Weld Joint Preparation

(ISO 9692)

Edge Preparation - Need

Poor penetration
Poor strength

Good penetration
Good strength
(100% joint
efficiency)

Edge Preparation
Factors which influence choice of edge preparation
- Thickness
- Material
- Welding process
- Extent of penetration required
- Welding distortion
- Cost

Basic Joint Types

butt
lap
tee

corner
edge

Basic Weld Types

Groove welds

Fillet weld
Plug / slot weld

Spot / seam weld

Applicable Welds for Butt joint

Square Groove weld

Bevel Groove weld

J Groove weld

V Groove weld

U Groove weld

Applicable Welds for Butt joint

Double V Groove weld

Double U Groove weld

Double Bevel Groove weld

Double J Groove weld

Applicable Welds for Tee joint

Applicable Welds for Lap joint

Fillet weld

Plug / slot weld

Spot / seam weld

Applicable Welds for Corner Joint

Applicable Welds for Edge Joint

Edge weld

Butt joint
Square Groove weld

Root gap

Butt joint
Single V Groove weld
Groove angle

Root face
Root gap

Weld Reinforcement

Correct
reinforcement

Excess
reinforcement

Minimum cost

High cost

Good joint
strength

Poor joint strength

Under
reinforcement

Poor joint strength

Butt joint Complete Joint penetration

Weld from face side

Back gouging

Back weld

Butt joint Complete Joint penetration

Backing weld

Back gouging

Butt joint Complete Joint penetration

(welding from one side)
TIG / SMAW
welding

Consumable
guide

Butt Joint Double V groove

Double V groove

Less weld metal

Less distortion
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 20 mm

Single V groove

More weld metal

More distortion
Lower edge preparation cost
Better for thickness < 20 mm

Butt Joint U groove

Groove angle
Root radius
Root face
Root gap
Good access at the root
Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm

Butt Joint Bevel groove

Single bevel groove

Bevel angle 40 to 50
Difficult to approach
the root
Weld defects

Double bevel groove

Back gouging to
remove root defects
Good weld quality

Butt Joint J groove

Good access at the root

Back gouging and back welding to get good weld quality
Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm

Tee Joint Full strength joint

In a full strength
joint, leg = 0.75 x
thickness

throat = 0.707 x leg

leg = 1.414 x throat
leg

throat

leg

Tee Joint Full penetration joint

45 or 60

leg = throat

leg = throat

Tee Joint

Actual throat
Theoretical throat

AWS D 1.1 recommendation when gap > 1.6 mm

to increase leg size of fillet by the amount of gap

Lap Joint

overlap
AWS D 1.1 recommendation
Overlap = 5 x thickness (1 inch minimum)
Gap between mating faces = 1.6 mm max

Welding Position Groove

1G

3G

2G
4G

Welding Position Groove

1G

2G

5G

6G

45

Welding Position Fillet

1F
2F
3F

4F

Welding Position Fillet

1F
2F

5F

Welding Positions Groove

Position

Inclination of axis

Rotation of face

Flat

0 to 15

150 to 210

Horizontal

0 to 15

80 to 150
210 to 280

Overhead

0 to 80

0 to 80
280 to 360

Vertical

15 to 80

80 to 280

80 to 90

0 to 360

Welding Positions Fillet

Position

Inclination of axis

Rotation of face

Flat

0 to 15

150 to 210

Horizontal

0 to 15

125 to 150
210 to 235

Overhead

0 to 80

0 to 125
235 to 360

Vertical

15 to 80

125 to 235

80 to 90

0 to 360

Joint preparation
According to ISO 9692
Welding and allied processes -Recommendations for joint preparation
Part 1: Manual metal-arc welding, gas shielded metal-arc welding, gas
welding, TIG welding and beam welding of steels