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The University of Douala, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, department of Hygiene, Safety and Industrial security, P.O.
Box 2071 Douala, Cameroon
2
Research Fellow/Lecturer, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the
Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the
systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time.
Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show
that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over
time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita
-1
-1
generation rate of 0.54 0.071 kg person month . While inert (7.40.8), metal (2.6 0.8), glass
(3.5% 1.3), and paper (14.5% 0.9) wastes (2.0% 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry
season, plastic (16.1% 2.6), organic (49.8.3% 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% 0.1) had higher
proportions in the rainy season. However, at = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > , with
extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not
significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean
generation rates across the different districts ,. = . ; = . .Forecasting
generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste
management.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Douala municipality, Cameroon, Material flow analysis, Load count analysis, Per
capita generation rate.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing population levels, booming economy, rapid
urbanization and the rise in community living standards
have greatly accelerated the municipal solid waste
(MSW) generation rate in developing countries (Minghua
et al., 2009).In African cities poor management of solid
waste is a common phenomenon due to budgetary
problems, mismatching plans and inadequate information
about the amount of solid waste generated by residents
(Simelane and Mohee, 2012). At the same time, improper
handling and disposal of solid waste constitutes a serious
problem: it results in deterioration of the urban
environment in the form of air, water, and land pollution
(Adekunle et al., 2011; Jalil, 2010) that pose risks to
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
Mbue et al.
091
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
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Figure 1. Map of Africa and Cameroon showing the city of Douala with its
municipalities; a-f: CEMAC countries
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
Mbue et al.
093
ID
Waste components
Paper
Plastic
Glass
Metal
Ferrous, non-ferrous, tin cans, metal foils, Other Non-Ferrous and ferrous metals
Electronics
Household Hazardous
Other Organics
Food wastes, Leaves and Grass, Prunings and Trimmings, Branches and
Stumps, Manures, Carpet, Textiles (rubber, clothes, synthetic, cables, leather),
Remainder/Composite Organic
Inerts& other
Concrete, Asphalt Paving, Lumber, Gypsum Board, Rock, Soil, and Fines,
Remainder/Composite
Special Waste
Ash, Bulky Items, Tyres, Treated Medical Waste, Remainder/Composite Special Waste
3
4
5
6
7
(1)
Data Analyses
1
Where:
1
2
(2)
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
094
Municipality
Douala I
Douala II
Douala III
Douala IV
Douala V
Total
Amount Collected
(Tonnes/day)
1845
1984
2104
2245
2342
10520
MSW Recycled
Generation recycled =
p2 2 Var rj2
p2 3 Var rj3
(5)
Kg
Population
day person
(7)
100%(8)
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
Mbue et al.
095
City-Country
Kumasi-Ghana
Abuja-Nigeria
Yaounde-Cameroon
Bamako Mali
Population
(Millions)
1.89
2.5
1.72
1.5
in
Per
Capita
Yearly
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
096
Material
Paper and Cartons :
Est.
percent
19.4%
+/-
Est.
tons
639646
PaperBags
1.2%
0.9%
39566
ue
Office Paper
Magazines/catalog
5.2%
0.9%
171451
1.9%
0.9%
62646
paper
Glass
Newspapers
White
ledger
4.3%
0.9%
141777
0.3%
6.5%
2.2%
0.4%
0.9%
9891
214314
85726
1.3%
0.1%
49457
Composite Glass
Windows
breakings
0.7%
0.1%
23080
0.2%
0.1%
13189
Rock/soil/concrete
/fine
Lumber/Wood
Composite
Metals
Tin/Steel cans
Major Appliances
Aluminiumcans
9.4%
0.1%
309931
3.2%
0.4%
5.8%
3.2%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
1.3%
0.1%
2.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
105509
13189
191234
118697
9891
3297
3297
42863
0.2%
1.4%
0.1%
0.5%
6594
52754
Mixed paper
Other Non-Ferrous
Composite metal
Material
Plastic
PET
containers
HDPE
containers
Plastic
trash
bag
Misc.
containers
Composite
Plastic
Other Organics
Food wastes
Leaves
&
grass
Composite
organic
Prunings/trimm
ing
Branches
&
stumps
Manures
Carpet
Textiles
Special wastes
Ash
Bulky Items
Tyres/Rubber
Sewage Solids
Industrial
Sludge
Composite
Est.
percent
15.4%
+/-
Est. tons
441817
5.2%
0.1%
171451
2.4%
0.1%
79131
0.7%
0.1%
23080
4.3%
0.1%
141777
2.8%
48.4%
24.3%
0.7%
1.9%
92320
1635382
807800
3.8%
0.7%
125291
3.3%
0.5%
141777
2.7%
1.5%
89023
0.6%
0.4%
19783
0.1%
3.2%
10.4%
2.0%
0.2%
1.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.1%
2.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
3297
105509
342903
65943
6594
32971
6594
13189
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
3297
3297
Confidence intervals calculated at the 90% confidence level. Percentages for material types may not total 100% due to rounding
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
Mbue et al.
097
Waste category
Glass
Inerts& Others
Metal
Paper
Putrescibles
Plastic
Special
Mean (SD)
Dry
Rainy
Hypothesis
Ho
Ha
Confidence Interval
Lower
Upper
3.42 1.26
2.72 .877
2.90 .600
14.65 .98
45.0 4.0
16.423.1
1.27 1.17
3.331.28
3.041.5
2.5.945
14.47.96
47.01.41
16.15 2.6
2.90 2.0
=3.4
=2.72
=2.90
=14.65
=45.0
=16.42
=1.27
3.4
2.72
2.90
14.65
45.0
16.42
1.27
.027
-.382
.781
.294
-.651
.154
-1.465
0.735
0.172
0.338
0.730
0.404
0.715
0.287
-1.78
-2.20
-.78
-1.19
-11.78
-3.67
-4.13
-1.78
1.56
1.61
1.55
7.78
4.20
.880
At = 0.05, the results indicated that all categories resulted in P >, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t. We thus fail to reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that, waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season.
Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
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Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
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Municipal Solid Waste Generation,Composition, and Management in the Douala Municipality, Cameroon
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the authorities of
the Douala municipality and management of the PK10
landfill for their in-kind support. We are also very grateful
to the Cameroon government for assisting research in
higher education through the modernisation allowance.
We show our appreciation to colleagues, friends,
municipalitiesmembers
and
workers
that
have
contributed with valuable information. The authors
acknowledged the contributions of Dr. Essam Gooda, Dr.
Brahima Kone, Dr. Lorena De Medina Salas, Dr. Ali
Hammoud and Dr Mohamed Ben Oumarou for donating
their time, critical evaluation, constructive comments, and
invaluable assistance toward the improvement of this
very manuscript.
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