Multiphase and Free-Surface Flow

Simulations
Eric Paterson

Applied Research Laboratory

and Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
State College, PA 16803 USA

3rd OpenFOAM Workshop

Politecnico di Milano
Milan, Italy
10-11 July 2008

Acknowledgements

Graduate Students: Kevin Smith, Bob Erney

Undergrate Students: Scott Ford, Sean McIntyre
PSU Faculty: Mario Trujillo*, Mike Kinzel
Hrv Jasak

*current

affiliation: U. Wisconsin Mech. Eng. & Engine Research Center

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Outline

Introduction
Related Work
rasInterDyMFoam6DOF
Code Verification
Tutorial
Solution Validation
Conclusions
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Introduction

Floating Bodies in Waves

Water-on-Deck
Wave Impact Loads
Seakeeping Dynamics
Slamming

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Introduction

Floating Bodies in Waves

Water-on-Deck
Wave Impact Loads
Seakeeping Dynamics
Slamming

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Introduction

Floating Bodies in Waves

Water-on-Deck
Wave Impact Loads
Seakeeping Dynamics
Slamming

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Related Work
Surface-Piercing Bodies
NACA 0024, Fr = 0.24, Re = 1x106, rasInterFoam

Gamma on surface and centerplane

Cylinder, Fr = 0.3, Re = 2.8x104, lesInterFoam

Mean Wave Elevation

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Related Work
Ventilated Cavitation: Cavity-Jet Interactions
A9*B'<#=9"#";-C'D#"&-#%'*>88&"->'
!"#$%&'

Disk Cavitator, Re = 6.2x104, Fr = 15, CQ = 0.13

()*"#$%&+',&-".-$&/'''

0102'3'45'6&"'78,9):9):'
;)'<#=9">'7)"&-?#@&'

0 2'

2D cavitator

Water

Gas

pyFoam script to vary CQ for study of cavity stability with jet velocity
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Related Work
Vaporous Cavitation
= 0.5

= 0.2

Validation Data
Rouse, H. and McNown, J. S., 1948, Cavitation and Pressure
Distribution, Head Forms at Zero Angle of Yaw, Studies in Engineering
Bulletin 32, State University of Iowa.

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Related Work
Jet/Free-Surface Interaction
depth = 2D

Q parameter

depth = 1D

Centerline Mean Velocity

M. F. Trujillo, C.-T. Hsiao, J.-K. Choi, E. G. Paterson, G. L. Chahine, L. J. Peltier, Numerical and Experimental Study of
a Horizontal Jet Below a Free Surface, 9th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, August 5-8, 2007

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rasInterDyMFoam6DOF

Extend interFoam family of solvers

Hydrostatic pressure
Forces and moments
Dynamic mesh
6DOF equations of motion
Wave boundary condition
Air-field convective term

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Hydrostatics

interFoam solvers are formulated to solve

for the piezometric pressure p! = p + K gz

total pressure p required for dynamic and

hydrostatic forces and moments

Poisson equation for piezometric pressure

!
f

"#

1
aP

(
p)f
f

H(U)
=

!
N

!
f

&

H(U)
aP

U0
aN UN +
t

p! = p + K gz

'

Poisson equation for total pressure

!
f

"#

1
aP

H(U) =

(p)f
f

!
N

!
f

H(U)
aP

U0
aN UN +
+ K g
t

Additional cost of additional Poisson equation

justified, especially for complex free-surfaces
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6DOF EOM

sixDOFMotion class

ODESolver.H
translationODE.H
rotationODE.H

F
a=x
=
+g
m
!
" !

= = I

M I

Member functions: hullForce, hullMoment

"
(I )

dynamicMeshDict

sixDOFMotionCoeffs subDict to choose ODE

options

IOobject for translationalMotion and

rotationalMotion: sets mass properties and I.C.s
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Wave B.C.
Equations for 2nd-order Stokes wave in shallow water

1 2
(x, t) = A cos(kx t) + kA cos 2(kx t)
2
gAk cosh k(y + H)
u=
cos(kx t)

cosh kh

gAk sinh k(y + H)

v=
sin(kx t)

cosh kh
p
x

cosh k(y + H)
= gAk
sin(kx t)
cosh hH
!
"2
gAk
k

sin(kx t) cos(kx t)
2

cosh kH
p
0
x

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Wave B.C.

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Air-side convective-term treatment

Water waves create vortices on the air-side of the free

surface

These vortices have high velocity, impact the Courant

number, push the time step to be smaller, and increase
the simulation costs

For many problems, stresses generated on air side are

negligible.

Solution: ignore convective term on air-side

fvVectorMatrix UEqn
(
fvm::ddt(rho, U)
+ gamma*fvm::div(rhoPhi, U)
- fvm::laplacian(muf, U, "laplacian(mut,U)")
- (fvc::grad(U) & fvc::grad(muf))
);

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Results: Code Verification

Hydrostatic Equilibrium of a Floating Cylinder (D = 1cm)
Case

Mass
(kg)

Depth of CG (mm) Depth of CG (mm)

Theoretical
CFD

3.89E-05

0.0

0.0

4.91E-05

1.0

1.0

5.87E-05

2.0

2.0

6.74E-05

3.0

3.0

7.45E-05

4.0

4.0

7.85E-05

5.0

5.0

Gamma field contours, Case 5

Velocity field contours, Case 5

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Tutorial: rectBargeFreeDecay
Free-Roll Decay of a Box Barge
y
Wave
generator

0.3 m
0.9 m

x
0.1 m
z

Regular waves
Moment of inertia given Iz = 0.236 kg m^2

allowed to rotate about

fixed center axis,

Experiment: Texas A&M Ocean Engineering Wave Tank [1]

0.9 m deep, 35 m long, 0.9 m wide
Barge positioned 20 m from wave generator
Free roll
Wave-excited roll
Motion restricted to 1DOF rotation
[1] Jung, K.H., Chang, K.A., Jo, H.J., Viscous Effect on the Roll Motion of
a Rectangular Structure, J. of Engineering Mechanics, 2006
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Tutorial: Mesh

Structured mesh with 62,858 cells

Corners of barge have a small bilge radius
0.625 % of beam
Near-wall spacing = 2.7x10-3

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Tutorial: IC & BC
U: pressureInletOutletVelocity
P: totalPressure

U: movingWallVelocity, value(0 0 0)
P: zeroGradient

U: fixedValue, value (0 0 0)
P: zeroGradient

Close up view

Body rotated to 15 deg using moveDynamicMesh utility

Initialized gamma field using setFields
k- turbulence model

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Tutorial: Results
Free Roll Decay of 2D Barge

Angle of Inclinations (deg)

15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15

0.5

1.0

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Time (s)

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Natural frequency (Fourier Analysis)

CFD: 6.9 rad/s

Experiment: 6.8 rad/s

Damping ratio (Curve of Extinction)

CFD: 0.133
Experiment: 0.106

Loss of amplitude per swing

Curve of Extinction

0
-5
0

5.0

10

Mean Amplitude

15

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Results: Solution Validation

Wave-Induced Roll Motions of a Box Barge
U: movingWallVelocity, value(0 0 0)
P: zeroGradient

U: pressureInletOutletVelocity
P: totalPressure

Wave boundary condition

U: fixedValue, value (0 0 0)
P: zeroGradient

U: zeroGradient
P: zeroGradient

Structured mesh with 78,000 cells

Finer mesh refinement upstream to
capture waves

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Results: Solution Validation

Wave-Induced Roll Motions of a Box Barge
= 1.56 m, H = 0.044 m
4.5

Magnification factors for roll motion of 2D Box Barge

4.0
3.5

/(kA)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1 1.2
/n

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

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Conclusions

interFoam class of solvers have been extended for 6DOF

motions of floating bodies

Code has been verified for hydrodynamic equilibrium test case

Solver and tutorial: provide to community

Simulations have been validated for free- and wave-induced roll

test cases

Future work

application to ship hulls

utilize quarternion 6DOF solver in $(FOAM_LIBBIN)/libODE

create overFoam library with hooks to DiRTlib and SUGGAR for

overset (Chimera) grid capability

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