Introduction To LaTeX

What is LATEX
The Basics of the Basics
Typesetting Math
Floats
Referencing & Citing
Introduction to LATEX
Aleksandar Petrov
EUROAVIA Delft
October 8, 2015
EUROAVIA
Additional resources
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Big project management
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Why use LATEX?
Focus on writing, not on typesetting or formatting

Deliver beautifully looking texts with minimum effort
Efficiently incorporate math expressions
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
How does LATEXwork?
You type your content in a text file
A compiler processes your file
A beautiful PDF is generated for you
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Where can I type LATEX?
In order to crate your file you need only the LATEXcompiler

However, typing your code can be much more easier if you use
a dedicated editor
Many options exist both online and offline
Local installation depends on OS and editor choice
Suggested online option is ShareLatex.com
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Document Layout
Hello World example:

\ documentclass { a r t i c l e }
\ b e g i n { document }
H e l l o World
\ end { document }
Some other types of documents are:

report, book, memoir, letter, beamer
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Document Layout
A report class example:
\ documentclass { report }
% T i t l e Page
\ t i t l e { Report T i t l e }
\ a u t h o r { A u t h o r name}
\ b e g i n { document }
\ maketitle
\ begin { abstract }
Sum up what i t i s
\ end { a b s t r a c t }
a l l about
\ chapter { Introduction }
Ba ck gr oun d i n f o r m a t i o n
\ end { document }
Floats
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Sectioning
LATEX understands how humans organize books, articles, reports,

etc. and makes it easier.
\ chapter { Chapter T i t l e }
\ section { Section Title }
\ subsection { Subsection Title }
\ subsubsection { Subsubsection Title }
\ p a r a g r a p h { P a r a g r a p h T o p i c } P a r a g r a p h Text
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Line Breaks
This is the first paragraph, contains some text to show how amazing an author I am. I know it is
magnificent, you dont need to tell me this.
We are continuing with the fancy stuff. As you can see, the line of my thought has not changed. \par
Indeed, I am still wondering if you are impressed enough...\newline
For sure this
what it is. \\
text
has some point.
However, to be completely honest, I am not really sure
That is why, although useful, it might be just a bit meaningless.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Line Breaks
To sum up:
empty line - new paragraph without adding an empty line
(keeping the topic the same)
\par - new paragraph without adding an empty line (keeping
the topic the same)
\\ - new paragraph with adding an empty line (introducing
new topic)
\newline - new paragraph with adding an empty line
(introducing new topic)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Table of contents
Automatic table of contents can be generated in a very simple way.

It will update itself every time you build the PDF:
\tableofcontents
Note
If the table of contents has not updated, build the file again.
Appendices can be added in the same manner as chapters. The
\appendix command switches the chapter numbering to letters.
What is LATEX
Table of contents
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\newpage
\chapter{Introduction}
\chapter{Literature study}
\section{Historical remarks}
\section{Modern development}
\chapter{Design propsal}
\appendix
\chapter{Additional information}
\end{document}
Typesetting Math
Floats
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Sometimes LATEX source code can get pretty huge. That is why it
is handy to separate it over several files. Then these files can be
linked to the main file. The way to do this is the
\input{filename} command. When the compiler sees it, it first
processes the external file and then continues with the main file as
if it is one whole thing. Meaning that no breaks in page and
section numbering, referencing and labeling will occur.
When interested in previewing only one part of the document, you
can comment the \input commands for the others. That will
reduce the building time significantly.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Special characters
Note
There are some reserved characters and using them in your text
will most probably result in an error message from the compiler.
# $ % ^ & _ { } \
If you still want to use any of them, just put a backslash before it.
1
\#, \$, \%, \{}, \&, \ , \{, \}, $\

backslash$
#, $, %, , &, , {, }, \
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Typesetting Math
The mathematical typesetting capabilities of LATEX are extremely
advanced. They present one of the main strengths of LATEX.
However, in order to unlock the full capability we need to use
the AMS-LATEX package.
Adding the AMS-LATEX package to your file can be done in the
same way as adding any other extension package. Just use the
\usepackage{amsmath} in the preamble.
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{amsmath}
% Title Page
\title{Report Title}
\author{Author name}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
...
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Math vs. Text Mode

In order to start typing equations and other mathematical
expressions you need to switch to math mode. There are many
different ways to do this but two are the major ones:
In-line (text style)
1
For example, $a2 + b2 = c2$
For example, a2 + b 2 = c 2
Separately (display style)

And another important result
follows :
2 \begin{equation}
3 c = \sqrt{a2 + b2}
4 \end{equation}
1
And another important result

follows:
p
c = a2 + b 2
(1)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Subscripts and Superscripts

The average $X {avg}$ of three
numbers $X 1$, $X 2$ and $X
3$ is
2 \begin{equation}
3 X {avg} = (X 1 + X 2 + X 3) / 3
4 \end{equation}
5 However, their squared sum $X {
sum}$ equals
6 \begin{equation}
7 X {sum} = X 12 + X 22 + X 32
8 \end{equation}
9 Finally , their exponent can be
separated in the following
manner:
10 \begin{equation}
11 e{X 1 + X 2 + X 3} = e{X 1} e
{X 2} e{X 3}
12 \end{equation}
1
The average Xavg of three numbers

X1 , X2 and X3 is
Xavg = (X1 + X2 + X3 )/3
(2)
However, their squared sum Xsum

equals
Xsum = X12 + X22 + X32
(3)
Finally, their exponent can be separated in the following manner:

e X1 +X2 +X3 = e X1 e X2 e X3
(4)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Some mathematical expressions

Let s compute $7 = \frac{21}{3} = \dfrac{21}{3}$.
\begin{gather}
3 X {avg} = \frac{X 1 + X 2 + X 3}{3}\\
4 c = \sqrt{ \frac{a2 + b2}{4} }\\
5 \lim {x \ rightarrow 0}\frac{\sin x}{x} = 1
6 \end{gather}
1
Lets compute 7 =
21
3
21
.
3
X1 + X2 + X3
3
r
2
a + b2
c=
4
sin x
lim
=1
x0 x
Xavg =
(5)
(6)
(7)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Greek letters
Greek letters can be easily entered in any math environment by

just typing \ and the name of the letter:
1
$\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \omega, \psi, \eta, \theta, \mu, \nu, \delta$
, , , , , , , , ,
Some of the capital Greek letters can also be typed in LATEX:
1
$\Gamma, \Omega, \Psi, \Theta, \Delta$
, , , ,
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Bars, vectors, dots and hats
Math accents can also be easily typed:

$\bar{X} = X {avg} = \frac{X 1 + X 2 + X 3}{3}$ \\
$\vec{r} = \vec{x} + \vec{y} + \vec{z}$ \\
3 $\vec{r} = x \hat{i} + y \hat{j} + z \hat{k}$ \\
4 $v = \dot{x}$ \\
5 $a = \dot{v} = \ddot{x}$
= Xavg = X1 +X2 +X3

X
3
~r = ~x + ~y + ~z
~r = xi + y j + z k
v = x
a = v = x
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Sums, Products and Integrals

$\sum {k=0}\infty \frac{(1)k z{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}=\sin z$
\begin{gather}
3 \sum {k=0}\infty \frac{(1)k z{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}=\sin z \\
4 \int {0}{\infty} \frac{ M}{x} dx \\
5 \prod {n=1}5\frac{n}{n1}
6 \end{gather}
1
k=0
(1)k z 2k+1
(2k+1)!
= sin z
X
(1)k z 2k+1
k=0
= sin z
(2k + 1)!
Z
M
dx
x
0
5
Y
n
n=1
n1
(8)
(9)
(10)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Dots
You want to multiply something?

Never do this:
1
$$ 216\pi = 32\pi $$
2 16 = 32
Instead, use \cdot:

1
$$ 2 \cdot 16\pi = 32\pi $$
2 16 = 32
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Dots
You want to list some variables? Never do it like that:

1
$$ X n = \{ x 1, ... , x n \} $$
Xn = {x1 , ..., xn }
Instead, use the dedicated commands:

1
2
$$ X n = \{ x 1, \ ldots , x n \} $$
$$ S n = x 1 + \cdots + x n $$
Xn = {x1 , . . . , xn }
Sn = x1 + + xn
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Typing some common functions

Which one looks better:
cos
or
cos ?
The first one is typed as $cos \theta$ so is interpreted as the product

of three variables - c,o and s. However, the second option uses the
cosine command $\cos \theta$ and the compiler understands it is the
cosine function.
Some other functions that have dedicated commands are:
1
$$\sin , \cos, \tan, \cot, \log , \ln , \arccos , \ arcsin , \arctan , \exp, \min, \
max, \ldots$$
sin, cos, tan, cot, log, ln, arccos, arcsin, arctan, exp, min, max, . . .
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Bracketing
These brackets dont look good:
1
$$ f (x) = (\frac{x2 + 1}{ \sqrt{x}

}) (7x)$$
x2 + 1
f (x) = ( )(7 x)
x
That way is better:

1
$$ f (x) = \ left ( \frac{x2 + 1}{ \

sqrt{x} } \right ) (7x)$$

f (x) =
x2 + 1

(7 x)
This strategy works with any kind of brackets:

1
$$\ left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ], \ left \

lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right\
rbrace , \ left | \frac{a}{b} \
right | $$
hai nao a

,
,
b
b
b
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Equation numbering
Did you notice that some of the equations above had numbers on the
right?
\begin{equation}
f (x) = \sqrt{x}(x2 + 1)
3 \end{equation}
f (x) =
x(x 2 + 1)
(11)
This numbering makes referencing easy as we will see later. Note also
that only display equations can have numbering.
Removing the numbering of a given equation can be made in two ways:
Use equation* (or any other starred) environment instead of
equation
Put the \nonumber tag right after the equation (on the same line)
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Floats
Floats are content that is considered separate from the main text.
As such they can float around the pages and position themselves
at a suitable place. Another important aspect of floats is that (in
the general case) they cannot be broken over two or more pages.
Two types of objects are considered floats:
Figures
Tables
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Figures
The basic code structure for including a figure (image) into a LATEX
document is the following:
\begin{figure}[position preference]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=somewidth]{path to image}
\caption{Some caption}
\end{figure}
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Figures
position preference
Although LATEX positions the figure at a place it considers optimal,
you can still specify a preference. However, keep in mind that this
is only a preference and LATEX might not follow it.
Specifier
h
t
b
p
!
H
Permission
Place the float here, i.e., approximately at the same point it occurs
in the source text (however, not exactly at the spot)
Position at the top of the page.
Position at the bottom of the page.
Put on a special page for floats only.
Override internal parameters LATEX uses for determining good float positions.
Places the float at precisely the location in the LATEX code.
Requires the float package, e.g., \usepackage{float}.
This is somewhat equivalent to h!.
Taken from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Figures
width
This can be measured in any of the units LATEX understands (e.g.
cm, px, in). However, for many cases it is most convenient to
specify the width of the picture as a percentage of the text width.
For example:
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{path to image}
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Figures
Here we present an example of imported picture:
EUROAVIA
\begin{ figure }
2 \ centering
3 \ includegraphics [width=0.7\linewidth
]{./ logo}
4 \caption{EUROAVIA logo}
5 \end{figure}
1
Figure : EUROAVIA logo
The caption of the figure can be above the image if the \caption
tag is placed before the \includegraphics tag.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Tables
LATEX allows for the design of pretty sophisticated tables. However,

we will discuss only the most simple table functions.
Typing big tables in LATEX by hand can be both time consuming
and error-prone. That is why it is suggested to use a table
generator that simplifies the work considerably.
TablesGenerator.com have a lot of formating options and
facilitate copy-paste from Excel and other spreadsheet programs.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Tables
An example table generated with TablesGenerator.com.
\begin{table }[b]
\ centering
3 \caption{My caption}
4 \begin{tabular }{| ll |c|}
5 \ hline
6 Column A & Column B & Column C \\ \hline
71
&2
& abc
\\
84
&5
& def
\\
97
&8
& ghi
\\ \ hline
10 \end{tabular}
11 \end{table}
1
2
Table : My caption
Column A
1
4
7
Column B
2
5
8
Column C
abc
def
ghi
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Tables
Table contents goes between begin{tabular} and

\end{tabular}
Vertical alignment of the columns and column separators are
specified by the |ll|c| tag
Horizontal lines between two rows can be put with the
\hline tag
The caption can be bellow the table if the \caption tag is
placed after the \end{tabular} tag
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Making sure that all the referencing and citing within your report
is correct can be quite a tedious task if you type your document in
a typical word processor. LATEX incorporates a powerful, yet simple
and flexible methodology to keep track of all the references and
citations.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Referencing
Referencing is made of two parts:

Labeling your content
Connecting the text to the labels
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Labels
Labels can be put with the \label{label_name} to many

different types of objects. It is important to never use the same
label twice. This would produce a warning and a missing reference.
You can label:
Chapters and sections: put the label right after the respective
\chapter or \section tag
Equations: put the label right after the equation and before
any new line tag
Floats (figures and tables): the \label tag must come right
after the \caption tag
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
References
There are two main reference commands:

\ref{marker}: Returns the number of the respective
chapter, section, equation, table or float.
\pageref{marker}: Returns the page at which the
respective chapter, section, equation, table or float is situated
Note
LATEX does not know what type of content you are referencing to.
It returns only a number. That is why if you are referencing to an
equation you should type Equation \ref{label_name}.
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
References
As can be seen in Figure

\ref{fig: EUROAVIA_logo},
the EUROAVIA logo is green
and similar to the logo
of Superman.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=
0.5\linewidth]{./logo}
\caption{EUROAVIA logo}
\label{fig: EUROAVIA_logo}
\end{figure}
Floats
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Citing
Citing to external sources can be done in a similar way. The most simple
way to do this is to create a list with sources between
\begin{thebibliography} and \end{thebibliography} tags. Then,
wherever in the main text referencing to this source is needed use the
\cite{cite_label} in the same way as \ref.
\LaTeX{} is widely used for scientific papers. \cite{lamport94}
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{lamport94}
Leslie Lamport,
\emph{\LaTeX: a document preparation system},
Addison Wesley, Massachusetts,
2nd edition,
1994.
\end{thebibliography}
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Citing
The \begin{thebibliography} and

\end{thebibliography} tags are typically placed right
before the the \end{document} tag
If you use more than 9 sources, change
\begin{thebibliography}{9} to
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
The label of a source is the argument of the
\bibitem{cite_label} tag
Never use the same source label twice
For more powerful bibliography management use BibTeX
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Contents
1
2
What is LATEX
Document Layout
Sectioning
Line Breaks
Table of contents
Special characters
Typesetting Math
Math environments
Typing symbols
Bracketing
Equation numbering
Floats
Figures
Tables
Referencing
Citing
What is LATEX
Typesetting Math
Floats
Wikipedia.org
CTAN.org
The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2, Tobias Oetiker,
https://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf
Google
tex.stackexchange.com

Introduction To LaTeX

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What is LATEX

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Why use LATEX?

Focus on writing, not on typesetting or formatting

The Basics of the Basics

How does LATEXwork?

You type your content in a text file

A compiler processes your file

A beautiful PDF is generated for you

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Where can I type LATEX?

In order to crate your file you need only the LATEXcompiler

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Hello World example:

Some other types of documents are:

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

LATEX understands how humans organize books, articles, reports,

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

has some point.

However, to be completely honest, I am not really sure

That is why, although useful, it might be just a bit meaningless.

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Automatic table of contents can be generated in a very simple way.

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Big project management

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

\#, \$, \%, \{}, \&, \ , \{, \}, $\

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Math vs. Text Mode

For example, $a2 + b2 = c2$

Separately (display style)

And another important result

The Basics of the Basics

Referencing & Citing

Subscripts and Superscripts

The average Xavg of three numbers

However, their squared sum Xsum