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Dig RL More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comwwwigbalkalmati.blogspot.com :USeingcid Lee pay NrHecntB te intra fe ApSourl Hecntn tienes ~ENlead ih Se pera ato it WL & pert (Gravel Filter) li JyyS 2.6.2 Letter A ir Dersarsechswne Sb EYP US th g tthe AAPA Le tH LE ne {A sand metiada Aft si-g Hei Bie WE HAs Ble yen MAM Ae Uegrbot MotnsdeAtecturdengh A rArioe tie setnhr meet nl sit Piha sting taped in SIR Log tease tn SS bo SAS Cle Se Bag Scc LAT e telnet Hg ele 2 Mback washing) mpitte rey Ree Ane d yp bine tbe bre iron ctr ep jyhan Pete SMI LLatindn rl jL BopecMreonhte SL Sea P 2 £1 Sic Bu Git byl P00) ilar 2 ptr d Sg bh Aue tly ete ein Prat ‘abil PLA LE Steers LM ndedse More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com(Disk Filter) ila Lu 2.6.3 Ste Ls PL bey PALYHLepe As ely tiny feuitimple sdpruectLoLt Pag Pie fie ott Lg ene Gadd Aprudel A Ashi bat APPL A Fee belie Ered IL As Set Nine a dyednbeLriuthad EL fitui Abou tiLees Le Gps court PLL fy VS Sie Se eK Ninn ie(bar)0.5 ite i Mint ect tie nettle tetra dtl Atte epi he ite ry RAVE BLS Sig L PLL Sian oP rfe WHaoL | 77 More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comwwwigbalkalmati.blogspot.com : IGUAL Le hay (Screen Filter) pila yaa 2.6.4 le Ueto dA ted irg Oi hin Pgh Le beth ile KRIeL Cho? Bia Bole ree ered tircibe? , J dese AAC es stright Live Bie Lien MY touidye us Siete ot facie Liu E teed wiki cil S gilip Sila 6 Wi Sid tel Pe or SEULYL nL nine LLP EL thie SofremeLe spy efsh 23 A ig Pat te Se tin ng gg HL, More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comwwwigbalkalmati.blogspot.com (iain Line) ill gan ~ ag tne Lose Sd PPB (Lateral or Drip Line) gil ill 4.4 Linask bats Gabi ah Ale aa EP 4 eng FE Liye dshe,£P- evben hte | be Aum 6 PSE ES oe eiTecA thes Phen LSIGn 42 ¢ Cece Firing) Lit % | (air release valve) zo i 71 % yh %| tS pg potg gH ae Wine Aas Ly. * grurdledily & emt ~ RAVER |e Lapeptidasict Se) CuSO, ad te thor, edith & ia * etn & it a| Rano xen EaryatiZ 7 4| evil HO5IG RE Loh vA | efacntcdencbonlh % Cfarsk Se anSSGO te) pth tarsyles * Miepecre EPUS te ebGiCecorrt Pt % ibe Wnt Fc 7f oA | eb Koeln) — pRMPILIL Loe L feat & yee & CARS & More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comwwwigbalkalmati.blogspot.com Sia SiS il oS ad Ube oribieel dyite gAlle LMA Mite dino LY « Weed tL Gilloakage swe A PR, ARICA UF Aue nt ene (back washing) Ano SF (checking A-ts vi Usp SUhralon a iS FE v Seiiiet v Seo SeAlet v Sew ¥ BSE dee onl ethne SiS weE St SHrdmdbLen ple Sus www.igbalkalmati.blogspot.comwwwigbalkalmati.blogspotcom : W/E nfCId Le be a Grub oli Keb mds (UB) oeET-n 042-99200702:er# 042-99200713-042-99200703:.)? wwwnofwm.org.pk - E.mail: pipipwm@gmail.com More Books Vi www.igbalkalmati.blogspot.comMore Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB SS Agriculture Department TECHNICAL BRIEF 9 eye aN IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES (ANDJPRAGTICES; Hafiz Qaisar Yasin Assistant Director (Tech.) “«( Directorate General Agriculture }, (Water Management) Punjab lore Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmatOSA CATON SERIES OT PONCE) EXD here has been modernization in every agricultural operation in Pakistan starting from tillage to threshing, except irrigation that is the most critical activity in crop production. The need for judicious and economical use of this scarce resource for sustainable agriculture is becoming ine ingly important day by day due to constantly escalating water shortages. Contrarily, there is ahuge gap in amount of water being applied and actual irrigation requirements that is required to be curtailed by scheduling the irrigation on scientific basisand modernizing application methods. More importantly, orthodox guess work of plant and soil feeVappearance for irrigation is needed to be replaced with scientific measurement and monitoring of soil moisture for accurate determination of “WHEN and HOW MUCH water to apply to a field” Present practice of every time cutting bank of the earthen channel and creating a mud dike to divert water to the field is to be changed with more efficient and easy to operate low cost techniques. The irrigator should have control over irrigation interval, flow rate, and duration for ma productivity as wellas water use efficiency. Le D> Soil moisture is a critical and potentially highly variable component of the soil environment in crop production. The feel and appearance is the only method presently employed for guessing soil moisture content for irrigation purposes. There are, however, a numerous instruments and tools available for these devices ean remove the gues izing crop IRRIGATION SCHEDULIN ISTL (s correct measurement. The use of work in irrigation management by providing an accurate assessment of the soil water status. There are numerous such devices used for moisture measurement such as Weather Station, Tensiometers, Gypsum Blocks, Neutron Probes, Capacitance Devic Reflectometers, Time Delay Transmission Reflectometers, Wetting Front Detectors “Full Stop”, Shovel/ Di Sticks. A brief overview of commonly used low cost and farmer-friendly soil moisture monitoring tools outlined at next page. More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comMeneTRienmen Se ees EDD Time Domain Reflectometry (TRD) is a proven technology for| quickly and accurately determining volumetric soilmoisture| 4 content. It is based on recording the propagation time of an| electromagnetic pulse along measuring pins buried in the soil, which in turn is linked to soil moisture content, The meter's built-in data logger can automatically record readings from| several sites as well as capture geo-referenced statistics that can] be readily imported into software for full analysis mapping of relative water content at multiple sites. = Preto ii The ECHO probe monitors soil moisture levels using the capacitance prineiple. It is comprised of low-cost sensors made of durable porous materials for measuring volumetric soil moisture content overa wide geographic area. A tension meter is a cylindrical pipe with a porous ceramic cup attached to one end and a vacuum gauge to the other with a reservoir located at the top. The tube is filled with water that is sealed tightly preventing air entry to ensure proper working. As soil dries, it tries to extract water through the ceramic tip that creates a vacuum within the tube indicating decrease in soil moisture content and vice versa, These phenomena are calibrated to represent soil-moisture statusand are measured on the dial attached to the tension meter, ‘More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comAOOUETSURRCE TON SCION TES ANT eM eI > The soil moisture sensors combine affordability and accuracy. These are composed of two electrodes embedded in a suitable porous medium. Changes in electric current are detected by the sensors and correlated to the soil moisture content. These are compatible with data loggers and ‘weather stations that enables information view in graphical and tabular II as run daily, monthly, and yearly reports customized to form as \ application. Electrical resistance or gypsum blocks consist of two parallel rectangular or cylindrical matchbox size pieces made of gypsum embedded with electrodes. These blocks are buried in the field and the electrical resistance between the electrodes, which is inversely proportional to its surrounding soil water content, is measured with a digital meter. When soil is wet, water is drawn into the block and indicates low resistance. As soil dries, water is drawn from ttoadjoining soil and higher reading of resistance between the electrodes is indicated on meter. www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comOTE TST ST TSS) =D The Almometers gives an accurate measurement of actual evapotranspiration (ET) at any field location, The ET readings are made directly from the site tube mounted in front of a ruler eliminating the use of any electronic equipment or computer interface. The crop evapotranspiration is an effective tool for scheduling irrigation especially. ‘when combined with a program of soil moisture measurement. SD D ‘The wetting front detector (WED), which is registered as “Full Stop”, was developed in response to low adoption of existing soil moisture measuring tools for improving the accuracy of irrigation and assisting in fertilizer and salt management as well as detecting water logging. It is basically a switch that indicates passing a wetting front through a given depth in the root zone. The downward moving water through the root zone converges inside a specially shaped funnel. As the soil at the base becomes so wet that water seeps out of it, passes through filter and is collected in a reservoir activating a float that in tum triggers a red indicator flag above the soil surface. It is relatively a simple, low-cost, and interactive tool with no electronics involved for aiding accurate irrigation scheduling. Shelley iain, pom Shallow nial More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comOTe TT Tee eS Th Vee) Suri inefficient practice with excessive water losses through runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from farm channels as well as in the field. There has been many advancements in irrigation conveyance application systems that substantially increase the irrigation efficieney many fold. Some of the advanced irrigation systems are described below. CIID Drip system has become the most valued innovation that allows controlled spoon-feed water and nutrients directly to plant’s root zone. Drip technology is best suited for orchards and high value row crops such as vegetables, cotton, maize, sugarcane etc. The sprinkler system is the overhead irrigation that irrigates field somewhat like rain, which is usually applicable for field crops e.g. wheat, fodder, gram etc, These systems are versatile in their applicability and provide complete control in irrigation operations. Drip and sprinkler systems can be adopted on variable soil conditions, uneven topography, odd field dime lengths ofrunete. flooding is the most widely used irrigation method in Pakistan due to its lower costs. This is, however, an ions, rolling sandy areas, long ‘More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comOTE Te Seer I NSIT) EDD Bed and furrow system is actually a type of flood irrigation that facilitates diverted water to move into narrow channels (furrows) dug between the rows of crops. It reduces the wetted area of field that considerably saves water besides generating other benefits. Furrow system is generally used in row crops such as vegetables, cotton, com, sugarcane ete. Close growing crops like wheat are also now being successfully grown on bed and furrow system. Gated pipe irrigation isa type of surface irrigation in which the conventional main conveyance channel and field lateral ditch are replaced by above ground pipeline. Irrigation water flows from regularly spaced orifices (gates) installed along the pipeline on desired intervals/spacings. It increases the water application uniformity of furrow irrigation by allowing regulation of stream size flowing into the furrows. Itis generally used for furrow irrigation, although in some cases it can be employed for border and basin systems. The gate pipe system is simple in operation, easy in handling, fast in installation, and requires minimal maintenance. More importantly, the material is recyclable that makes it more economical. More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comOTe TT Tee eS Th Vee) SDD A syphon tube is a curved plastic pipe laid over the channel bank operated by simply filling the tube (pipe) with water, keeping one end in the channel and the other temporarily sealed side in the field. The seal is then removed conveying water from the submerged higher side (ditch) to the lower end (field) based on siphon principle. After completing the required irrigation in one field, the syphon tubes ean be easily relocated to the other. Pipe nacca is a low cost portable conerete structure used to divert water from farm channel to the field avoiding each time cutting the channel banks. It is easy to install and requires no construction fatigue unlike panel naccas. As such, the farmer himself can fix it wherever required inthe field. tis easy to operate, relatively leak proof, and provide good control in irrigation operation. ‘More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comPUNJAB WATER BUDGET ee eee ee eee tts) Canal Diversions (average last 20 years) Water Accord 1991 50 MAF M Losses in Canals (25%) 13 MAF Losses in Watercourses (30%) | 11 MAF [ =f Water Availability Improved (44,000) = 7.5 MAF (25%) : at Mogha Unimproved (14,000)= 3.5 MAF (40%) | 37 MAF Field Losses (35%) Zhe Groundwater Abstractions 33 MAF ‘Total Available at Field Level 59 MAF Rainfall Contribution 2? 7MAF Available for Crop Use ‘45 MAF Actual Crop Water Requirements 65 MAF More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.comDirectorate General Agriculture (Water Punjab 21- Davis Road, Lahore, Ph: 042-99200703, 99200713 Fax: 042-99200702 Web: ofwm.org.pk - E.mail: pipipwm@gmail.com ‘More Books Visit : www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com