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Reservoir CharacterizationStudyofanIranianCarbonate
Reservoir by SCALApplicationData
HafizolahKashaniBirgani,ArvandanOil&GasCo.,

Abstract
This paper contains theSCAL of carbonate reservoir field. It includes the main available data,
plotsofrelativepermeability,capillarypressure,watersaturationetc.Theplots,analysisofJfunction
versus normalized water saturation and the relations applied for these analyses constitute another
section.Themainobjectivesofthispaperare:Betterunderstandingofthebehaviorandcharacteristics
of the reservoir by integrating results using these results to characterize the carbonate reservoir
properties. The main reservoir characteristics will include: Capillary pressure vs. water and gas
saturation, Oilwater relative permeability vs. water saturation, Oilgas relative permeability vs. gas
saturationTheSCALmoduleinECLIPSEisatooltohelpengineerseffectivelyuse laboratoryderived
relative permeability and capillary pressure measurements in reservoir simulation. The program has
facilities to: Import laboratory data, Perform quality control (such as curve smoothing), Group data
according to litho logical parameters and endpoint values, Transform the laboratory data into rock
curvessuitableforinputtosimulatorsSuchasECLIPSEandautomaticallyassignthesecurvestogrid
cells(accordingtoaset ofuserdefinedrules,forexampleasafunctionofporosity,permeabilityor
lithologicalparameters).
KeyWords:SCAL relativepermeabilitycapillarypressureJ,function.

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Introduction
Specialcoreanalysis(SCAL)isimportanttoobtainmoredetailedinformationonreservoirparametersnotavailablethrough
standardcoreanalysisandusuallyincludescapillarypressure,relativepermeabilityandwettabilitymeasurements.SCALisalso
sometimesneededtoobtainmorereliableinputparametersforreservoirsimulationsandthispaperconcentratesonthelatterfora
mechanistic study of recovery mechanismsin carbonate reservoirs. Hydrocarbon recovery results from a competition between
capillaryandviscousforcesandgravity.Inmostchalkreservoirsspontaneousimbibitionisthemajorrecoverymechanism.This
dominanceofcapillaryforcesisduetonarrowporethroats,moreorlesswaterwetconditionsandthelowpermeabilityofthis
rock. Essentially all reservoirs are affected by the interplay between capillary pressure and relative permeability at various
wettability conditions but fractured chalk reservoirs with very low matrix permeability are in particular sensitive to these
interactions. Questions ariseabout how and when fractures are crossed by the wetting fluid andif thereis a componentto oil
recoveryfromviscousforces,andifso,whenandhowthisoccurs.Theimpactsoftheseparametersatthedifferentwettability
conditionsseemtobethecluetotheunderstandingoftheoilrecoverymechanismsinthesereservoirs.(Ref.1,2,3,4).

Experimental
1.Capillary Pressure&PoreSizeDistributionbyMercuryInjection
In determination of capillary pressure and pore size distribution by mercury injection, sampleis cleaned and dried. It is
evacuatedinsidethemercurypumpandthenmercuryisinjectedataseriesofincreasingincrementalpressures.Therearetwo
apparatusformercuryinjectionprocess,themercurypumpandAutoporeIII.Inmercurypumpapparatus,themercuryisinjected
intorocksampleatmaximum1500psiandmercurypenetratesporedownto0.01microns.AutoporeIIIusedmoderntechnology
throughautomationandoptionalhighpressureinjectionupto60000psi.Thishighpressureinjectionpenetratesporedownto
0.003micronsdiameter.
Asmercuryisnonwetting,thisisadrainageprocessandreverseprocessisimbibition.Pressureisthenplottedasafunctionof
Hgsaturationtogenerateacapillarypressurecurve.
Thiscanthenbeconvertedtoanequivalentairbrinecapillarypressurecurveusingstandardconversionfactorsderivedfrom
constantsforinterfacialtensionandcontactangle. (Ref.2,5,
8,13)

2.RelativePermeabilityMeasurements,UnsteadystateMethod
The measurements of absolute and relative permeability for oil and water are one of the most important tasks in core
laboratories.Generally,thetestedsampleplugissaturatedinitiallywithawettingphaseusingvacuumpumpandtheabsolute
permeability for the Wetting phase is measured. Thenthe relative permeability measurements are conducted under twophase
flow,steadyorunsteadymethod.BasedonthedatacollectedinthetwoMeasurementstheabsoluteandrelativepermeabilitiesare
calculated. The unsteady state method is also called Wedges method because the calculation is based on the theory of the
improvedBuckleyandLeveretsmechanismoffluiddisplacementinporousmedia.OurexperimentswillbecarriedoutonBerea
sandstoneplugswithoilandwaterunderunsteadystatemethod,aconstantpressuredrivingmethod. (Ref.2,3,9,10)

ResultsandDiscussion
1.RelativePermeabilityCurves
11.OilWater
Table1showstheavailability ofsampledataforthisreservoir.Figure1demonstratestheoilwaterrelativepermeability
curves for samples3,4 and 5. These curvesare normalizedto remove theeffect of differentinitial watersaturation Swi) and
residualoilsaturation(Sor)andthendenormalized(Figure2).Fromthe(normalizedcurvesitisdeterminedthatsamples4and5
canbetreatedasonerocktype,soanaveragewastakenasarepresentativeofoilwaterpermeability.Theaveragedcurveshown
inFigure2isanaverageofsamples4and5.Todemonstratetheeffectofincludingthesamplefromanotherrocktype,inFigure
3samples3,4and5areallaveraged,whichshowsthecurvediffersconsiderablyfromthatofFigure2.

12.OilGas
Theonlyavailableoilgasrelativepermeabilitycurvesforsamples2,4and5wereplotted(Figure4).Allthegasoilrelative
permeabilitydatahaverelativelygoodquality(Figure4).Bylookingatthenormalizedcurvesitisspecifiedthatanaveragecan
be taken as a representative for oilgas relative permeability (Figure 5). Due to the various natures and characteristics of the
relative permeability in the two fluid systems (oilwater and gasoil) the average relative permeability in two systems differs
greatly.Figure6showstheaveragedkrogcurveforsamples2,4and5.Figure7demonstratesacomparisonofaveragedoilgas
withoilwaterrelativepermeabilitycurves.

2.Capillary PressureCurves
There are two methods for calculating the capillary pressure. Due to the lack of the capillary pressure data from other
methods,werelyonthemercuryinjectionmethodandthedataresultingfromthismethodwereused.Inthissystemmercuryis

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consideredtheseenthatallsamplesnonwettingphase.Bygeneratingcapillarypressurecurvesforeachsample,itcanbeexcept
forsample1haveasimilartrend.Figure8showsthecapillarypressurecurvesforthesamples.

21.JfunctionCalculationandCurves
Ascapillarypressuredataareobtainedonsmallcoresamples,whichrepresentanextremelysmallpartofthereservoir,itis
necessary to combine all the capillary data to classify a particular reservoir. So Jfunctions were generated for each capillary
pressure.TheJfunctioncurveswereconstructedusingMicrosoftExcelandthentransferredintoSCAL.Furthermore,inorderto
convert the Pc to a Jfunction some data including laboratory permeability and porosity and also mercury contact angle and
interfacial tension were used as input. As for interface tension and contact angle values, regarding the variations in oilgas
interfacial tension in different pressures, these parameters were extracted from the PVTi program accompanied by Parachor
parameters. The interfacial tension estimation around the reservoir pressure is about 10 dyne/cm. The contact angle is also
estimatedtobe60degrees.Figure9showsJfunctionplotsforsamples3,4and5. (Ref.12,13)

3.RockTypeDetermination
Todeterminedifferentrocktypeswithinthereservoir,primarilyJfunctioncurveswereused.Capillarypressureandrelative
permeabilitycurveswerealsoassociatedinthisassessment.Theotherparameterthataffectsrocktypedeterminationisthedepth
ofthesamples,whichwastakenintoaccount.FromFigure9itcanbeseenthattheslopeofthecurvesofsamples3and5are
closer to one anotherthanthat of sample 4, so samples3 and 5might lie within one single type. On the otherhand oilwater
relativepermeabilitycurves(Figure1andFigure2)suggestthatsamples4and5followthesametrendandmustbeconsideredin
onesinglerocktype.Therefore,regardingthesecurvesandalsowithregardtothedepthsofsamples3,4and5whichareall
within1mdifferentfrom2900m,wecategorizesamples3,4and5tobeinonerocktype.Sincethetrendofsample3inthekrw
curveismoredifferentthantheothertwoones,weonlyaveragebetweensamples4and5forcreatingthekrwdataoutputfile.
TheresultisgiveninFigure10.However,intheJfunctioncurves,sincethecurvesforsamples3,4and5areallprettymuch
close to one another, we average allthreesamples for generating thedata file. Figure 11 demonstratesthis averaging. Onthe
capillarypressurecurvesincethethresholdandshapeofthecurvesofsamples3and5arereallysimilartoeachother,weonly
average between samples 3 and 5 curves (Figure 12). For comparison and better understanding, the averaged krg curves for
samples4and5areshowninFigure13.Ontheotherhandcapillarypressurecurves(Figure8)indicatesthatsamples1and2are
totallydifferentandmustbelongtoanotherrocktypes.Thedepthsofthesetwosamplesareveryclose(2729and2730m)and
confirmthefactthattheymaybelongtoonesinglerocktype.Thenormalizedcapillarypressurecurves(Jfunction)ofthesetwo
sampleshavethesametrend.Sowecategorizesamples1and2inonerocktype.Butsincetherearentsufficientdataatthetime
ofpreparingthisreport,wecannotdecideontheformationofeachtypeatthispoint.Figure14showsSCALmainwindowwith
thetworocktypesspecifiedinit.

4.SimulationRockInputData
41.SinglePorosityandMatrixRockProperties
FromtheECLIPSESCALprojectdescribedaboveandaSCALreportontheSarvakFormationaveragecurveswerecreatedfor:
Krw(Sw), Kro(Sw),Pcow(Sw),Krog(Sg),Krg(Sg),Pcgo(So+Sw).Thegivenoilwatercapillarypressuredatacontainedmultiple
pressure entries for certain saturation values. These multiples had been removed. The grayshaded cells in Table 2 mark the
entriesthathavebeenremoved.Table2:RemovalofmultiplepressureentriesforthePcowcurvebecausetheendpointsinthe
relativepermeabilitycurveswerenotconsistentwiththecapillarypressurecurve,ascalingoftherelativepermeabilitycurves
became necessary. The contradicting endpoints were Swc = 0.1105 for the capillary pressure Pcow and Swc=0.1633 for the
relative permeability. Therefore the relative permeability curves have been scaled to the Swc entry of the Pc data. Figure 15
showsaplotwithacomparisonoftheoilwaterrelativepermeabilitycurvesbeforeandafterscaling.Theyellowcurvesrepresent
theoriginaldataandthegreenthenew,scaledones.Furthermore,thegasoilrelativepermeabilitydataandthecapillarypressure
datahavebeenscaledtomatchtheSwcprovidedbythepcowddata.Acomparativeplotforpcogdbeforeandafterscalingcanbe
foundinFigure16andforthegasoilrelativepermeabilitiesinFigure17.Againtheyellowcurvesrepresenttheoriginaldataand
thegreenthenew,scaledones.ThecapillarypressuredataprovidedintheSCALreportisvalidatlaboratoryconditionswherea
mercury/air system was investigated. This made a conversion to reservoir conditions namely a water/oil and a gas/oil system
necessary.Suchaconversioncanbedonebyusingthefollowing equation:
PcR= sRcos q/ sLcos qLPcL
Equation1,
Where
PcRisthecapillarypressureunderreservoirconditions,
PcListhecapillarypressuremeasuredunderlaboratoryconditions,
sRistheinterfacialtensionunderreservoirconditions,
sListheinterfacialtensionunderlaboratoryconditions,
qRisthecontactanglemeasuredunderreservoirconditions
qListhecontactanglemeasuredunderlaboratoryconditions.

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Duetodifferentinterfacialtensionsofwateroilandgasoilsystemstwodifferentconversionfactorshadtobeapplied.Forthe
wateroilsystemtypicalvalueswereselected.Theseare sR=sw/o=0.028N/mand sL=sHg/a=0.48N/m.Thecontactangles
wereneglectedfortheaboveequation.Thisdecisionwastakenbasedonmissinginputdata.Thusaconversionfactorof0.05833
wascalculatedforthewateroilsystem.Forgasoilsystemsnotypicalvaluesforinterfacialtensionscouldbefoundinliterature.
Thereforetheinterfacialtension sgo wascalculatedbythe WeinaugandKatzEquation,
sg/o=Pi(xiro /Moyi rg /Mg)
Equation2,
Where
sg/oistheinterfacialtensionbetweengasandoilphase[Dynes/cm],
Nisthenumberofcomponents[ ],
Piistheparachorofcomponent i [Dynes1/4cm11/4/moles],
Xiisthe liquidmolefractionofcomponent i[ ],
Yiisthevapormolefractionofcomponenti [ ],
roisthedensityoftheoilphase[g/cm],
rgisthedensityofthegasphase[g/cm],
Moisthemolecularweightoftheoilphase[kg/kmol],
Mgisthemolecularweightofthegasphase[kg/kmol].
BasedonthedataofthePVTreportlistedinTable4andtheoilandgasproperties listedinTable3aboveEquationwasevaluated
to sg/o =21.5186[Dynes/cm]=0.0215186[N/m].For sL=sHg/a=0.48N/m wasapplied.Againthecontactangleswereneglected
forthecapillarypressureconversionequation(Eq.1).Thisdecisionwastakenbasedonmissinginputdata.Thusaconversion
factorof0.04375wascalculatedforthegasoilsystem.Table3:Oilandgaspropertiesusedfor sgo evaluation to taketheoilwet
characteristicsofthereservoirintoaccountitisnecessarytouseforinitializationandproductionofthereservoirtwodifferent
types of capillary pressure curves. These are a drainage curve for initialization and an imbibition curve for producing the
reservoir.SincenoimbibitioncurvewasneitherprovidedintheSCALreportnorintheECLIPSESCALproject,anartificial
imbibitioncurvehadtobeconstructed.FortheconstructionprocessSwc=0.1105andSor=0.4981weretakenasintervallimits
ontheSw axisandonthePcaxisthemaximumwateroilcapillary Pressurewastakenasintervallimits,oncepositiveatSwcand
negativeatSorforanoilwetsystem.ForthewaterwetsystemPcequalszeroatSor.Betweentheseendpointstheimbibition
capillarypressurecurvewasconstructed.ThedrainageandimbibitionwateroilcapillarypressurecurvesaredisplayedinFigure
18andTable5containsthedataoftheoilwetandwaterwetwateroilimbibitioncurves.Foroilgasdisplacement,nodistinction
betweendrainageandimbibitionprocesseshasbeenmade.Theusedcapillarypressurecurve,validfordrainageandimbibition,is
shown in Figure 19. The rock data received does not contain information about the rock compressibility factor. Therefore, a
typicalvalueof4.3000E051/barwaschosenasinputforthesimulationmodels. (Ref.12,13,14)

42.FractureRockProperties
Forthefractureproperties,constantparameterswereused.Forfracturepermeabilityavalueof10mDwasassumed.Forthe
shapefactoraconstantvalueof0.1m2wasassigned.Forgravitydrainagecalculationpurposesafractureblockheightof10m
wasselectedforthesinglewellmodelsimulationrunsgroup.Thisgroupconsistsofthecolumnmodels,theradialwellmodels
andthehorizontal well models. For the crosssection models a matrixblock height value of 100 m was selected. For fracture
porosityaconstantvalueof0.5%wasassumed.Itiscommonpracticetouseacapillarypressureequaltozeroforthefractures
andalinearrelationshipbetweensaturationandrelativepermeability.Therefore,thesesettingswerealsoselectedforthefracture
rock properties of the Sarvak formation. In Figure 22 and Figure 23, the relative permeability curves for the fractures are
displayed.Tocalculatetherelativepermeabilitycurvesforthetwocases,Coreysequationisused.

OilWaterData:
ThecorrespondingvaluesfortheparametersinCoreysequationforbothwettabilitycasesaregiven inTable7. Figure14to
Figure17showthecorrespondingcurvesoftherelativepermeabilitydataforthetwocasesusedinthesimulation.Basedonthe
endpointsdefinedforCoreysequationartificialcapillarypressurecurveshadtobeconstructed.Capillarypressurecurvesare
notsolelyfunctionsofthesaturation,butdependonthedirectionofthesaturationchange,too.Todistinguishbetweendrainage
and imbibition is called hysteresis in the capillary pressure data and is common practice in reservoir simulation. These are a
drainagecurveforinitializationandanimbibitioncurveforproducingthereservoir.Thecapillarypressurecurvesfortheoilwet
caseareshowninFigure12.ToconstructtheoilwetimbibitioncurveSiw=0.2andSor,w=0.4weretakenasintervallimitson
theSwaxisandonthePcaxisthemaximumwateroilcapillarypressureweretakenasintervallimits,oncepositiveatSiwand
negativeat Sor,w foranoilwetsystem.ForthewaterwetsystemPcequalszeroat Sor,w.betweentheseendpointstheimbibition
capillarypressurecurvewasconstructed.Foroilgasdisplacement,nodistinctionbetweendrainageandimbibitionprocesseshas
beenmade.Theusedartificialcapillarypressurecurve,validfordrainageandimbibition.Therefore,atypicalvalueof4.3000E
051/barwaschosenasinputforthesimulationmodels.

Conclusions
1.Techniqueisreservoirspecificandyieldsdetailedcategorizationofchangingrockquality.

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2.Allowsdetailedassessmentofreservoirqualitybeforethewelliscompleted.
3.Jfunctionisusefulforaveragingcapillarypressuredatafromagivenrocktypefromagivenreservoir.
4.Jfunctioncansometimesbeextendedtodifferentreservoirshavingsame lithology
5.Jfunctionusuallynotaccuratecorrelationfordifferentlithologies.
6.Gasrelativepermeabilitymeasurementswerecarriedoutusingadepletiontechniqueonthesamecoreatlowflowrates. The
resultsshowednoratedependency,buttherewasevidenceforanincreaseinrelativepermeabilityduetolowIFT.
7. Leverets Jfunctionvs.watersaturationplotsrevealbigscatter,andnodefinitetrendcouldbeestablished.

References
1.Anderson,W.G.:WettabilityLiteratureSurvey Part2:WettabilityMeasurement,JPT(Nov.1986)12461262.
2.Anderson,W.G.:WettabilityLiteratureSurvey Part4:EffectsofWettabilityonCapillaryPressure,JPT(Oct.1987)1283
1300.
3.Anderson,W.G.:WettabilityLiteratureSurvey Part5:EffectsofWettabilityonRelativePermeability,JPT(Nov.1987)
14531468.
4.Honarpour,M.,Koederitz,L.AndHarvey,A.H.:RelativePermeabilitiesofPetroleum Reservoirs,CRCPress,BocaRaton,
FL(1986)45.
5.NegativeCapillaryPressureCurvesforReservoirRockusingtheCentrifuge,4th InternationalReservoir Characterization
TechnicalConferenceProceedings(1997).
6.Anderson,D.M.,McFadden,G.B.,andWheeler,A.A.:Diffuseinterfacemethodsinfluidmechanics,Ann.Rev.FluidMech.
(1998)30,139165.
7.Seppecher,P.:MovingcontactlinesintheCahnHilliardtheory,Int.J.Engng.Sci. (1996)34,977992.
8.Li,K.andHorne,R.N.:AnExperimentalandAnalyticalStudyofSteam/WaterCapillaryPressure, SPEREE (Dec.2001)
477482.
9.Li,K.andHorne,R.N.:SteamWaterRelativePermeabilitybytheCapillaryPressureMethod,presentedatthe2001
InternationalSymposiumoftheSocietyofCoreAnalysts,Edinburgh,Sep.1921.
10.Kjosavik,A.,Ringen,J.K.,andSkjaeveland,S.M.:RelativePermeabilityCorrelationforMixedWetReservoirs, SPEJ
(March2002)4958.
11. Dullien,F.A.L.: Porousmedia:fluidtransportandporestructure,AcademicPress,sanDiego(1992).
12.Firoozabadi,A.: Thermodynamicsofhydrocarbonreservoirs,McGrawHill,NewYork(1999).
13. Skjaeveland,S.M., Siqveland,L.M.,Hammervold,W.L.,andVirnovsky,G.A.:CapillaryPressureCorrelationforMixed
WetReservoirs, SPEREE(Feb.2000)6067.

14.Barrett,J.W.,Blowey,J.F.,andGarcke,H.:FiniteelementapproximationoftheCahn
Hilliardequationwith degeneratemobility,SIAMJ.Numer.Anal. (1999)37,286318.
Table1:Availabilityofsampledata
SAMPLES

2730

2899.8

2900.3

2900.7

41H

48H

Krw
&Krg

Krw
&Krg

Krw

Krw

0.1415

0.1034

0.095

0.069

0.1689

0.768

0.176

0.1797

0.1258

0.427

0.22

0.245

0.12

0.2786

0.2861

0.1415

0.0656

0.1105

0.0229

0.0833

0.2786

0.2881

0.1415

0.332

4.729

3.091

2.089

5.423

2.478

2.045

Depth(m)

2729

PcData

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

KrData

N/A

Krg

Krw

Krw
&Krg

Porosity

0.0641

0.1107

0.2029

KO(Swi)

N/A

N/A

0.139

Swirr

N/A

N/A

0.4103

Swcrit
Kair(mD)

N/A

40H

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Table2:RemovalofmultiplepressureentriesforthePcowcurve
Sw

Pc[bar]

0.110500
0.113400
0.116300
0.122100
0.130800
0.133700
0.133700
0.145300
0.168600
0.200600
0.255800
0.360500
0.494200
0.668600
0.930200
0.988400
0.994200
0.997100
0.997100
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

20.28
18.93
17.57
16.22
14.87
13.52
12.17
10.82
9.46
8.11
6.76
5.41
4.06
2.70
1.35
0.68
0.18
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.00

Table3:Oilandgaspropertiesusedfor goevaluation
Insituoildensity0.809g/cm
Insitugasdensity0.372g/cm
Oilmolecularweight168kg/kmol
Gasmolecularweight30.86kg/kmol

Table4:Evaluationofg/ o
Components
H2S
N2

Parachors
80
41

xi[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00

xi

yi[%]

yi

IFT

0.00

0.41

0.00

0.0039

0.00

0.62

0.01

0.0031

0.00

6.54

0.07

0.0615

0.00

50.54

0.51

0.4691

CO2

48

C1

77

C2

108

0.00

16.73

0.17

0.2178

C3
IC4

150.3

0.92

0.01

11.49

0.11

0.2014

181.5

0.39

0.00

1.93

0.02

0.6389

189.9

1.83

0.02

5.46

0.05

0.1082

225

1.64

0.02

1.66

0.02

0.0271

231.5

2.28

0.02

1.87

0.02

0.0268

271
312.5
351.5
380

6.33
4.81
5.34
5.06

0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05

1.75
0.78
0.21
0.02

0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00

0.0255
0.0428
0.0814
0.0919

NC4
IC5
NC5
C6
C7
C8
C9

0.00
0.00

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C10
C11
C12+

404.9
429.3

4.92
4.06

0.05
0.04

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.0959
0.0839

961.53

62.42

0.62

0.00

0.00

2.8902
21.5186

Table5:Conversionoflaboratorycapillarypressuredatatoreservoirconditions
SW

PCOWD_LAB(bar)

PCOWD_Res(bar)

Sf

Pcgfd_Lab(bar)

0.110500
0.113400
0.116300
0.122100
0.130800
0.133700
0.145300
0.168600
0.200600
0.255800
0.360500
0.494200
0.668600
0.930200
0.988400
1.000000

20.280001
18.930000
17.570000
16.219999
14.870000
13.520000
10.820000
9.460000
8.110000
6.760000
5.410000
4.060000
2.700000
1.350000
0.680000
0.000000

1.183000
1.104250
1.024917
0.946167
0.867417
0.788667
0.631167
0.551833
0.473083
0.394333
0.315583
0.236833
0.157500
0.078750
0.039667
0.000000

0.110500
0.118306
0.145627
0.172853
0.211882
0.243106
0.289942
0.360196
0.453772
0.617698
0.820558
0.937552
0.976582
1.000000

20.280001
17.570000
16.219999
14.870000
13.520000
12.170000
10.820000
9.490000
8.110000
6.760000
5.410000
4.060000
2.700000
0.000000

Pcgfd_Res
(bar)
0.867250
0.768688
0.709625
0.650563
0.591500
0.532438
0.473375
0.415188
0.354813
0.295750
0.236688
0.177625
0.118125
0.000000

Table6:Waterandoilwetcapillarypressuresforimbibition

Sw

PCOWi(Water
Wet)
(bar)

PCOWi(Oil
Wet)
(bar)

0.11050

1.18300

1.18300

0.11300

1.00000

0.70000

0.13000

0.70000

0.40000

0.15000

0.50000

0.30000

0.17000

0.45000

0.20000

0.19000

0.40000

0.10000

0.22000

0.33000

0.00000

0.25000
0.28000
0.32000
0.35000
0.39000
0.42000
0.45000
0.48000
0.49810

0.28000
0.22000
0.18000
0.12000
0.09000
0.07500
0.05000
0.02500
0.00000

0.10000
0.20000
0.30000
0.40000
0.50000
0.60000
0.70000
0.80000
1.18300

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Table7:UsedvaluesforCoreysequationparameters

OilWater

GasWater

Sor,w
Siw
Kro,iw
Krw,i
No
nw
Sor,g
Sgc
Kro,ig
Krg,i
No
ng

waterwetcase

oilwetcase

0.3
0.3
1
1.07
2
3
0.2
0.1
1
1.53
2
2

0.4
0.2
1
1.6
3
2
0.2
0.1
1
0.98
2
2

Figure1:Krwocurves

Figure 2:Denormalizedkrwcurves(samples4and5averaged)

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Figure3:Denormalizedkrwcurves(samples3,4and5averaged)

Figure4:krogcurves

Figure5:Normalizedkrogcurves

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Figure6:Averagedkrogcurve

Figure 7:Mercurycapillarypressureforsamples1,2,3,4and5

Figure 8:Jfunctioncurvesforsample3,4and5.

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Figure 9:Samples4and5averagedforcreatingthekrwdataoutputfile

Figure10:Samples3,4and5averagedforcreatingtheoutputfile

Figure11: Samples3and5averagedforcreatingtheoutputPcfile

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Archive of SID

Figure12:Samples4and5averagedforcreatingkrgoutputfile

Figure13:showsSCALmainwindowwiththetworocktypesspecifiedinit.

Figure 14:WateroilrelativepermeabilitycurvesusedforSarvaksimulation
Models

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Archive of SID

Figure 15:OilgasrelativepermeabilitycurvesusedforSarvaksimulation
Model

Figure 16:Fracturewateroilrelativepermeabilities

Figure 17:Fractureoilgasrelativepermeabilities

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