PLUMBINGANDSANITARYSYSTEM

Plumbing andSanitary
and Sanitary System
WaterSupplyandDistribution
pp y
System
DrainageSystem
D i
S t
Plumbing Fixtures
PlumbingFixtures
Storm WaterSystem

WaterSupply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
Water
Supply andDistributionSystem
and Distribution System
BasicPropertiesofWater
WaterCycle
Water Cycle
SourcesofWater
WaterTreatmentandPurification
W t T t
t d P ifi ti
Wells
Pumps
P
WaterStorage forDomesticUse
ValvesandControls
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
HotWaterDistributionSystem

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
BasicPropertiesofWater
UniversalSolvent
Density: 1,000
1 000 kg/m3 @liquidstate(4
@ liquid state (4 C);
C);
917 kg/m3 @solidstate

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
WaterCycle
Major Stages
MajorStages
Evaporation
The transformation of
water from liquid to gas
phases as it moves
f
from
the
th ground
d or
bodies of water into the
overlying atmosphere

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
WaterCycle
Major Stages
MajorStages
Condensation
The transformation of
water vapor to liquid
water droplets in the air,
creating clouds and fog

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
WaterCycle
Major Stages
MajorStages
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor
that falls to the Earth's
surface . Most
precipitation
i it ti occurs
as rain, but also
includes snow, hail, fog
drip, graupel, and sleet.

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
SourcesofWater
Rainwater
NaturalSurfaceWater
Natural Surface Water
Ground Water

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
SourcesofWater
Rainwater
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water
sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds
ponds.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Waterissoft&pureandis
Water is soft & pure and is
suitableforthehotwater
supplysystem
pp y y

Onlyasourceduringthe
Only a source during the
wetseason
Storage
Storagebecomesa
becomes a
breedingplacefor
mosquitoes
Roofsmaynotbeclean

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
SourcesofWater
NaturalSurfaceWater
Natural Surface Water
A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface
sources includes rivers
rivers, lakes
lakes, ponds and
impounding reservoirs.

Advantages
g

Disadvantages
g

Usuallyeasytoacquire
andinlargequantities.
Usedforirrigation,
df i i i
industrialpurposesand,
when treated for
whentreated,for
communitywatersupply.

Containsalargeamounts
ofbacteria,organic&
inorganicsubstances;
Purification&treatmentis
necessar
necessary.

Water Supply and Distribution System

WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
SourcesofWater
Ground Water
Theportionoftherainwaterwhichhaspercolatedintothe
earth to form underground deposits called aquifers (water
earthtoformundergrounddepositscalledaquifers(water
bearingsoilformation).Fromspringsandwellsandisthe
principalsourceofwaterfordomesticuseinmostruralareas

Advantages
Usuallyhasanabundant
y
supply;requireslesstreatment
becauseofnaturalfiltering.

Disadvantages
May
Mayhaveorganicmatter
have organic matter
&chemicalelements
usuallytreatmentis
suggested.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERQUALITYPROBLEMANDTHEIRTREATMENT
PROBLEMS

CAUSE

EFFECTS

TREATMENT

Acidity

ContainsCarbon
Dioxide

Corrosion ofnon
ferrouspipes
Rusting
Rustingandclogging
and clogging
ofsteelpipes

Passing thewater
throughabedof
crushed marble or
crushedmarbleor
limestonetoachieve
alkalinity,oradding
sodium silicate
sodiumsilicate

Hardness

Presenceof
magnesiumand
calcium salts
calciumsalts

Cloggingofpipes
Impairedlaundry
and cooking
andcooking

Boiling
Introduction ofwater
softeners made up of
softenersmadeupof
Zeolite

Turbidity

Siltormudin
Discoloration
surfaceoringround
f
i
d Badtaste
B dt t

Filtration

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERQUALITYPROBLEMANDTHEIRTREATMENT
PROBLEMS

CAUSE

EFFECTS

TREATMENT

Color

PresenceofIron
andManganese

Discolorationof
fixturesandlaundry

Chlorinationor
ozonation andfile
filtration

Pollution

Contaminationby
organicmatteror
sewage

Disease

Chlorination

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION
WaterTreatment describesthoseprocessesusedto
make water moreacceptableforadesiredenduse.
WaterPurification istheprocessofremovingundesirable
chemicals,materials,andbiologicalcontaminantsfrom
contaminatedwater.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION

Aeration
Coagulation Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION
Water is sprayed into the air to release any
Aeration Waterissprayedintotheairtoreleaseany
trappedgasesandabsorbadditionaloxygenfor
bettertaste.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION

Coagulation
Coagulation Flocculation
Coagulation chemicalprocessinwhichthecoagulant
reactswiththesedimenttomakeitcapableofcombining
p
g
intolargerparticles.
Flocculation physicalprocessinwhichthesediment
particlescollidewitheachotherandsticktogether.
l
ll d
h
h h
d
k
h

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION

Sedimentation

isaphysical
is a physical watertreatment
water treatment process
process
usedtosettleoutsuspendedsolidsin
g
y
waterundertheinfluenceof gravity.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTANDPURIFICATION
p
g y
Filtration
t at o Waterispassedthroughlayersofsand
andgravelinconcretebasinsinorderto
removethefinersuspendedparticles.

Disinfection
Di i f ti

Thepurposeof disinfection inthetreatmentofwaste

water is to substantially reduce the number
wateristosubstantiallyreducethenumber
of microorganisms inthewatertobedischargedbackinto
theenvironment.
Commonmethodsofdisinfectioninclude:
Ultravioletlight(UV)
light (UV)
Ultraviolet
Ozone
Ozone
SodiumHypochlorite.
Chlorine

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WATERTREATMENTPROCESS

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WELLS

isanexcavationorstructurecreatedinthegroundbydigging,driving,
boringordrillingtoaccess groundwater inunderground aquifers.Thewell
wateris drawn byan electricsubmersiblepump,atrashpump,avertical
turbinepump,a
p p, handpump
p p ora mechanicalpump
p p

GeneralTypesofWell
ShallowWell
DeepWell

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WELLS

isanexcavationorstructurecreatedinthegroundbydigging,driving,
boringordrillingtoaccess groundwater inunderground aquifers.Thewell
wateris drawn byan electricsubmersiblepump,atrashpump,avertical
turbinepump,a
p p, handpump
p p ora mechanicalpump
p p

GeneralTypesofWell
ShallowWell
DeepWell

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofWells(AccordingtoMethodofConstruction)
Dug Wells
DugWells

areexcavationswithdiameterslargeenoughtoaccommodateoneor
are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or
moremenwithshovelsdiggingdowntobelowthe watertable.Theycan
belinedwith laidstones orbrick;extendingthisliningupwardsabovethe
groundsurfaceintoawallaroundthewellservestoreduceboth
contaminationandinjuriesbyfallingintothewell.Amoremodern
methodcalledcaissoning usesreinforcedconcreteorplainconcretepre
castwellringsthatareloweredintothehole.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofWells(AccordingtoMethodofConstruction)
may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a "well
well
Driven
DrivenWells
Wells maybeverysimplycreatedinunconsolidatedmaterialwitha
point",whichconsistsofahardeneddrivepointandascreen(perforated
pipe).Thepointissimplyhammeredintotheground,usuallywitha
tripodand"driver",withpipesectionsaddedasneeded.Adriverisa
weightedpipethatslidesoverthepipebeingdrivenandisrepeatedly
droppedonit.When groundwater isencountered,thewelliswashedof
sedimentandapumpinstalled.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofWells(AccordingtoMethodofConstruction)
Bored
BoredWells
Wells

Thesearedugwithearthaugersareusuallylessthan30meters(100ft)
These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters (100 ft)
deep.Thediameterrangesfrom2to30inches.Thewellislinedwith
metal,vitrifiedtileorconcrete.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofWells(AccordingtoMethodofConstruction)
Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods
Drilled
DrilledWells
Wells Drilledwellscanbeexcavatedbysimplehanddrillingmethods
(augering,sludging,jetting,driving,handpercussion)ormachinedrilling
(rotary,percussion,downtheholehammer).Drilledwellscangetwater
fromamuchdeeperlevelthancandugwells oftenuptoseveral
hundredmetres.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofWells(AccordingtoMethodofConstruction)
Jetted Wells
JettedWells

Thismethodmakesuseofahighvelocitystreamofwatertoexcavate
This method makes use of a high velocity stream of water to excavate
theholeandtocarrytheexcavatedmaterialoutofthehole.Ittherefore
requiressometypeofpump,eithermotororhandpowered,of
reasonablecapacity,aswellasasupplyofwater.Itispossibletoseparate
thewaterandtheexcavatedmaterialinasettlingpoolortankandto
reusethewater,thusminimizingthequantityrequired.Sincethismethod
dependsontheerosiveactionofwater,itisobviousthatextremelyhard
materials cannot be penetrated
materialscannotbepenetrated.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps

Isadeviceusedtomovefluids,suchasliquidsorslurries.
Apumpdisplacesavolumebyphysicalormechanicalaction.

GeneralTypesofPump
ReciprocatingPump
CentrifugalPump
TurbinePump
SubmersiblePump
Jet(Ejector)Pump
PistonPump
SumpPump

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofPump
ReciprocatingPump arethosewhichcausethefluidtomoveusingone
ormoreoscillatingpistons,plungersormembranes
(diaphragms).

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofPump
CentrifugalPump

isa rotodynamic pump thatusesa

rotating impeller toincreasethepressureofafluid.
Centrifugalpumpsarecommonlyusedtomove
liquidsthroughpiping.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofPump
TurbinePump

Aturbinepumphasaverticalturbinelocatedbelow
groundwaterlevelsandadrivingmotorlocatedat
ground

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofWell
SubmersiblePump

Isbasicallyacentrifugalpumpcompletewith
electricmotorswhicharepositionedunderwaterina
suitableboredholethatdeliversthewatertothe
surface

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofWell
Jet(Ejector)Pump

Inthejetejectorpump,fluidpassesthrougha
venturi nozzle(see venturi tube)anddevelops
a suction thatcausesasecondstreamoffluidtobe
entrained

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofPump
PistonPump

isatypeof positivedisplacementpump wherethe

highpressuresealreciprocateswiththe
piston.Piston pumpscanbeusedtomove liquids or
compress gases.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
Pumps
GeneralTypesofPump
SumpPump
p
p

areusedinapplicationswhereexcesswatermust
bepumpedawayfromaparticulararea.
apumpusedtoremovewaterthathas
accumulatedinawatercollectingsumppit.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterStorageforDomesticUse
OverheadTank/GravitySupplyTank
O h d T k/ G it S
l T k
Cistern
PneumaticWaterTank
HotWaterTank

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterStorageforDomesticUse
OverheadTank/GravitySupplyTank
O h d T k/ G it S
l T k

Doesnothaveanypressureconcernsbutrelieson
gravitytosupplywatertofixturesbelow.
Use in overhead feed system
Useinoverheadfeedsystem

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterStorageforDomesticUse
Cistern
isawaterproofreceptacleforholdingliquids,usuallywater.Oftencisternsare
builttocatchandstorerainwater.Cisternsaredistinguishedfrom wells bytheir
waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to
waterprooflinings.Moderncisternsrangeincapacityfromafewlitres
to
thousandsofcubicmetres,effectivelyformingcovered reservoirs.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterStorageforDomesticUse
Pneumatic
PneumaticWaterTank
Water Tank
aretypicallyhorizontalpressurizedstoragetanks.Pressurizingthisreservoirof
watercreatesasurgefreedeliveryofstoredwaterintothedistributionsystem.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterStorageforDomesticUse
HotWaterTank
H W
T k
RangeBoiler

isanoldertypeofdomestichotwaterheater
which uses a separate hot water tank which
whichusesaseparatehotwatertankwhich
isconnectedtoaheatingboileraswellasto
domestichotwaterpipinginthehome.
Madeofgalvanizedsteelsheet,
copperorstainlesssteel.Standardworking
pressurelimitis85to150psi

StorageBoiler
g
Largehotwatertank(60130cmindiameter;
5mmaxlength).Madeofheavydutymaterial
sheetsappliedwithrustproofpaint.Standard
workingpressurelimitis65to100psi.
ki
li it i 65 t 100 i

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl

isadevicethatregulatesthe flow ofa fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids,or slurries)by

opening,closing,orpartiallyobstructingvariouspassageways.Valvesare
i
l i
i ll b
i
i
V l
technically pipe fittings,butareusuallydiscussedasaseparatecategory.Inanopenvalve,
fluidflowsinadirectionfromhigherpressuretolowerpressure.

T
TypesofValves
fV l
GateValve
Globe Valve
GlobeValve
CheckValve
Angle Valve
AngleValve
FootValve
Safety Valve
SafetyValve

InternationalStandardforValve
ISO InternationalStandardOrganization
ASTM
ASTM AmericanSocietyforTestingand
American Society for Testing and
Materials
ASME AmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers
API AmericanPetroleumInstitute
JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandard
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normungg ((German
InstituteforStandardization)
PNS PhilippineNationalStandard

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
GateValve
isa valve thatopensbyliftingaroundorrectangulargate/wedgeoutofthepath
g
g
ofthe fluid.Thedistinctfeatureofagatevalveisthesealingsurfacesbetweenthe
gateandseatsareplanar,sogatevalvesareoftenusedwhenastraightlineflow
offluidandminimumrestrictionisdesired.

WedgeType

GateValveSymbol

DoubleDiscValve

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
GlobeValve
isatypeof valve usedforregulating flow ina pipeline,consistingofamovable
yp
y g
g
y spherical
p
body.
y
disktypeelementandastationaryringseatinagenerally

Symbol

PlugTypeDiscValve

ConventionalDiscValve

CompositionDiscValve

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
CheckValve

isa mechanicaldevice,a valve,whichnormallyallows fluid (liquid or gas)toflow

g
y
throughitinonlyonedirection.

Symbol

SwingCheckValve

LiftCheckValve

VerticalCheckValve

HorizontalCheckValve

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
AngleValve

Amanuallyoperatedvalvewithitsoutletopeningorientedatrightanglestoits
p
g;
g
g
pp
inletopening;usedforregulatingtheflowofafluidinapipe.

Symbol

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
FootValve

areatypeofcheckvalveandareplacedatthepump'swetwell.Unlikeother
,
g
pp
valves,afootvalveiscreatedwithalargerflowareathantheactualpipesizeto
makesurethatthereislessheadloss.

Symbol

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ValvesandControl
Types of Valves
TypesofValves
SafetyValve

isa valve mechanismfortheautomaticreleaseofasubstancefrom

pressurevessel,orother
,
system
y
whenthepressureortemperature
p
p
a boiler,, p
exceedspresetlimits.

Symbol

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
TypesofFaucet
Compression
CompressionCock
Cock

Operates by the compression of a soft

Operatesbythecompressionofasoft

packinguponametalsheet.

KeyCock Operateswitharoundtaperingplugaroundto
fitametalsheet.

BallFaucet Constructedwithaballconnectedtothe
handle.

HoseBibb Awaterfaucetmadeforthethreaded
attachmentofahose.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
WaterDistributionSystem

The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting
pipes,
i
fitti
fittings, control
t l valves
l
and
d allll appurtenances
t
iin or adjacent
dj
t tto th
the structure
t t
or
premises.

PartsofWaterDistributionSystem
Service Pipe Thepipefromthewatermainorothersourceofpotablewatersupply
ServicePipe
Th i f
th
t
i
th
f t bl
t
l
tothewaterdistributionsystemofthebuildingserved.
WaterMeter Deviceusedtomeasureinlitersorgallonstheamountofwater
th t
thatpassesthroughthewaterservice.
th
h th
t
i
DistributionPipe/SupplyPipe Apipewithinthestructureoronthe
premiseswhichconveyswaterfromthewaterservicepipeormetertothepointofutilization.
Riser Awatersupplypipethatextendsonefullstoryormoretoconveywaterto
Riser
A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to
branchesortoagroupoffixtures.
FixtureBranch Thewatersupplypipebetweenthefixturesupplypipe&thewater
distributing pipe
distributingpipe.
FixtureSupply Awatersupplypipeconnectingthefixturewiththefixturebranch.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Water Distribution
TypesofWaterDistribution
Direct(Upfeed)
Indirect
Downfeed orGravitySystem
HydropneumaticSystem(AirPressureSystem)

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Water Distribution
TypesofWaterDistribution
Direct(Upfeed)
Waterisprovidedbythecitywatercompaniesusingnormalpressurefrompublic
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public
watermain

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
TypesofWaterDistribution
Types
of Water Distribution
Indirect
Downfeed
D
f d orGravitySystem
G it S t
Waterispumpedintoalargetankontopof
thebuildingandisdistributedtothefixtures
bymeansofgravity.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
TypesofWaterDistribution
Types
of Water Distribution
Indirect
HydroPneumaticSystem/AirPressureSystem
Tanksthatusewaterandairunderpressurearereferredtoasahydropneumatic
tanks,orpressuretanks.Compressedairisusedinthesetanksasabufferorcushion
thatallowsasurgefreedeliveryprocess.Therearethreefunctionsfor
hydropneumatic tanks.Thefirstisaspartofawaterdeliverysystemsettodeliver
tanks The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver
waterinapresetpressurerange.Thesecondusesthepressuresettingtomonitora
pumpfromturningontoooften.Thethirdistobufferorlowerpressuresurges,much
likeapowersurgeprotector.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
System
y
Upfeed System

Advantages
g
1.Eliminatecost ofpumps&tanks

Disadvantages
g
1.Pressurefromwatermainisinadequate
tosupplytallbuildings.
2.Water
2
Water supplyisaffectedduringpeakload
supply is affected during peak load
hour.

AirPressure
System

1.Withcompactpumpingunit

2.Sanitaryduetoairtightwater
chamber.
chamber
3.Economical(smallerpipediameter)
4.Lessinitial construction&
maintenancecost.

1.Watersupplyisaffectedbylossof
pressure inside the tank in case of
pressureinsidethetankincaseof
powerinterruption.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
ColdWaterDistributionSystem
System
y

Advantages
g

Disadvantages
g

AirPressure 5.Oxygeninthecompressedairserves
aspurifying agent.
System
6 Ad t bl Ai
6.AdaptableAirpressure

7.AirPressureserves zoneofabout
10storesintervals
1.Waterisnotaffectedbypeakload
Overhead
Feed System hour.

1.Water issubjecttocontamination

2 Not affected bypowerinterruptions.

2.Notaffected
by power interruptions

2 High maintenance cost

2.Highmaintenancecost

3.Timeneededtoreplacebrokenparts
doesnotaffectwatersupply

3.Occupiesvaluablespace
4.Requiresstronger foundationand
otherstructuretocarryadditionalload
oftankandwater.

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
HotWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Hot Water Distribution
TypesofHotWaterDistribution
Upfeed andGravityReturnSystem
Downfeed andGravityReturnSystem
PumpCircuitSystem

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
HotWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Hot Water Distribution
TypesofHotWaterDistribution
Upfeed andGravityReturnSystem
Withacontinuingnetworkofpipesto
With a continuing network of pipes to
provideconstantcirculationofwater.
Hotwaterrisesonitsown&doesnot
need any pump for circulation.
needanypumpforcirculation.
Hotwaterisimmediatelydrawnfrom
thefixtureanytime
Providedeconomicalcirculatingreturn
g
ofunusedhotwater.
Largerpipeisinstalledatthetopof
theriser&thediminishingsizespasses
throughthelowerfloorsofthebuilding

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
HotWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Hot Water Distribution
TypesofHotWaterDistribution
Downfeed andGravityReturnSystem
Hot
Hotwaterrisesontothehighestpoint
water rises on to the highest point
oftheplumbingsystemandtravelsto
thefixturesviagravity(closedpipe
system)Water distribution is dependent
system)Waterdistributionisdependent
ontheexpansionofhotwater&gravity.
Largerpipeisinstalledatthebottom
oftheriser&thediminishingsizes
g
passesthroughtheupperfloorsofthe
building

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
HotWaterDistributionSystem
Types of Hot Water Distribution
TypesofHotWaterDistribution
PumpCircuitSystem
For
Foramoreefficientcirculationofhotwatertotheupperfloorlevelsofmulti
a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi
storeybuildings

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
MATERIALSAVAILABLEFORPLUMBINGINSTALLATION
GalvanizedIronorSteelPipes

ItismadeoutofaMildSteeldrawnthroughadieandweldedcastinto
It i
d
t f Mild St l d
th
h di
d ld d
ti t
6.00mlong.However,steelpipeissubjecttodepositsofsaltsandlimewhich
graduallyaccumulateandeventuallychoketheflowofwater.Thistypeofpipe
is corroded by alkaline and acid water That is why when used for hot water
iscorrodedbyalkalineandacidwater.Thatiswhywhenusedforhotwater
line,itdeterioratesfasterthancoldwatersupplypipe.

PlasticorSyntheticPipe
Rigid Type
RigidType

Flexible Type
FlexibleType

1.PolyvinylChloride(PVC)

1.Polyethylene(PE) Coilformat30m

2.ChlorinatedPolyvinylChloride(cPVC)
y y
(
)

2.Polybutylene
y y
((PB)up
) p to150mincoil

3.Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride(uPVC)

4.Polyprophylene (PP)
5.Acrylonitrile ButadieneStyrone (ABS)
6.StyreneRubberPlastic(SR)

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
MATERIALSAVAILABLEFORPLUMBINGINSTALLATION
CastIronPipe

Thisisdurableandisconvenientlyinstalledinmostoftheplumbingneedsinbuilding
This
is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building
whicharelessthan25storeys highbecausewaterusuallyleaksatjointsdueto
vibrations.

AcidResistantCastIronPipe
p
Madeofanalloyofcastironandsilicon.Itiscommonlyinstalledinchemical
Made of an allo of cast iron and silicon It is commonl installed in chemical
laboratorieswhereacidwastearebeingdischarged

AsbestosPipe

Madeofasbestosfibersandportland cement.Thethicknessistwicethatofstandard
castiron.Mostsuitedforembedmentonconcretestructures.

BituminousFiberSewerPipe

Cheapest,lightinweight,recommendedforhousesewerandseptictankinstallation.It
could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint
couldtakeslightsoilmovementwithoutdangerofcrackingorpullingoutofitsjoint.

VitrifiedClayPipe
Madefromclayandwithalengthof0.75mtreatedwithglazedcompound.Thisis
g y es sta t to ost ac ds a d s e su ted u de g ou d sta at o s o
g
highlyresistanttomostacidsandiswellsuitedinundergroundinstallationsworking
eitheraspublicorhousesewer,orstormdrain

Water Supply andDistributionSystem

WaterSupply
and Distribution System
MATERIALSAVAILABLEFORPLUMBINGINSTALLATION
LeadPipe
p

Oneoftheoldestplumbingmaterials.Leadishighlyresistantandisverysuitableto
undergroundinstallation.Butbecauseitispoisonousandinjurioustohumanhealth,itis
neverrecommendedtoconveywaterhumanconsumption.

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes

GalvanizedWroughtIronPipes

Thisisbetterthansteelpipesforplumbinginstallation,becauseitismoreresistantto
acidwastethanthesteelpipe

BrassPipe
p

Themostexpensiveofalltypesofpipe.Madeofanalloyofzincandcoppermixedata
proportionof15%and85%respectively.Thebrasspipeissuperiormaterialforwaste
andwaterinstallationbecauseofitssmoothsurfaceasidefromitshighresistanceto
acids.
acids

CopperPipes

Adurablematerialwhichisextremelycorrosiveresistanteasiesttoinstall.

DrainageSystem

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
BasicPrincipleGoverningtheNationalPlumbingCode

All premisesintendedforhumanuseorhabitationshallbeprovidedwithasupplyofpureand
wholesomewater,neitherconnectedtounsafewatersupplynorsubjecttobackfloworback
siphonage.
Plumbingfixtures,devicesandappurtenancesshallbesuppliedwithwaterinsufficientvolumeand
pressure adequatetofunctionsatisfactorilyandwithoutunduenoise.
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
Plumbingshallbedesignedandadjustedto usetheminimumquantityofwater consistentwith
properperformanceandcleaning.
Devicesforheatingandstoringwatershallbesodesignedandinstalledastopreventdangersfrom
explosionthroughoverheating.
Everybuildingabuttingonastreet,alleyoreasement withapublicsewershall connectitsplumbing
fixturestothesewersystem.
Each family dwelling unit shallhave
Eachfamilydwellingunit
shall have atleastonewatercloset,
at least one water closet onekitchentypesink,alavatoryand
one kitchen type sink a lavatory and a
a
bathtuborshower tomeetthebasicrequirementsofsanitationandpersonalhygiene.
Plumbingfixtures shallbemadeof smoothnonabsorbentmaterial,freefromconcealedfouling
surfaces andshallbe locatedinventilatedenclosures.
The drainagesystem shallbedesigned,constructedandmaintainedtosafeguardagainstfouling,
depositofsolids,cloggingandwithadequatecleanoutssoarrangedthatthepipesmaybereadily
cleaned.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
BasicPrincipleGoverningtheNationalPlumbingCode

Allpiping shallbeof durableNAMPAPapprovedmaterials,freefromdefectiveworkmanship,

designedandconstructedbyRegisteredMasterPlumberstoensuresatisfactoryservice.
Each fixturedirectlyconnectedtothedrainagesystem shallbeequippedwithawatersealedtrap
The drainagepipespipingsystem shallbedesignedto provideadequatecirculationofairfreefrom
siphonage aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use
siphonage,aspirationorforcingoftrapsealsunderordinaryuse.
Ventterminalsshall extendtotheouterair andinstalledto preventcloggingandthereturnoffoul
air tothebuilding.
Plumbingsystemsshallbesubjectedtosuch teststoeffectivelydiscloseallleaksanddefectsinthe
workmanship.
Substancewhichwillclogthepipes,produceexplosivemixtures,destroythepipesortheirjointsor
interfereundulywiththesewagedisposalprocessshallnot beallowedtoenterthebuilding
drainage system
drainagesystem.
Properprotectionshallbeprovidedto preventcontamination offood,water,
sterilegoodsandsimilarmaterials bybackflowofsewage.Whennecessary,thefixture,
deviceorapplianceshallbeconnectedindirectlywiththebuildingdrainagesystem.
Nowaterclosetshallbelocatedinaroomorcompartmentwhichisnotproperlylightedand
ventilated.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
BasicPrincipleGoverningtheNationalPlumbingCode

Ifthereisnosewersysteminthearea, suitableprovision shallbemade forthedisposalofbuilding

sewagebysomeacceptedmethodofsewagetreatmentanddisposal,suchasaseptictank.
Wherea plumbingdrainagesystem maybe subjecttobackflowofsewage,suitableprovision shall
bemade topreventitsoverflowinthebuilding.
Plumbing systems shall be maintainedinserviceableconditionbyRegisteredMasterPlumbers.
Plumbingsystemsshallbe
maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers
Allplumbingfixtures shallbe installedproperlyspaced,tobe accessiblefortheirintendeduse.
Plumbingshallbeinstalledwith dueregardtothepreservationofthestrengthofstructural
membersandthepreventionofdamagetowallsandothersurfacesthroughfixtureusage.
Sewageorotherwastefromplumbingsystems, whichmaybedeleterioustosurfaceorsubsurface
waters shallnotbedischargedintothegroundorintoanywaterway,unlessfirstrendered
innocuousthroughsubjectiontosomeacceptableformoftreatment.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SubsystemsoftheSanitarySystem
SoilDrainageSystem
Soil Drainage System
WasteDrainageSystemorSanitaryDrainageSystem
StormDrainageSystem
VentSystem
Vent System

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SubsystemsoftheSanitarySystem
SoilDrainageSystem
Soil Drainage System
Thepipingthatconveysthe
discharge of water closets or
dischargeofwaterclosetsor
fixtureshavingsimilarfunctions
(containingfecalmatter),withor
without the discharges from other
withoutthedischargesfromother
fixtures
SoilDrainageSystem

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SubsystemsoftheSanitarySystem
WasteDrainageSystemorSanitaryDrainageSystem
Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System
Thepipingthatreceivestheliquiddischarge,fromplumbingfixtures
otherthanthosefixtures(waterclosets)receivingfecalmatter.This
pipingisfreeoffecalflow.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SubsystemsoftheSanitarySystem
StormDrainageSystem
Storm Drainage System
Thepipingsystemthatreceivesclearwaterdrainagefromleaders,
downspouts,surfacerunoff,groundwater,subsurfacewater,
condensatewater,coolingwaterorothersimilardischargesandconveys
themtothepointofdisposal.Allsanitarywastesmustbeexcluded.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SubsystemsoftheSanitarySystem
VentSystem
Vent System
thepipingsystemthatreceivesa
floworairtoorfromadrainage
systemortoprovideacirculation
ofairwithinsuchsystemto
protecttrapsealsfromsiphonage
orbackpressure.

VentSystem

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
GENERALREQUIREMENTSFORAPROPERLYDESIGNEDDRAINAGESYSTEM
1. The
1
Thepipingmustbeairtight,gastightandwatertight.
piping must be air tight gas tight and water tight
2. Eachplumbingfixture,exceptthosewithintegraltraps,shallbeseparatelytrappedbyan
approvedtypewatersealtrap.Thisistopreventodorladenandgermladentoriseoutof
g y
g
thedrainagesystemandcontaminatethesurroundingairintheroom.
3. Eachplumbingfixturetrapshallbeprovidedwithventpipes.Thisistoprotectthe
drainagesystemagainstsiphonage andbackpressureandtoassureair
circulationthroughoutthedrainagesystem.
4 Acleanout,easilyaccessible,shallbeprovidedforinspectionorcleaningofthepiperun.
4.
A cleanout easily accessible shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run
Thelocationofthecleanoutshallbe:
Attheupperendofeveryhorizontalwasteorsoilpipe.
Ateverychangeofhorizontaldirectionofnotmorethan22.5degrees
Within1.5m(5)insidethepropertylinebeforethehousesewerconnection
Atevery15m(50)toahorizontalrunofasoilorwastepipe.
5. Allhorizontalpipingshallberuninpracticalalignmentandatauniformgradeofnotless
than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal
than2%or2cmpermetertowardthepointofdisposal.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
GENERALREQUIREMENTSFORAPROPERLYDESIGNEDDRAINAGESYSTEM
6. All
6
Allhorizontalpipingshallbesupportedandanchoredatintervalsnottoexceed3meters.
horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters
7. Verticalpipingshallbesecuredatsufficientlycloseintervalstokeepthepipein
alignment.Stacksshallbeproperlysupportedattheirbases.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
DEFINITIONFROMNPC1999EDITION
HOUSE/BUILDINGDRAIN
HOUSE
/ BUILDING DRAIN partofthelowesthorizontalpipingofaplumbingsystem,
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system
whichreceivesthedischargesfromthesoil,wasteandotherdrainagepipesinsideofa
buildingandconveysittothehouseseweroutsideofthebuilding
HOUSE/BUILDINGSEWERextends
HOUSE
/ BUILDING SEWER e tends fromthehousedrainatapoint0.60meters
from the ho se drain at a point 0 60 meters
fromtheoutsidefaceofthefoundationwallofabuildingtothejunctionwiththe
streetsewerortoanypointofdischarge,andconveyingthedrainageofonebuilding
g
site.Nohouse/buildingsewershallbesmallerthan150mmindiameter,norlessin
sizethanthehouse/buildingdrain
WASTEPIPE conveysonlywastewaterorliquidwastefreeoffecalmatter
SOILPIPE
SOIL
PIPE anypipewhichconveysthedischargeofwatercloset,urinalorfixtures
any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet urinal or fixtures
havingsimilarfunctions,withorwithoutthedischargesfromotherfixturestothe
buildingdrainorbuildingsewer
SOILSTACKPIPE
SOIL
STACK PIPE averticalsoilpipeconveyingfecalmatterandwastewater.
a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water
VENTPIPE usedforensuringthecirculationofairinaplumbingsystemandfor
relievingthenegativepressureexertedontrapseals

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
DEFINITIONFROMNPC1999EDITION
VENTSTACK theverticalventpipeinstalledprimarilyforprovidingcirculationofairtoand
fromanypartofthesoil,wasteofthedrainagesystem
SEPTICTANKA watertightcoveredreceptacledesignedandconstructedtoreceive
thedischargeofsewagefromabuildingsewer,separatesolidsfromtheliquid,digest
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
organicmatterandstoredigestedsolidstheclarifiedliquidstodischargeforfinal
disposal.
PRIVATESEWAGEDISPOSALSYSTEM aseptictankwiththeeffluentdischarging
p
,
p g p
y
intoasubsurfacedisposalfield,seepagepitsorofsuchotherfacilitiesormaybe
permittedbytheplumbingcode.
ROOFGUTTER thewatercollectorattheeavesofthebuilding
DOWNSPOUT Averticalpipewhichconveysrainwater,alsoknownas
conductor or rain water
conductororrainwater
STORMDRAIN Receivesstormwater,clear,rainorsurfacewaterwaste(SD)
CATCHBASIN Areceptacleinwhichliquidsareretainedforasufficientperiodof
timetoallowmaterialstosettletodeposit.
TRAP Afittingordevicedesignedandconstructedtoprovide,whenproperlyvented,a
liquidsealwhichpreventsthebackflowoffoulairormethanegaswithoutmaterially
affectingtheflowofsewageorwastewaterthroughit

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
MATERIALSUSEDFORTHEPLUMBINGDRAINAGESYSTEM
*Approved
ApprovedbyNationalPlumbingCode
by National Plumbing Code

ExcretaDrainagePiping
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
9.
10.

Castiron
Ductile iron
Ductileiron
Galvanizedsteel(shallnotbeusedunderground.Keptatleast152mmaboveground)
Galvanizedwroughtiron (shallnotbeusedunderground.Keptatleast152mm
aboveground)
Lead
Copper
Brass
Series 1000 PVC DMV
Series1000,PVC,DMV
Extrastrengthvitrifiedclaypipe (shallnotbeusedaboveground.Atleast300mmbelow
finishgroundlevel.)
11. Approvedmaterialhavingsmoothanduniformbore
NOTE:ABSandPVCDWVcanbeusedinhighrisebuildingsatthediscretionoftheRMPandwith
thefullconsentoftheowner.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
MATERIALSUSEDFORTHEPLUMBINGDRAINAGESYSTEM
*Approved
ApprovedbyNationalPlumbingCode
by National Plumbing Code

DrainageFitting
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

CastIron
Malleable
Lead
Brass
Copper
ABS(AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene)
PVC(Polyvinylchloride)
Vitrifiedclay

VentPipes
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
9.

Castiron
Ductile cast iron
Ductilecastiron
Galvanizedsteel
Galvanizedwroughtiron
Lead
Copper
Brass
Schedule40,ABS,DWV
Series 1000 PVC DWV
Series1000,PVC,DWV

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
MATERIALSUSEDFORTHEPLUMBINGDRAINAGESYSTEM
*Approved
ApprovedbyNationalPlumbingCode
by National Plumbing Code

VentStack
1.
2
2.
3.
4.

Copper
Cast iron
Castiron
Galvanizedwroughtiron
PVC

Vent Fittings
VentFittings
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

CastIron
Galvanizedmalleableiron
Galvanized steel
Galvanizedsteel
Lead
Copper
Brass
ABS
PVC

Downspout(Interior)
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Castiron
Galvanized steel
Galvanizedsteel
Iron
Brass
Copper
Lead
Sched 40,ABS,DMV
Series1000,PVC,DWV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

G.I.pipe,sch.30
CISP,S.W.
Copper tube, type DWV
Coppertube,typeDWV
Sch.40,ABS,DWV
Series1000,PVC,DWV

Downspout (MediumHeightBldg)
Downspout
(Medium Height Bldg)

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
GRADESOFHORIZONTALPIPING
Allhorizontalpipingshallberuninpractical
All
horizontal piping shall be run in practical
alignmentandatauniformgradeofnotless
thantwo(2%)percentor20mmriseper
meterlength,andshallbesupportedor
anchoredatintervalsnotexceeding3.0m
(10feet).Allstacksshallbeproperly
supportedattheirbasesandallpipesshall
be rigidly secured Two inches (2))riseper
berigidlysecured.Twoinches(2
rise per
everyonehundred(100) length.
Asoilbranchhavingapitchofmorethan2%
hasthetendencyofwasteseparation.The
waterflowfasterandheavysuspended
materialsareleftanddepositedatthe
bottomofthepipe.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
CHANGESINDIRECTION
Allchangesindirectionshallbemadebytheappropriatefortyfivedegree(45)
All
changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate forty five degree (45)
wyes,halfwyes,longsweepquarterbends,exceptthatsinglesanitaryteesmaybe
usedonverticalstacks,andshortquarterbendsmaybeusedinsoilandwastelines
wherethechangeindirectionofflowisfromthehorizontaltothevertical.Teesand
crossesmaybeusedinventpipes.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
PROHIBITEDFITTINGS
Nodoublehub,doubleTbranchshallbeusedonhorizontalsoilorwasteline.The
No
double hub double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line The
drillingandtappingofhousedrains,soilwasteorventpipesandtheuseofsaddle
hubsandbendsareprohibited.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TRAPSWHEREREQUIRED:
EEachplumbingfixture,exceptthosewithintegraltraps,shallbe
h l bi fi t
t th
ith i t
lt
h ll b
separatelytrappedwithanapprovedtypewatersealtrap:
Onlyonetrapshallbepermittedonatraparm(portionofafixture
drainbetweenatrapandthevent)
Onetrap,centrallylocated,mayservethreesinglecompartment,
sinksorlaundrytubsorlavatories,adjacenttoeachotherandin
the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75m
thesameroom,wheretheirwasteoutletsarenotmorethan0.75m
apart.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SIZEOFTRAPS
Th
Thetrapshallbethesamesizeasthetraparmtowhichitis
t
h ll b th
i
th t
t hi h it i
connected.
Eachfixturetrapshallhaveatrapsealofwaterofnotlessthan51
mmandnotmorethan102mm(exceptwhereadeepersealis
foundnecessarybytheAdministrativeAuthorityforspecial
conditions.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
INSTALLATIONOFTRAPS
Th
Thedevelopedlengthofthetraparm(measuredfromthetopof
d l
d l th f th t
(
df
th t
f
closetringtoinneredgeofvent)ofawaterclosetorsimilarfixture
shallnotexceed1.8m.
Fortraparm76mmdia orlarger,acleanoutisrequiredfora
changeofdirectionofgreaterthan22.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TYPESOFPERMISSIBLETRAPS
TheCommonPTrap
Usedforlavatories,kitchensinks,laundrytubs,&urinals
MaterialscommonlyusedforthePtrap:nickel,chrome
Materials commonly used for the P trap: nickel chrome
platedbrass,Galvanizedmalleablecopper,&PVC.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TYPESOFPERMISSIBLETRAPS
TheDeepSealPTrap
WatersealisabouttwicethesizeofThecommonPtrap
Usedforextremeconditionsbecauseresealingqualityis
Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is
greater

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TYPESOFPERMISSIBLETRAPS
TheStandTrap
Usedforfixturessuchasslopsinksthatareusuallybuiltlowinthe
ground leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap
ground,leavingverylittlespaceforafoundation&atrap
Servesasawaterseal&structuralsupportforthefixture

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TYPESOFPERMISSIBLETRAPS
TheRunningTrap
Usedwithinthelineofthehousedrain

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
TYPESOFPERMISSIBLETRAPS
TheDrumTrap

Hasalargediameter(around0.16m)
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs
Usedforfixturesthatdischargelargeamountofwater(bathtubs,
showerorfloordrains)

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
INSTALLATIONOFTRAPS
Th
Theverticaldistancebetweenafixtureoutlettailpieceandthetrap
ti l di t
b t
fi t
tl t t il i
d th t
weirshallnotexceed0.60minlength.
HorizontalDistanceofTrapArms
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
TrapArm
Diameter

Distanceto
Vent

32mm

0.76m

38mm

1.07m

51
51mm

1 52
1.52m

76mm

1.83m

102mm >

3 05m
3.05m

Note:Innocaseshallthetrap
distancebelessthan2timesthe
diameterofthetraparm.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
CLEANOUTSREQUIRED

Attheupperterminalofeveryhorizontalsewerorwasteline
pp
y
Ateachrunofpipingmorethan15meters(50feet)intotal
developedlengthatevery15m(50ft)oftotaldevelopedlengthora
fraction thereof
fractionthereof
Additionalcleanoutshallbeprovidedonahorizontallinewithan
aggregateoffsetangleexceeding135
Insidethebuildingneartheconnectionbetweenthebuildingdrain
Inside the building near the connection between the building drain
andthebuildingsewerorinstalledoutsidethebuildingatthelower
endofthebuildingdrainandextendedtograde.

CLEANOUTSNOT REQUIRED
Onahorizontaldrainlessthan1.5minlengthunlesssuchlineis
serving sinks or urinals
servingsinksorurinals.
Onshorthorizontaldrainagepipeinstalledataslopeof72degor
lessfromtheverticalline(oratanangleof1/5bend)

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
VENTILATION
VentPipe Apipeoropeningusedforensuringthecirculationofairina
plumbingsystemandforrelievingthenegativepressureexerted
ontrapseals.
p

MainTypes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
6.
7.

MainSoilandWasteVent
Main
Soil and Waste Vent
MainVent
IndividualVentorBackVent
Unit,Common,orDualVent
ReliefVent
Yoke or By Pass Vent
YokeorByPassVent
CircuitVent

8. LoopedVent
Looped Vent
9. WetVent
10. LocalVent
11. DryVent
12. StackVent
13 VentStack
13.
Vent Stack

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
MainSoilandWasteVent
thebackboneoftheentire
sanitarysystem
ConnectedtotheMainSoil&
Connected to the Main Soil &
WasteStack
Theportionwherewastedoes
The portion where waste does
nottravelthrough
Continuestotheroof;the
portionpenetratingtheroofis
calledtheVentStackThrough
Roof (VSTR)
Roof(VSTR)

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
MainVent
theprincipalarteryofthe
ventingsystemtowhichvent
branches are connected
branchesareconnected.
A.K.A.CollectingVentLine
servesassupporttotheMain
serves as support to the Main
Soil&WasteVent

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
IndividualVentorBackVent
apipeinstalledtoventafixture
trap,thatconnectswiththe
vent system above the fixture
ventsystemabovethefixture
servedorterminatesinthe
open air.
openair.
Sizes:
Lavatories,drinkingfountain
Lavatories
drinking fountain
Sink
Shower,Laundry,Slop,Sink
Water Closet
WaterCloset

::11/2
11/2
:11/2
:1
: 3
:3

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
Unit,CommonorDualVent
Anarrangementofventingso
installedthatoneventpipe
serve two (2) traps
servetwo(2)traps

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
ReliefVent
averticalventlinethatprovides
additionalcirculationofair
between the drainage and vent
betweenthedrainageandvent
systemsortoactasanauxiliary
vent on a specially designed
ventonaspeciallydesigned
systemsuchasayokevent
connectionbetweenthesoil
andventstacks.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
YokeorBypassVent
Apipeconnectingupwardfrom
asoilorwastestackbelowthe
floor and below horizontal
floorandbelowhorizontal
connectiontoanadjacentvent
stack at a point above the floor
stackatapointabovethefloor
andhigherthanthehighestspill
leveloffixturesforpreventing
pressurechangesinthestacks.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
CircuitVent
agroupventpipewhichstartsin
frontoftheextreme(highest)
fixtureconnectionona
hori ontal branch and connects
horizontalbranchandconnects
totheventstack.
a.k.a. Loop
LoopVent
Vent
a.k.a.
Servesabatteryoffixtures
Numberofwatercloset Diameterofcircuit
installedinaseries
vent
2

50mm(2)

3 to 6
3to6

75mm (3))
75mm(3

7ormore

100mm(4)

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
LoopedVent
averticalventconnectionona
horizontalsoilorwastepipe
branch at a point downstream of
branchatapointdownstreamof
thelastfixtureconnectionand
turning to a horizontal line
turningtoahorizontalline
abovethehighestoverflowlevel
ofthehighestfixtureconnected
there
Usedinspaceswithoutpartitions

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
WetVent
Thatportionofaventpipe
throughwhichwastewateralso
flows through
flowsthrough.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
LocalVent

aapipeorshafttoconveyfoulairfromaplumbing
pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing
fixtureoraroomtotheouterair.

D V t
DryVent

aventthatdoesnotcarryliquidorwaterborne
wastes.

VentStack

theverticalventpipeinstalledprimarilyforprovidingcirculation
ofairtoandfromanypartofthesoil,wasteofthedrainage
f i t
df
t f th
il
t f th d i
system.Theuppermostendabovetheroofhastraditionally
been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
beenreferredtoasVentStackThroughRoof(VSTR).

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
VENTSREQUIRED
Eachtrapshallbeprotectedagainstsiphonage andback
pressurethroughventing.

VENTSNOTREQUIRED
On
Onaprimarysettlingtankinterceptorwhichdischarges
a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
throughahorizontalindirectwastepipeintoasecondary
interceptor.Thesecondaryinterceptorshallbeproperly
trappedandvented.
Trapsservingsinksinanislandbarcounter.Suchsinkshall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a
dischargebymeansofanapprovedindirectwastepipeintoa
floorsinkorotherapprovedtypereceptor.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss
1.DirectSiphonage orSelfSiphonage occursinunventedtrapsthat
serveovalbottomfixturessuchaslavatories.Suchfixturesdischarge
theircontentsrapidlyanddonothavethefinalsmalltrickleofwater
neededtoresealthetrap.Whentheplugiswithdrawn,thewaterflows
outfastandcompletelyfillsthewastepipe.Thewaterdisplacestheair
thatnormallyfillsthewastepipe,loweringtheatmosphericpressure
onthedischargesideofthetrap.Atmosphericpressureonthefixture
sideforcesthewaterthroughthetrap,andthesealislost.
g
p,

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss
2.IndirectorMomentumSiphonage causedbyalargedischargeof
waterfromafixtureinstalledoneormorefloorsabovetheaffected
fixture.Thislargedischargetendstoformasluginthestack;andas
thisslugpassesthetakeoffofthefixturebelowit,airispulledoutof
thewastelineonthelowerfixture.Thisreducesthepressureonthe
dischargesideofthetrap.Thereisnoresealuntilthereisadischarge
fromthelowerfixture.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss
3.BackPressure.Backpressurewithinasanitarydrainagesystemis
causedbysimultaneousfixtureusethatovertaxestheplumbing
system,causingapositivepressurethataffectsthewatersealofa
trap.Alargeflowmaycompletelyfillthepipe,causingthe
compressedatmosphericgasestoofferresistancebecausethey
cannotslippasttheflowofthewaterandexhaustataroofterminal.
Asthewaterfalls,thepressureincreasesandcompressestheair,and
thetrapsealblowsoutofthefixture.
p

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss
4.CapillaryAction Lossoftrapsealbycapillaryactioniscausedbya
foreignobjectlodgedinthetrap.Theobjectactsasawickandcarries
thewaterfromthetrapovertheoutletsideintothewastepipeuntil
thesealisineffective.Rags,string,lint,andhaircommonlycausethis
problem.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SANITARYSYSTEMPROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
TrapSealLoss
5.Evaporation.Lossoftrapsealfromevaporationonlyoccurswhena
fixtureisnotusedforalongtime.Therateofevaporationinatrap
dependsonthehumidityandtemperatureoftheatmosphere.Atrap
inawarm,dryplacewilllosewatersealbyevaporationmorerapidly
thanoneinacool,dampplace.Ventilationdoesnotsolvethe
problem.Theuseofadeepsealtrapisthebestsolution.One
disadvantageisthatsolidwastescollectinthebottomofthetrapand
clogthepipe
g
pp

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank

Awatertightcoveredreceptacledesignedandconstructedtoreceive
thedischargeofsewagefromabuildingsewer,separatesolidsfrom
theliquid,digestorganicmatterandstoredigestedsolidsthrougha
periodofdetention,andallowtheclarifiedliquidstodischargefor
p
,
q
g
finaldisposal

Sludge
g
solidorganicmatterthataredenserthanwaterandsettleatthe
bottomoftheseptictank

Scum
lighterorganicmaterialthatrisetothesurfaceofthewater

Effluent
liquidcontentofsewage

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Minimum Dimensions:
MinimumDimensions:
Length(L)
Width (W)
Width(W)
Depth(D)

:1500mm
:900mm
900
:1200mm

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Compartment
Firstcompartment:not lessthan2/3capacityofthetotal
capacityoftank;notlessthan2cumliquidcapacity;shallbe
at least 0 9 m width and 1 5 m long Liquid depth not less
atleast0.9mwidthand1.5mlong;Liquiddepthnotless
than0.6mnormorethan1.8m.
Secondarycompartment:maximumcapacityof1/3total
capacityoftank;minimumof1cumliquidcapacity
Inseptictankshavingover6cumcapacity,thesecondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
compartmentshouldbenotlessthan1.5minlength.
maintainaslopeof1:10atthebottomofthedigestion
chambertocollectthesludgeandmakeiteasilyaccessible
from the manhole
fromthemanhole

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Manholes
withatleasttwo(2)manholes,508mminmindimension;
oneoverinlet,otheroveroutlet.Whereverfirst
compartment exceeds 3 7 m in length an additional
compartmentexceeds3.7minlength,anadditional
manholerequiredoverthebafflewall.

Sizesofpipeinlet&outlet&theirverticallegs
pp
g
InletandOutletpipes diametersizenotlessthanthe
sewerpipe
Verticallegsofinletandoutletpipes
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes diametersizenot
diameter size not
lessthanthesewerpipenorlessthan104.6mm.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Length and location of inlet & outlet
Lengthandlocationofinlet&outlet
Shallextend101.6mmaboveandatleast304.8mmbelowthe
watersurface
Invertoftheinletpipeshallbeatalevelnotlessthan50.8mm
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50 8 mm
abovetheinvertoftheoutletpipe.

Airspace

Sidewallsshallextend228.6mmaboveliquiddepth.
Coverofseptictankshallbeatleast50.8mmabovethebackvent
openings

Partition(betweencompartments)

Aninvertedfittingequivalentinsizetothetankinlet,butinnocaseless
than 104 6 mm in diameter shall be installed in the inlet compartment
than104.6mmindiameter,shallbeinstalledintheinletcompartment
sideofthebafflewiththebottomofthefittingplacedmidwayinthe
depthoftheliquid.Woodenbafflesareprohibited.

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Structure
Shallbecapableofsupportinganearthloadofnotlessthan14.4kPa

Capacity
Thecapacityofseptictanksisdeterminedbythenumberofbedrooms
orapartmentunitsindwellingoccupancies;bytheestimated
waste/sewagedesignflowrateforvariousbuildingoccupancies;orby
/
g
g
g
p
;
y
thenumberoffixtureunitsofallplumbingfixtures;whicheverisgreater.
Thecapacityofanyoneseptictankanditsdrainagesystemshallalsobe
limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field
limitedbythesoilstructureclassificationinitsdrainagefield.

Location
Shouldnotbelocatedunderneaththehouse
Atleast15metersfromthewaterdistributionsystem
l
f
h
d
b

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Suggested Size
NumberofPerson Served

Depth

Width

Length

10

1.20

0.90

1.80

15

1.20

1.10

2.20

20

1.20

1.25

2.50

25

1.20

1.40

2.80

30

1.30

1.50

3.00

35

1 30
1.30

1 60
1.60

3 20
3.20

40

1.40

1.65

3.30

45

1.40

1.75

3.50

50

1.50

1.80

3.60

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Suggested Size
NumberofPerson Served

Depth

Width

Length

60

1.50

1.95

3.90

70

1.50

2.00

4.00

80

1.60

2.20

4.40

90

1.80

2.30

4.60

100

1.80

2.50

5.00

Drainage System
DrainageSystem
SepticTank
Technical Data in Determining Volume of Tank
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5.

Min.Width:0.90m
MinLength:1.50m
Min Depth: 1 20m
MinDepth:1.20m
ForResidential:allocate0.14to0.17cumofliquidperperson
ForSchoolandindustrialestablishment:Volumeshouldnotbe
l
lessthan0.057cumnormorethan0.086cumperperson
h
h

Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing Fixtures
Fixtures
receptaclesattachedtoaplumbingsystemotherthanatrapinwhich
waterorwastemaybecollectedorretainedforultimatedischargeinto
theplumbingsystem.

Commontypesofplumbingfixturesusedinresidences
f l b f
d
d
1.Watercloset
2.Lavatory
3.Kitchensink
4 Ui l
4.Urinal
5.Bidet
6. Bath tub
6.Bathtub

Plumbing Fixtures
WaterCloset
Aplumbingfixtureusedtoreceivehumanexcrementalandto
dischargeitthroughawastepipe,usingwaterasaconveyingmedium.
Waterclosetsareclassifiedaccordingto design,make,flushing
mechanism,shapeandinstallation.
,
p

TypesofWaterClosetastoDesign
1.Siphonwashdown
p
2.Siphonjet
3.SiphonVortex
4.Reversetrap

Plumbing Fixtures
WaterCloset
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

PrivateUse

76mm(3)

100mm (4)

PublicUse

76mm(3)

100mm (4)

Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Flush Tank Private

12mm(1/2)

Flush
l h Tank
k Public
bl

12mm(1/2)
( / )

FlushValve Private

25mm (1)

Flush Valve Public

FlushValve

10

25mm (1
(1))

Plumbing Fixtures
Siphonwashdown
Theleastexpensivebutthenoisiest;onlysmallamountofstanding
watersusceptibletofouling,stainingandcontamination.Itis
mechanicallysatisfactoryandislowerinprice.Hence,itiswidelyused
andentirelyacceptablewherepriceisthemainconsideration.
y
p
p

Plumbing Fixtures
SiphonJet
Thejetbeingsubmergedintroducesitswaterunderwatersothatits
operationisentirelymuffled.Ithasalargeamountofstandingwaterto
preventfouling.Itismechanicallyefficientbutexpensive.

Plumbing Fixtures
SiphonVortex
thistypeofbowldevelopsitsflushingactionthroughthewater
enteringthroughdiagonalholesaroundtherimwhichcreatesa
swirlingactionwhichformsavortexinthecenter.Itisconsideredtobe
themostquiet,mostefficientandmostsanitarywatercloset.
q
,
y

Plumbing Fixtures
ReverseTrap
thetrapwaylocatedattherearofthewatercloseteliminatedthe
bulgeatthefront.Thedesignandappearanceofthebowlplusitslarge
waterareaandquietnessinoperation,makeitdesirablethansiphon
washdown.

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofWaterClosetastoMake
1.
1
2.
3.
4.

OnePiece
One
Piece
CloseCoupled
Pail flush
Pailflush
SquatBowl

Plumbing Fixtures
OnePiece
Thewaterclosetfixtureismanufacturedwiththe
bowlandtheflushtankmoldedintoasingleunit.Usuallyusedin
tandemwiththebidet.

Plumbing Fixtures
PailFlush
awaterclosetcomprisingonlyofabowlwithoutaflushtank.Flushing
actionisobtainedonlythroughwaterpouredfromapailorbucket.
Thisisusedinareaswhererunningwatersystemsarenotavailable.

Plumbing Fixtures
SquatBowl
AwaterclosetthatisotherwiseknownasEastern
typesincetheuserassumesasquattingpositionratherthanasitting
position

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofWaterClosetastoFlushingMechanism
Flush Tank
FlushTank
holdsasupplyofwaterforflushinga
fixturesuchasthewatercloset.Ithasa
capacityof5to6gallons
i
f
ll

FlushValve(Flushometer)
holdsasupplyofwaterforflushinga
fixture such as the water closet It has a
fixturesuchasthewatercloset.Ithasa
capacityof5to6gallons

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofWaterClosetastoShape
Round Front
RoundFront
intendedforinstallationonalimited
space

ElongatedFront
ismorecomfortablebutoccupiesa
largerspace

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofWaterClosetastoInstallation
Free Standing (Floor Mounted)
FreeStanding(FloorMounted)

WallHung(WallMounted)

Plumbing Fixtures
MinimumWaterClosetClearances

Plumbing Fixtures
Lavatory
afixturedesignedforthewashingofthehandsorface.Itisalsoknown
aswashbasin.

TypesofLavatory
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5
5.

Wallhung
Pedestal
C
CounterTypeLavatory
t T
L t
O
OverCounterorUnderCounter
C
t
U d C
t
SurfaceMountedLavatory
One Piece Lavatory
OnePieceLavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
Lavatory
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

Sets

38mm(11/2)

38mm(11/2)

Single

38mm(11/2)

38mm(11/2)

Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Private

12mm(1/2)

Public
bl

12mm(1/2)
( / )

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofLavatory
Wall Hung Lavatory
WallHungLavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofLavatory
Pedestal Lavatory
PedestalLavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofLavatory
CounterTypeLavatory
Counter
Type Lavatory
Undercounter

Overcounter

Plumbing Fixtures
TypesofLavatory
Surface Mounted Lavatory
SurfaceMountedLavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
MinimumLavatoryClearance

Plumbing Fixtures
Bidet
aplumbingfixtureusedforwashingthemiddlepartofthebody,
especiallythegenitals.ItisalsoknownastheSitz Bath

Plumbing Fixtures
Bidet
Fixture
Bidet

Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Private

12mm(1/2)

Public

12mm(1/2)

Plumbing Fixtures
Bathtub
atubeforbathing,usuallyafixedplumbinginstallationdesignedfor
oneperson.Itisavailableinleftoutletandrightoutlet
Requirements for whirlpool
bathtubs
1. Provideremovableaccesspanelto
thepump.
p p
2. Locatethecirculationpumpabove
thecrownweirofthetrap.
3. Thepumpandthecirculation
pipingshallbeselfdrainingto
minimizewaterretention.
4. Suctionfittingsonwhirlpool
bathtubsshallcomplywiththe
listedstandards

Plumbing Fixtures
Bathtub
Fixture
Bathtub

Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

38mm(11/2)

38mm(11/2)

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Private

12mm(1/2)

Public
bl

12mm(1/2)
( / )

Plumbing Fixtures
Urinal
Asanitaryfixtureequippedwithawatersupplyanddrainforflushing
awayurine

TypesofUrinal
1.
2.
3
3.
4.

WallhungUrinal
PedestalUrinal
St ll U i l
StallUrinal
ThroughUrinal

Plumbing Fixtures
Urinal
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

Wall Mounted

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Stall

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

TrapArm

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

WallMounted

19mm(3/4)

Stall

19mm(3/4)

Plumbing Fixtures
WallHungUrinal

Plumbing Fixtures
PedestalUrinal

Plumbing Fixtures
StallUrinal

Plumbing Fixtures
ThroughUrinal

Plumbing Fixtures
MinimumUrinalClearance

Plumbing Fixtures
OtherFixtureUnits
Sinks
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

KitchenSink(residential)

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Bar Sink(commercial)

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Sinkk (Commercial,
Si
(C
i l
industrial,Institutional)

38
38mm(11/2)
(1 1/2)

51
51mm(2)
(2)

Sink(clinic)FlushingRim

38mm(11/2)

76mm(3)

SlopSink

38mm(11/2)

51mm (2)

LaundryTub

38mm(11/2)

38mm(11/2)

Plumbing Fixtures
OtherFixtureUnits
Sinks
Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Kit h Si k
KitchenSink

12
12mm
(1/2)

ScullerySink

19mm(3/4)

Slop Sink
SlopSink

10

12mm (1/2
(1/2))

LaundryTub

12mm (1/2)

BarSink

12mm (1/2)

Plumbing Fixtures
OtherFixtureUnits
Drinking Fountain
DrinkingFountain
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

Private

32mm(11/4)

32mm(11/4)

Public

32mm(11/4)

32mm(11/4)

Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Pi t
Private

1( hf
1(eachfaucet)
t)

12
12mm
(1/2)

Public

2(eachfaucet)

12mm (1/2)

Plumbing Fixtures
OtherFixtureUnits
Shower Bath
ShowerBath
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

Private

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Public

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Pi t
Private

2 ( h h d)
2(eachhead)

12
12mm
(1/2)

Public

4(eachhead)

12mm (1/2)

Plumbing Fixtures
OtherFixtureUnits
Floor Drain
FloorDrain
Fixture

DFU

Vent

Soil pipe

Private

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

Public

38mm(11/2)

51mm(2)

HoseBibb
Fixture

WSFU

Water SupplyPipe

Private

12mm (1/2)

Public

12mm (1/2)

StormWaterSystem

Storm Water System

StormWaterSystem
StormDrain
Thisistheportionoftheplumbingsystemwhichconveysrainorstorm
watertoasuitableterminal.Thisisusuallydischargedintoastreet
gutterconveyedbyapublicdrainsystemandcarriedtosomenatural
drainageterminalsuchaslakesorrivers.
g

SizeofStormDrain
Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredwhendeterminingthesize
of the storm drain:
ofthestormdrain:
1.Gaugingtherainfall,constant,shortdurationorheavyshower
2.Thevaryingroofareaanditsslopeincludingthedistanceofwater
travelbeforeitreachestheconductorsordownspoutsoftheroof
lb f
i
h h
d
d
f h
f
3.Waterdrainisfasteronhigherpitchedroofshence,requiresalarger
drainagepipethanthatofaflatroof
4 Th h i h f h b ildi
4.Theheightofthebuildingcontributestothehighvelocityofwaterin
ib
h hi h l i
f
i
theverticalconductorandacceleratetheflowofwaterenteringthe
stormdrain.

Storm Water System

StormWaterSystem
SizeofStormDrain
Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredwhendeterminingthesize
g
g
ofthestormdrain:
5.Shortoffsetsandindiscriminateuseoffittingsaffecttheflowof
water
water.

Storm Water System

StormWaterSystem
SizeofStormDrain
Pipe Diameter

Maximum obtainedroofarea(sqm)
obtained roof area (sqm)

(mm)

(in)

2%slope

3%Slope

4%Slope

75

114

142

170

100

242

315

388

125

438

566

694

150

700

903

1105

1888

2313

200

8
8

1463

3309

4055

250

10

2563

5290

6480

300

12

4100

350

14

5576

7203

8830

Storm Water System

StormWaterSystem
SizeofRoofLeader
AreaofRoof
A
fR f
(sqm)

GutterTop
G
tt T
Dimension
(mm)

Downspoutt orRoof
D
R f
LeaderDiameter
(mm)

1 to10

75

38

11to25

100

50

26 to 75
26to75

100

75

76to165

125

90

166to335

150

100

336to510

200

125

511to900

250

150