American Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data, 1880-1940

Compiled by Kenyon Zimmer

2014
(Note: Periodicals that lasted for fewer than four issues have been omitted, as have those for which no circulation data was found.)
Title

Language

Years in Print

Di Abend Tsaytung (New

York)

Yiddish

1906

LAdunata dei Refrattari

(New York)

Italian

1922-1971

The Advance (Mount

Juliet, TN)

English

The Agitator (Home, WA)

The Alarm (Chicago; New

York)

LAllarme (Chicago)

Circulation Per Issue

Sources

Notes

7,000

Chaikin, 198

c. 1922-1939: 5,000

Berman

1911-12

1911: c. 300+

Koenig, 127

154 subscribers, not

including those in Chicago

English

1910-12

1910-12: c. 800

See entry for The

Demonstrator

Previously The
Demonstrator; continued
as The Syndicalist

English

1884-89

1884: 2,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 3,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 3,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1915: 2,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:37

1916: 6,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:37

Italian

1915-17

Daily paper

Amerikanskie Izvestiia
(New York)

Russian

1920-24

1922: 3,000

Davis, 126

Daviss estimate

L'Ami des Ourvriers

(Hastings, PA)

French

1894-96

1894-96: c. 5,000

See entry for Le Rveil

des Mineurs

Previously Le Rveil des

Mineurs

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

LAnarchica/Il Diritto/Il
Refrattario (New York;
Providence, RI)

Italian

1918-19

1919: 2,000

Revolutionary Radicalism,
2:852, 2004

Der Anarchist (Chicago)

German

1886

1886: 300

Hoerder, ed., 3:355;

Nelson, Beyond, 124

The Anarchist Soviet

Bulletin (New York)

English

1919-1920

1919: 2,000

Revolutionary Radicalism,
2:2004

Arbeiter Zeitung (Buffalo)

German

1886-1898?

1898: 1,569

American Newspaper
Directory, 1900

Der Arme Teufel (Detroit)

German

1884-1900

1887: 2,750

Oestreicher, 159

1890: 3,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:376

1894: 3,500

N. W. Ayer 1894

1895: 7,000

Oestreicher, 157

1897: 3,525

N. W. Ayer 1897

1898: 2,700; 3,525

Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W.

Ayer 1898

1900: 3,525; 3,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W.

Ayer 1900

LAvvenire (Steubenville,
OH; New Kensington, PA;
Pittsburgh; New York)

Italian

1910-17

1912: 4,000

Pernicone, War, 81

Budoucnost (Chicago)

Czech

1882-86

1884: 360

Hoerder, ed., 2:241

1886: 750

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1919: 3,000

See entries for LEra

Nuova and La Jacquerie

Il Bollettino de LEra
Nuova (Paterson, NJ)

Italian

1919

Government estimate

Ayers figure is an
estimate

Previousuly LEra Nuova,

continued as La Jacquerie

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Challenge (New York)

English

1938-39

1938: 5,000

Abe Bluestein to Mollie

Steimer and Senya
Flchine

Chicagoer ArbeiterZeitung (Chicago)

German

1879-1910

1880: 3,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1881: 4,500

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 4,850

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 5,200

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 5,326

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 5,110

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 5,780

Nelson, Beyond, 124;

Hoerder, ed., 3:389

1888: 5,000

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1890: 4,600

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1892: 5,800

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1894: 7,145

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1895: 15,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:389

1896: 15,120

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1898: 12,560

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1900: 10,000; 15,000

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100; Bekken, 18

1910: 15,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:389

Daily paper; ceased being

an anarchist paper in
1910

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

El Corsario (New York)

Spanish

1910?-1919

1919: 1,400

New York Times, 24 Feb.

1919

Cronaca Sovversiva
(Barre, VT; Lynn, MA)

Italian

1903-1919

1912: 3,200

Pernicone, War, 81

c.1917: 4,000

Avrich, Sacco and

Vanzetti, 50

1918: 5,000

Cartosio, 425

Cultura Obrera (New

York)

Spanish

1911-1927

1925: c. 4,000

The Road to Freedom,

September 1925

Continued as Cultura
Proletaria

Cultura Proletaria (New

York)

Spanish

1927-1953

c.1927-1939: 4,000

Avrich, Anarchist Voices,

392

Previously Cultura Obrera

Czech

1890-1917

1896: 1,200

Hoerder, ed., 2:244

Delo Truda (New York)

Russian

1927-1939

1939: 200-300

Hoerder, ed., 2:118

The Demonstrator (Home,

WA)

English

1903-08

1904: c. 800

Veysey, 36

Previously Discontent;
continued as The Agitator

Discontent (Home, WA)

English

1898-1902

1900: 1,200; 800-1,000

Ghormley; Koenig, 138

Continued as The
Demonstrator

Domani (Brooklyn)

Italian

1919

1919: 1,500; 1,000

Revolutionary Radicalism,
2:2005; Hoerder, ed., 3:60

Continued as LOrdine

LEmancipazione (San
Francisco)

Italian

1927-1932

1931: 3,000

LEmancipazione, June
1931

LEra Nuova (Paterson,

NJ)

Italian

1908-1917

1908-1917: 3,000

See entries for La

Questione Sociale and La
Bullettino de LEra Nuova

Eresia (New York)

Italian

1928-1932

c. 1928-1930: 2,000

Avrich, Anarchist Voices,

174

1931-32: 3,000-3,100

Eresia, January 1932, 65

1880: 5,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124;

Hoerder, ed., 3:407

Dlnick Listy (New York)

Die Fackel (Chicago)

German

1879-1910

Previously La Questione
Sociale; continued as Il
Bollettino de LEra Nuova

Ceased being an
anarchist paper in 1910

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

The Firebrand (Portland,

OR)

English

1895-97

1881: 5,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 7,150

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 9,300

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 10,035

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 10,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 12,200

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1888: 7,500

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1890: 16,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:407;

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1892: 20,000

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1894: 24,160

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1895: 25,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:407

1896: 24,600

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1898: 19,800

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1900: 15,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:407;

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1910: 24,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:407;

Bekken, 18

1896: 2,189

American Newspaper
Directory, 67

Continued as Free
Society

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Fraye Arbeter Shtime

(New York)

Di Fraye Gezelshaft (New

York)

Yiddish

Yiddish

1890-94, 1899-1977

1895-1900

1897: 3,000

La Questione Sociale, 15
October 1897

1890-94: 3,000-4,000

Sanders, 112; Michels,

100

Calculated as the
circulation of the socialist
Arbayter Tsaytung

1899: 4,000; 8,000

Gordin, 249

1901: 7,000

Hapgood, 192

4,000 earlier in the year;

8,000 by December

1904: c. 20,000?

Gordin, 294

1906: 8,500

Burgin 651

1909: 20,000

Gordin, 314

1910: 15,000

N. W. Ayer 1910

1911: 15,000

N. W. Ayer 1911

1914: 30,000

Gordin, 314

1917: 12,000

N. W. Ayer 1917

Ayers estimate

1918: 12,000

N. W. Ayer 1918

Ayers estimate

1920: 12,000

Revolutionary Radicalism
2:2004; N. W. Ayer 1920

1923: 7,000

N. W. Ayer 1923

Ayers estimate

1924: 7,000

N. W. Ayer 1924

Ayers estimate

1925: 7,000

N. W. Ayer 1925

Ayers estimate

1935: 5,000

Cohn to Nettlau

1940: 10,000

N. W. Ayer 1940

1895: 2,000

Hoerder, ed., 2:579

1897: 2,500

Frumkin, In friling, 85

roughly twenty thousand

readers

Ayers estimate

Ayers estimate

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Di Fraye Gezelshaft (New

York)

Yiddish

1910-11

1910: 6,000, 8,000

Di Fraye Gezelshaft,
January 1910 and May
1910

Free Society (San

Francisco; Chicago; New
York)

English

1897-1904

1897: 3,115

American Newspaper
Directory, 67

Previously The Firebrand

Free Society (New York)

English

1920-22

1921: 1,000+

Busha

1,000 copies delivered to

Philadelphia alone

Freedom (New York; New

Brunswick, NJ)

English

1919

1919: 2,500

Freedom, April-May 1919

Freedom (New York)

English

1933-34

1933: c. 2,000

Freedom, 18 March 1933

Freiheit (New York)

German

1882-1910

1883: 5,000

Carlson, 205

1884: 5,000

Carlson, 205

1885: 5,000

Carlson, 205

1886: 5,000

Carlson, 205

1892: 4,300

Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1894: 4,300

N. W. Ayer 1894

1896: 5,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1897: 5,000

N. W. Ayer 1897

1900: 3,000

New York Herald, 31 July

1900

1904: 3,500

N. W. Ayer 1904

1905: 3,500

N. W. Ayer 1905;
Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1906: 5,000

N. W. Ayer 1906

Previously The Road to

Freedom

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

1907: 5,000; 3,500-4,000

N. W. Ayer 1907;
International Anarchist
Congress, 5

1908: 5,000

N. W. Ayer 1908

1909: 4,500

N. W. Ayer 1909

1910: 4,250

N. W. Ayer 1910;
Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1902: 1,500

Bianco et al.

Germinal (Paterson, NJ)

French

1899-1902

Golos Truda (New York)

Russian

1911-17

c. 1917: c. 2,800

Mailing ListGolos
TrudaRussian Nihilist
Newspaper

Italian

1892-94

1892: 5,000

Il Grido degli Oppressi

February 10, 1893

1893: 3,000

Il Grido degli Oppressi

February 10, 1893

Il Grido degli Oppressi

(New York; Chicago)

La Jaquerie (Paterson,
NJ)

Italian

1919

1919: 3,000

United States Congress,

536

Khleb i Volia (New York)

Russian

1919

1919: 4,547

Revolutionary Radicalism,
1:862

Lampcka (Chicago)

Czech

1885-86

1886: 750

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

Land and Liberty

(Hayward, CA; San
Francisco)

English

1914-15

1915: 3,500

Land and Liberty, June

1915

The Liberator (Chicago)

English

1905-6

1905: 1,000

The Liberator, 3
September 1905

Liberty (Boston; New

York)

English

1881-1908

1890: 1,000

Martin, 268

1894: 800

N. W. Ayer 1894

Previously Il Bollettino de
LEra Nuova

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Lucifer (Valley Falls, KS;

Topeka, KS; Chicago)

English

1883-1907

1898: 750

N. W. Ayer 1898

1884: 900

N. W. Ayer 1884

1885: 850, 600-700

N. W. Ayer 1885; Koenig,

77

1886: 850

N. W. Ayer 1886

1887: 2,000

Koenig, 77

1888: 850

N. W. Ayer 1888

1889: 1,250

N. W. Ayer 1889

1890: 1,676, 1,500

N. W. Ayer 1890; Koenig,

77

Man! (San Francisco; Los

Angeles; New York)

English

1933-1940

1933-1940: c. 5,000+

Man! January 1934;

Graham to Inglis

Il Martello (New York)

Italian

1916-1946

1919: 2,500

Revolutionary Radicalism,
2:2004

1923: 6,500

Pernicone, Carlo Tresca,

105

1924: 10,500

Pernicone, Carlo Tresca,

105

1929: 8,000

Pernicone, Carlo Tresca,

105

1920: 500

Revolutionary Radicalism,
2:2006

The Modern School (New

York; Stelton, NJ)

English

1912-1922

Minimal estimate based

on statements in the
sources cited that it was
the [anarchist] paper with
the most subscribers,
and reached the largest
reading circle that any
libertarian publication may
perhaps ever had.

Government estimate

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Mother Earth (New York)

English

1906-1917

Mother Earth Bulletin

(New York)

English

1917-18

Den Nye Tid (Chicago)

Danish

1877-1884

1906-1917: c. 3,000-4,000

Pateman

1907: 3,000-4,000

International Anarchist
Congress, 5

1910: 6,000

New York Times, 8 May

1910

1917: 10,000 (only for

special June issue)

Pateman

1917-18: c. 3,000

See entry for Mother

Earth

1880: 1,600

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1881: 1,600

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 2,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 2,400

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 2,800

Nelson, Beyond, 124

LOrdine (New York)

Italian

1919-1920

1919-1920: c. 1,250

See entry for Domani

Di Parole (St. Louis)

German

1884-1891?

1884-85: 2,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:453

1888: 2,200

Hoerder, ed., 3:453

1890: 1,600

Hoerder, ed., 3:453

Pingdeng (San Francisco)

Chinese

1927-29

1927: 2,000

LEmancipazione,
November 1927

La Plebe (New
Kensington, PA;
Pittsburgh)

Italian

1906-9

1906-9: 3,000+

Caminita, 47

Prce (Chicago)

Czech

1886-87

1886-87: 500

Hoerder, ed., 2:253

Spanish

1909-1910

1909-1910: 10,000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Prxedis_Guerrero

Punto Rojo (El Paso, TX)

Continued as Mother
Earth Bulletin

Previously Mother Earth

Previously Domani

3,000 subscribers

10

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

La Questione Sociale
(Paterson, NJ)

Regeneracin (Los
Angeles)

Italian

Spanish

1895-1908

1910-18

1897: 3,000

La Questione Sociale, 30
June 1897

Continued as LEra Nuova

1899: 3,250

La Questione Sociale,
February 1899

1900: 3,000

Carey, 291

1908: 3,000

Rigazo, 205

1910: 11,000; 17,000

Mother Earth, April 1911;

Freedom (London),
December 1922

1911: 25,000; 21,000

Turner, 37; Mother Earth,

August 1911, 161

1915: 3,986

Sandos, 59

1916: 10,500

N. W. Ayer 1916

Ayers estimate based on

earlier years, probably too
high to be correct

1888-1890: c. 5,000

See entry for Le Rveil

des Mineurs

Continued as Le Rveil
des Mineurs
Previously Le Rveil des
Masses; continued as
L'Ami des Ourvriers

Founded in Mexico in
1900, but did not become
explicitly anarchist until
1910-1911

Le Rveil des Masses

(New York;
Newfoundland, PA)

French

1888-1890

Le Rveil des Mineurs

(Hastings, PA)

French

1890-93

1890-93: 5,000

Creagh, 149

Revolt (Chicago)

Swedish

1911-16

1911: 1,000

Hoerder, ed., 1:164

The Road to Freedom

(Stelton, NJ; New York)

English

1924-1932

1925: 1,200

De Leon, 26

Continued as Freedom

c.1926-32: 3,000+

Avrich, Anarchist Voices,

432

3,000 subscribers

Secolo Nuovo (San

Francisco)

Italian

1894-1906

1906: 1,700

Edward P. Remingtons,
22

La Sferza (Westfield, NJ)

Italian

1924-25

1925: c. 1,000

Hugo Rolland Archive,

Folder 15.

673 subscribers

11

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Solidarity (New York)

English

1892-98

1898: c. 1,000

American Newspaper
Directory, 1900

Spanish Revolution (New

York)

English

1936-38

1936-38: 7,000

Vanguard, OctoberNovember 1936; Dolgoff,

19

The Syndicalist (Chicago)

English

1913

1913: c. 800

See entry for The Agitator

Terra (Stockton, CA)

Italian

1906-1910

1909: 2,750

N. W. Ayer 1909

Vanguard (New York)

English

1932-33, 1935-39

c.1936: 3,000

Avrich, Anarchist Voices,

450

Di Varhayt (New York)

Yiddish

1889

1889: 2,500

Hoerder, ed., 2:654,

Burgin, 161

Der Verbote (Chicago)

German

1874-1910

1880: 5,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1881: 6,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 6,500

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 7,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884 7,115

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 8,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124;

Hoerder, ed., 3:492

1886: 8,000

Nelson, Beyond, 124

1888: 5,000

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1890: 3,150

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1892: 3,575

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1894: 4,000

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

Previously The Agitator

Ceased being an
anarchist paper in 1910

12

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

1896: 7,300

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1898: 6,150

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

1900: 5,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:492;

Nelson, Arbeiterpresse,
100

Voln Listy (New York)

Czech

1890-1917

1910: 4,500

New York Times, 8 May

1910

The Woman Rebel (New

York)

English

1914

1014: 2,000+

Sanger, 109

2,000 subscribers

The Word (Princeton, MA)

English

1872-1893

1880: 1,050

N. W. Ayer 1880

Ayers estimate

1881: 1,200

N. W. Ayer 1881

1882: 1,300

N. W. Ayer 1882

1883: 1,300

N. W. Ayer 1883

Ayers estimate

1884: 1,300

N. W. Ayer 1884

Ayers estimate

1885: 2,050

N. W. Ayer 1885

1886: 2,050

N. W. Ayer 1886

1888: 2,050

N. W. Ayer 1888

1889: 2,025

N. W. Ayer 1889

1890: 2,040

N. W. Ayer 1890

1893: 2,040

N. W. Ayer 1893

1885: 2,000

Hoerder, ed., 3:504

Die Zukunft (Philadelphia)

German

1884-85?

Ayers estimate

13

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

Sources Cited
American Newspaper Directory. New York: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1900.
Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Bekken, Jon. "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995), 3-23.
Berman, Paul. The Torch and the Axe: The Unknown Aftermath of the Sacco-Vanzetti Affair. The Village Voice, 17 May 1988.
Bianco, Ren, Ronald Creagh, and Nicole Riffaut-Perrot, Quand le coq rouge chantera: anarchistes franais et italiens aux tats-Unis d'Amrique; bibliographie.
Marsielle/Montpellier: Editions Culture et Libert/CIRCAN, 1986.
Bluestein, Abe to Molly Steimer & Senya Flchine, 3 June 1938. Folder 9, Senya Flchine Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Burgin, Hertz. Di geshikhte fun der idisher arbayter bevegung in Amerike, Rusland un England. New York: Fareynigte Idishe Geverkshaften, 1915.
Busha, S. Free Society. 25 February 1921. National Archives and Records Administration, Bureau of Investigation Records, File 202600-1081.
Caminita, Ludovico. Twenty Years of Experience in the Radical Movement, n.d. [c. 1923], unpublished manuscript. File 61-115, Bureau of Investigation Records, National
Archives and Records Administration, Maryland.
Carey, George. La Questione Sociale, an Anarchist Newspaper in Paterson, New Jersey (1895-1908). In Lydio Tomasi, ed., Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian
Immigration and Ethnicity. Staten Island: Center for Migration Studies, 1985.
Carlson, Andrew R. Anarchism in Germany: The Early Movement. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1872.
Cartosio, Bruno. "Italian Workers and Their Press in the United States, 1900-1920." In Christian Harzig and Dirk Hoerder, eds., The Press of Labor Migrants in Europe and North
America, 1880s to 1930s (Bremen: Publications of the Labor Newspaper Preservation Archive, 1985), 423-42.
Chaikin, Jospeh. Yidishe bleter in Amerike: a tsushteyer tsu der 75 yoriker geshikhte fun der Yidisher prese in di Fareynikte Shtatn un Kanade. New York: Farlag M. Sh. Sklarski,
1946.
Cohn, Michel A. to [Max] Nettlau, 8 February 1935. Max Nettlau Papers, folder 307, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Creagh, Ronald. Socialism in America: The French-speaking Coal Miners in the Late Nineteenth Century. In Marianne Debouzy, ed. In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty:
Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 143-156.
Davis, Jerome. The Russian Immigrant. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922.
De Leon, Solon, ed. American Labor Press Directory. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1925.
Dolgoff, Sam. Fragments: A Memoir. Cambridge: Refract Publications, 1986.
Edward P. Remingtons Annual Newspaper Directory. Edward P. Remington Newspaper Advertising, New York: 1910.
Frumkin, A. In friling fun idishn sotsializm: zikhroynes fun a zshurnalist. New York: A. Frumkin Yubiley Komitet, 1940.
Ghormley, Kenneth O. The L.F.D.B.A. Celebrates Its Centennial: Anarchy at Home. The Fortnightly Club of Redlands, California.
http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/ghorm99.htm.
Gogura, Heather. The Agitator, The Labor Press Project. Online at <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/Agitator.htm>. (Accessed 1/22/08)
Gordin, Abba. Sh. Yanovsky: zayn lebn, kemfn un shafn, 1864-1939. Los Angeles: Sh. Yanovksy Odenk Komitet, 1957.
Graham, Marcus to Agnes Inglis, 30 December 1935. Box 4, Agnes Inglis Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Graur, Mina. An Anarchist Rabbi: The Life and Teachings of Rudolf Rocker. New York: St. Martins Press, 1997.
Hoerder, Dirk (with Christiane Harzig), ed. The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography. 3 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
Hugo Rolland Archive, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

14

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

The International Anarchist Congress Held at the Plancius Hall, Amsterdam, on August 26th-31st, 1907. London: Freedom, 1907.
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