Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

RodR.Seeley
IdahoStateUniversity
TrentD.Stephens
IdahoStateUniversity
PhilipTate
PhoenixCollege

Chapter 05
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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CopyrightTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.

Chapter 5

Integumentary System

5-2

Integumentary System
Consists of:

Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands

Functions

Protection
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D production
Excretion
5-3

Hypodermis
Skin rests on this,
but not a part
Consists of loose
connective tissue
Types of cells
Fibroblasts
Adipose cells
Macrophages

Also called
Subcutaneous tissue
Superficial fascia
5-4

Skin
Dermis
Structural strength
Cleavage lines
Two layers
Reticular
Papillary

Epidermis
Avascular
Cells
Layers or strata

5-5

Cleavage or Tension Lines

Elastin and collagen
fibers oriented in
some directions
more than others
Important in
surgery
If incision parallel
to lines there is less
gapping, faster
healing, less scar
tissue
5-6

Dermis and Epidermis

5-7

Epidermal Cells
Cell types
Keratinocytes: Produce keratin for strength
Melanocytes: Contribute to skin color
Langerhans cells: Part of the immune system
Merkels cells: Detect light touch and pressure

Desquamate: Older cells slough off

Keratinization: Cells die and produce outer
layer that resists abrasion and forms
permeability layer
5-8

Epidermal Strata
Stratum Basale
Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer
High mitotic activity and cells become keratinized

Stratum Spinosum
Limited cell division

Stratum Granulosum
In superficial layers nucleus and other organelles
degenerate and cell dies

Stratum Lucidum
Thin, clear zone

Stratum Corneum
Most superficial and consists of cornified cells
5-9

Epidermal Layers and Keratinization

5-10

Thick and Thin Skin

Thick skin
Has all 5 epithelial strata
Found in areas subject to pressure or friction
Palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet

Thin skin
More flexible than thick skin
Covers rest of body

5-11

Skin Color
Determined by 3 factors
Pigments
Melanin: Provides for protection against UV light
Albinism: Deficiency or absence of pigment
Carotene: Yellow pigment

Blood circulating through the skin

Imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing,
anger, inflammation
Cyanosis: Blue color caused by decrease in blood
oxygen content

Thickness of stratum corneum

5-12

Accessory Skin Structures

Hair
Found everywhere on human body except palms, soles,
lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal
segments of fingers and toes

Glands

Sebaceous or oil glands

Sudoriferous or sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands

Nails
5-13

Hair Structure
Composed of shaft
and root
Shaft protrudes
above skin surface
Root located below
surface and base
forms the hair bulb

Has 3 concentric
layers
Medulla: Central
axis
Cortex: Forms bulk
of hair
Cuticle: Forms hair
surface
5-14

Hair Growth, Color, and Muscles

Hair Growth
Cycles
Growth and resting

Permanent hair loss

Pattern balding most common

Hair Color
Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin

Muscles
Arrector pili: Muscle contraction causes hair to stand
on end
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Oil and Sweat Glands

Sebaceous glands
Produce sebum
Oils hair and skin
surface

Sudoriferous glands
Merocrine or eccrine
Most common
Numerous in palms and
soles

Apocrine
Found in axillae,
genitalia, around anus
5-16

Nails
Anatomy
Nail root
proximally
Nail body distally:
Eponychium or
cuticle

Growth
Grow continuously
unlike hair

5-17

Burns
Classifications
First-degree
Second-degree
Third-degree

Skin Grafts
Split skin
Artificial skin
Cadavers or pigs

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The Rule of Nines

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Aging Effects

Skin more easily damaged

Skin becomes drier
Functioning melanocytes decrease or
increase as with age spots
Sunlight ages skin more rapidly

5-20

Clinical Disorders
Bacterial infections
Acne

Viral Infections
Chicken pox, German measles, cold sores

Decubitus ulcers or bedsores

Ischemia and necrosis

Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
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