitation demand is equal to the
Base signal. If the regulator output goes positive, then the excitation demand increases above the
base. If the regulator output goes negative, then the excitation demand decreases to a value below
the base.
If the operator wishes to raise the output voltage of the generator, then he raises the voltage
adjuster. The setpoint signal is greater than the feedback signal so the error signal is positive. The
regulator output signal goes positive, adding to the base signal, causing the excitation demand to
be increased. Excitation current increases and generator voltage goes up.
If the operator wishes to lower the output voltage of the generator, then he lowers the voltage
adjuster. The setpoint signal becomes less than the feedback signal so the error is negative. The
regulator output signal goes negative, subtracting from the base signal, causing the excitation
demand to be reduced. Excitation current decreases and generator voltage goes down.
Due to the inherent voltage drop of the generator, as the generator is loaded, the output voltage will
drop correspondingly. If the generator voltage drops below the setpoint, then the error signal is
positive. If the generator is unloading the output voltage will rise correspondingly. If the generator
voltage rises above the setpoint, then the error signal is negative.
While in automatic, the Base Adjuster is not able to change terminal voltage because the regulator
will fight against it. For example, if the operator raises the Base Adjuster, the excitation demand will
increase. Excitation current increases and generator voltage goes up. The feedback goes up
which makes the regulator output signal move in the negative direction. The reduction in regulator
output causes the excitation demand to return to its initial starting point. Excitation current will drop
back to its starting point and the generator output voltage will return to its starting point.
4.3
Automatic AC Voltage Control Software
The term AC control is applied when the controlled variable is measured from the generator
terminals and is thus an AC quantity. This is most often the terminal voltage, but reactive power
and power factor angle can also be the measured variable. The following paragraphs provide
greater detail for each of the features of the software.

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System Description
4.3.a Voltage Control

The Control and Protection Software implements the voltage control function of the DGC. Many of
the characteristics of the controller are tunable by the user. Tuning constants are entered and
modified using the DGC Configuration software. The block diagram below will aid in understanding
the operation of the voltage regulator controller software.
4.3.b Setpoint
The voltage Setpoint is expressed as a fractional percent, ranging from 0.9 to 1.1. The value is
raised or lowered using the Voltage Adjuster control switch. The rate of change is typically set for 1
minute from minimum to maximum.
fld_i_pct
gen_mvars_actual
gen_mw_actual
tgr_value
Maximum
Excitation
Limiting
Minimum
Excitation
Limiting
Power
System
Stabilizer
gen_freq_actual
mxl_out
mel_out
pss_output
+
in_va_up
in_va_down
Voltage
Set Point
+
va_volts_value
vhz_actual
tgr_value
in_vapre(n)
Volts Per
Hertz
Limiting
auto_error
Proportional
Action
p_output
vhl_out
+10
+10
fb_comp
Integral
Action
+
i_output
Output
Limits
ctlr_out
regulator_out
tgr_value
-10
-10
line_w_actual
Line
Compensation
Load
Compensation
Transient
Gain Reduction
line_vars_actual
gen_vars_actual
gen_v_db
Deadband Filter
fld_i_pct
gen_v_pct
Figure 4: Controller Block Diagram

4.3.c Voltage Feedback Signal
The Voltage Feedback Signal is a simple ratio of measured voltage to rated voltage. The Voltage
Feedback Signal is passed through a dead band filter and modified by the compensators. The
damping signal, the limiter outputs, and the power system stabilizer output (if installed) are summed
with the f Voltage Feedback Signal and the setpoint to produce an error output. Each of the
compensators and limiters are discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs.
4.3.d Load Compensation
Load Compensation is normally used when multiple generators of different types are operated in
parallel on a common bus. The compensation is used to balance the reactive droop characteristics
of the various machines to ensure that they share reactive load equally. The effect of the
compensation is to make the apparent terminal voltage rise as the reactive loading of the machine
increases in the over-excited direction. This causes the DGC to reduce the terminal voltage,
transferring reactive load to the other machines. This function may also be used to compensate for
a high impedance main transformer.

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System Description
The Voltage Feedback Signal is modified by a multiplication factor. The multiplication factor is
equal to 1.0 when there is no VAR loading on the generator, thus the value of the feedback signal is
unchanged.
As VAR loading increases in the VARS OUT direction, the compensator multiplication factor rises
above unity, causing the perceived generator voltage to be higher than actual. As VAR loading
increases in the VARS IN direction, the compensator multiplication factor drops below unity,
causing the perceived generator voltage to be lower than actual.
The compensation factor is applied proportionally based on the percentage of VAR loading and the
Compensation setpoint.
4.3.e Line Compensation
Line Compensation is used when the voltage at the end of a long transmission-line is of concern.
The compensation is used to overcome the voltage drop that occurs as the line is loaded with real
(resistive) and reactive current.
For Reactive load (MVAR) on the line, the effect of the compensation is to make the apparent
terminal voltage lower as the reactive loading of the line increases in the VARS OUT direction. This
causes the DGC to increase excitation, boosting the voltage at the end of the line.
For Real load (MW) on the line, the effect of the compensation is to make the apparent terminal
voltage lower as the megawatt loading of the line increases. This causes the DGC to increase
excitation, boosting the voltage at the end of the line.
Each of these calculations develops a compensation factor that modifies the feedback signal.
The multiplication factor is equal to 1.0 when there is no load on the generator, thus the value of the
feedback signal is unchanged. As loading of the line increases with real load or VARS Out reactive
load, the compensator multiplication factor drops below unity causing the perceived generator
voltage to be lower than actual. The compensation factor is applied proportionally based on the
percentage of VAR loading and the compensation setpoints.
4.4
Controller Characteristics
The controller is a Proportional plus Integral controller with transient gain reduction (TGR) via rate
feedback. The setpoint to the controller is the voltage adjuster value (va_volts_value) and the
measured variable is the compensated feedback from the generator PTs (fb_comp). The rate
feedback signal, the limiter outputs, and the power system stabilizer output (if installed) contribute to
the difference signal. The difference (auto_error) is applied to the proportional and integral sections
of the controller. The proportional (p_output) and intregral (i_output) outputs are summed to
produce the PID controller output (ctlr_out).
If the Regulator Mode is OFF or TEST then the controller output is held at zero.
4.4.a Proportional Action
The Proportional Action section of the controller multiplies the error signal by a gain factor. The
value of the gain factor can be dynamically adjusted as a function of the megawatt load on the
generator, using a gain (gain_curve) vs. load curve (load_curve). Proportional control alone cannot
reduce the error signal to zero. This is not usually an issue unless setpoint matching is needed. In
most cases, the setpoint (va_volts_value) is adjusted by the operator to get the desired output
without knowledge of the setpoint value. The fact that the controller error is not zero is of no
concern to the operator.

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System Description
4.4.b High Initial Response

Proportional control is linear. To achieve High Initial Response (HIR) the controller needs to
produce a large response from a large error. Proportional control cannot provide a High Initial
Response for large errors without over-reacting to small errors. To achieve High Initial Response
the DGC implements a non-linear gain function. This function supports a linear region around zero,
a higher order response beyond that, and a high-value linear region at the high end.
4.4.c Integral Action
The Integral Action section of the controller generates a signal proportional to the sum of the errors
over time. Integral Action can zero a steady state controller error and when setpoint matching is
needed integral action should be applied. The gain of the integral action is tunable. The Integral
Action section may be disabled, reverting the controller to proportional only action.
The base adjuster follower function of the Base Adjuster (PAR) provides an integrator-like action to
the control loop. The base follower function of the PAR is tuned with a long delay time and a slow
ramp rate to minimize its interference with the transient response of the voltage controller. Base
adjuster following is disabled if controller action moves the regulator into limit conditions.
4.4.d Derivative Action
The Derivative Action section calculates a damping factor based on the rate of change of exciter
field current acting as a transient gain reduction function. Transient gain reduction is implemented
with a tunable washout filter which has field current as its input. A washout filter "washes out"
constant signals, but responds to transient signals, producing a response related to the rate of
change of its input. The output signal then decays towards zero according to a time constant.
The value of the Damping Factor opposes changes in the controller output. The tunable
characteristics are time constant and gain.
4.5
Limiters
Three excitation limiter functions are incorporated into the DGC Control software. Each limiter is
normally enabled but may be disabled at the customers discretion. The limiters act by modifying
the controllers error signal. The Maximum Excitation (MXL) and the Volts/Hz (VHL) Limiters
subtract from the error signal, causing excitation and terminal voltage to be reduced. The Minimum
Excitation Limiter acts by adding to the error signal, causing excitation and terminal voltage to be
increased. The limiters (those enabled) are active in both AC and DC control.
4.5.a Maximum Excitation Limiter
The purpose of the Maximum Excitation Limiter (MXL) is to protect the generator rotor from damage
due to overheating caused by excessive current flow in the field windings. The temperature limit of
the rotor winding is fixed by OEM design. The rate at which the rotor heats up is a function of the
magnitude of the excess current flow.
Since moderately excessive current flow will not immediately cause damage to the rotor windings,
the limiting action is time delayed, dependent on severity of the transient. Instantaneous action is
taken on a severe transient.
The MXL integrator is a software function that emulates the heating characteristics of the rotor. The
integrator is started when the Exciter Field Current exceeds the setpoint, typically 105% of rated
field current. The output value of the integrator increases with time, proportional to the difference
between the measured field current and the setpoint. During this period, the MXL is said to be
timing, and the output of the integrator is analogous to the heat buildup in the rotor winding.

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System Description
When the integrator output value reaches the maximum allowable value, the MXL is said to have
timed out. This is the equivalent of the rotor temperature having reached its thermal limit.
The MXL is a proportional plus integral controller whose output is from the main controller error
signal. The setpoint to the MXL controller is the calculated maximum allowable field current. The
feedback is the measured exciter field current. The output of the controller is a function of the
difference between actual measured field current and the setpoint, and the duration of the transient.
The MXL controller setpoint is modified during the thermal integration phase. It starts out set to the
ceiling current and stays there until reaching a thermal integration setpoint, which is configurable
from 100% of the maximum allowable value down to 0%. Upon reaching the corner, the controller
setpoint ramps from the instantaneous current setpoint towards the maximum allowable sustained
setpoint. As the setpoint drops below the actual value of field current, the controller output will
begin to act. As the setpoint continues to ramp lower, the control action will increase gradually,
ensuring a smooth transition into the limiting condition.
If the field current rises above the ceiling current, the time delay action of the integrator is bypassed
and the limiter is activated instantly.
The MXL calculation generates two alarms. The MXL TIMING alarm is generated when the
integrator starts. The MXL LIMITING is generated when the limiter is actively limiting excitation.
Both alarms have hysteresis to prevent relay chatter.
4.5.b Minimum Excitation Limiter
The purpose of the Minimum Excitation Limiter (MEL) is twofold. It protects the generator end-iron
from overheating when operating extremely under-excited and it prevents loss of synchronization
which may result from insufficient excitation. These conditions occur when the generator is
operating with excessive "VARs In". Both of these conditions are avoided by preventing the
regulator output from going too low.
The MEL is a proportional plus integral controller. Its output is added to the main controller's error
signal calculation. The output of the MEL controller is clamped at 0 until VARs fall below the
minimum allowable value. As VARs fall below the setpoint, the MEL controller output adds to the
main controller error signal. The MEL setpoint is expressed in VARs and is calculated from a
setpoint curve as a function of MW, described below. The measured variables are VARs and MW
from the Machine PTs and CT.
The setpoint is a value of minimum allowable VARs for a given megawatt load, which becomes
more restrictive as the megawatt load increases. The setpoint is defined in a four-segment "XY"
curve, where X is in Megawatts and Y is in VARs. The data points for the curve are selected such
that the curve approximates the bottom segment of the generator capability curve. The values for
the curve are unit specific and are extracted from the particular unit's capability curve. There are no
default values.
An additional limit can be generated by enabling the steady state stability limit calculation. This is
calculated continuously when enabled. The MEL limit will be the most conservative of the two limit
sources.
The setpoint is modified by the Damping Factor such that the faster the excitation current
decreases; the more the setpoint value is raised to account for the lag of the generator response to
a change in excitation.

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System Description
The MEL function generates two alarms. The MEL WARNING is generated when the VARs In is
close to the allowable limit. The MEL LIMITING is generated when the limiter is actively limiting
excitation. Both alarms have hysteresis to prevent relay chatter.
4.5.c Volts/Hz Limiter
The purpose of the Volts/Hz Limiter (VHL) is to protect the generator armature cores and the Main
Transformer cores from damage due to overheating. Overheating results from iron saturation of the
cores that occurs when operating above the rated voltage or below the rated frequency. In general,
the main transformer has a higher tolerance for core saturation than the generator. However, in
some cases, the transformer ratings may be more limiting than the generator.
The V/Hz value is the ratio of voltage to frequency. Since the output voltage of generators,
transformers and transmission-lines are monitored with PTs; the nominal value of voltage is 120
VAC. The nominal operating frequency of the North American power grid is 60 Hz, thus the
nominal Volts/Hz ratio is 2.0. Operation above the ratio of 2.0 will result if the voltage goes too high
or if the frequency goes too low.
The VHL is a proportional plus integral controller. Its output is subtracted from the controller error
signal. The output of the VHL controller is clamped at 0 until the ratio of Volts/Hz exceeds the
setpoint. As the Volts/Hz ratio exceeds the setpoint, the VHL controller output adjusts the main
controller error signal as a function of the amount of excess Volts/Hz. The measured variables are
Machine Voltage and Generator Frequency from the Machine PT.
The setpoint calculation takes into account the ratings of the main generator and the main
transformer. The calculated setpoint is based on which of the two devices is most limiting. The
setpoint is modified by the damping factor such that on increasing excitation current, the setpoint
value is reduced to account for the lag of the generator response to a change in excitation.
The VHL function generates two alarms. The VHL WARNING is generated when the Volts/Hz ratio
is close to the limit. The VHL LIMITING is generated when the limiter is actively limiting excitation.
Both alarms have hysteresis to prevent relay chatter.
4.6
Protection Software
The DGC is provided with three protection features: Over Excitation Protection (OXP), Volts/Hz
Protection (VHP) and Minimum Excitation Protection (MEP). Each of the functions is capable of
tripping the generator to protect it from damage. All three features are available but may they be
individually disabled if not required or desired.
4.6.a Over Excitation Protection
The purpose of the Over Excitation Protection (OXP) is to protect the generator rotor from damage
due to overheating caused by excessive current flow in the field windings. The temperature limit of
the rotor winding is fixed by OEM design. The rate at which the rotor heats up is a function of the
magnitude of the excess current flow.
Since moderately excessive current flow will not immediately cause damage to the rotor windings,
the Protective action is time delayed, dependent on severity of the transient.
The OXP function operates similarly to the MXL function. The actions of the OXP are coordinated
with the MXL to ensure that the MXL has an opportunity to work.

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System Description
The design OXP sequence of actions is as follows:
Field Current exceeds the OXP setpoint:

o
Start OXP integrator
Disable the Base Adjuster Follower
Initiate a preposition request to the Base Adjuster (optional)
Wait for a while as:

o
Integrator integrates
Base Adjuster moves to the Full Load value
Integrator times out:

o
If the DGC is in AC control or DC control, OXP forces the DGC into Forced
mode (Regulator Trip) and then waits for a timeout period (oxp_timeout1)
Base Adjuster is at the Full Load value of current
Final action:
o
If taking the DGC out of AC or DC control lowered the current below the OXP
setpoint; nothing is done, the unit is safe
If not, OXP initiates Generator Trip contact output. Note that if the DGC was
not implementing AC or DC control that OXP will initiate the Generator Trip
contact output immediately.
If at any time during the sequence the field current drops below the OXP setpoint, the sequence is
terminated and the OXP functions are reset.
The OXP integrator is a software function that emulates the heating characteristics of the rotor. The
integrator is started when the Exciter Field Current exceeds the setpoint, typically 110% of rated
field current. The thermal integrator increases with time, proportional to the difference between the
measured field current and the setpoint. During this period, the OXP is said to be timing and the
output of the integrator is analogous to the heat buildup in the rotor winding.
Upon starting to integrate, the OXP software disables the Base Adjuster Follower and initiates a
digital output to move the Base Adjuster to a known safe value in preparation for the regulator trip.
The recommended known safe value is the equivalent of 100% rated field current.
When the integrator output value reaches the maximum allowable value, the OXP is said to have
timed out. This is the equivalent of the rotor temperature having reached its thermal limit. Upon
timeout OXP takes one of two paths:
1. If the regulator was in AC or DC control, it initiates a regulator trip changing the
DGC mode to Forced, leaving the DGC in manual operation with the Base
Adjuster in control of excitation. This is followed by a configurable time delay
(oxp_timeout1) (usually in the range of 3 to 5 seconds). The reasoning is that
the automatic controller may be contributing to the problem and by forcing
manual control the problem situation would then be alleviated. The time delay
provides a small time period for the correction to take place.

PWS_005075 [3]
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System Description
2. If the regulator was not in AC or DC control, or if it has gone through the time
delay specified above, then all other options have been exhausted and the
generator must be protected by taking it off-line; the Generator Trip contact
output is initiated.
The OXP calculation generates three alarms. The OXP TIMING alarm is generated when the
integrator starts. The OXP TRIPPED REGULATOR alarm is generated when the integrator times
out. The OXP TRIPPED UNIT alarm is initiated in conjunction with the Unit trip contact.
4.6.b Volts/Hz Protection
The purpose of the Volts/Hz Protection (VHP) is to protect the generator armature cores and the
Main Transformer cores from damage due to overheating. Overheating results from iron saturation
of the cores that occurs when the ratio of voltage to frequency becomes too high. This is typically
seen as operating above the rated voltage while at rated frequency, or below the rated frequency at
rate voltage. In general, the main transformer has a higher tolerance for core saturation than the
generator. However, in some cases, the transformer ratings may be more limiting than the
generator.
Since over voltage or under frequency operation will not cause immediate damage, the Volts/Hz
Protective action is time delayed. Two separate setpoints and time delays are provided. A lower
setpoint is coupled with a long time delay to accommodate a less severe V/Hz condition. The
higher setpoint is coupled with a short time delay to protect against a more severe V/Hz condition.
Upon timeout VHP takes one of two paths.
1. If the regulator was in AC or DC control, it initiates a regulator trip changing the
DGC mode to Forced, leaving the DGC in manual operation with the Base
Adjuster in control of excitation. This is followed by a configurable time delay
(vhp_reg_timeout) (usually in the range of 3 to 5 seconds). The reasoning is
that the automatic controller may be contributing to the problem and by forcing
manual control the problem situation would then be alleviated. The time delay
provides a small time period for the correction to take place.
2. If the regulator was not in AC or DC control, or if it has gone through the time
delay specified above, then all other options have been exhausted and the
generator must be protected by taking it off-line; the Generator Trip contact
output is initiated.
4.6.c Minimum Excitation Protection
Minimum Excitation Protection (MEP) is the protective version of MEL. It implements a reactive
versus real power curve, based on the MEL curve. For MEP, the reactive limits are offset from the
MEL values by a constant value (mep_mel_offset). As reactive power becomes more negative,
approaching the MEP limit, a warning is issued based on a warning offset (mep_warn_offset) by an
alarm and a digital output. If the reactive power continues to fall and reaches the MEP setpoint, an
alarm is generated and another digital output is set. This output can be used to trip the generator.
The MEL, MEP, and KLH curves should be coordinated to provide a comprehensive minimum
excitation protective strategy.

PWS_005075 [3]
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System Description
4.6.d Excitation Removal

The purpose of Excitation Removal (also called phaseback) is to reduce excitation current to zero
prior to opening the Field Breaker (41). This minimizes the circuit interruption requirements of the
breaker, allowing a smaller breaker to be used on high current static excitation systems. In general,
the circuit is not needed on brushless excitation systems as the breaker is already oversized for the
application.
The basic sequence is as follows:
Upon receipt of the 86 Lock Out Set signal, the following actions occur simultaneously:
The voltage controller output is overridden, taking the hardware output to Full Buck, causing
the firing circuitry to reduce excitation to zero as fast as physically possible
A contact is closed to supply the hardware phase back signal to the firing circuits as a back
up to the Regulator output action
The Base Adjuster is prepositioned to minimum (0%)
The DGC closes an alarm contact for annunciation
Five seconds after receipt of the 86 Lock Out Set, the Field Breaker is commanded to open. The
excitation removal functions are reset when the field breaker status indicates it is open.

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System Description
5.0
Legal Notice
The document is the property of and contains proprietary information owned by Emerson Process
Management Power & Water Solutions, Inc. and/or its affiliates, subcontractors and suppliers
(collectively, Emerson). It is transmitted in confidence and trust, and the user agrees to treat this
document in strict accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement under which it was
provided.
The text, illustrations, and images included in this overview are intended solely to explain the retrofit
overview solution. Due to the many variables associated with specific uses or applications,
Emerson cannot assume responsibility or liability for actual use based upon the data provided in
this document.
No patent or other intellectual property liability is assumed by Emerson with respect to the use of
circuits, information, equipment, or software described in this document.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior express written permission of Emerson Process Management Power & Water
Solutions, Inc.
The Emerson logo is a trademark of Emerson Electric Co. Ovation is a trademark of Emerson
Process Management Power & Water Solutions, Inc. All other marks are properties of their
respective owners.
Copyright 2011 Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emerson Process Management
Power & Water Solutions, Inc.
200 Beta Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
USA

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Brushless Excitation System

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