Section8 2-dtt pt3 Sfra

7/7/09
Diagnostic Testing of
Power Transformer using
Sweep Frequency
Response Analysis
Arturo H. Oropeza
Doble Engineering Company
FRA = Frequency Response Analysis

FRA is the measurement of a system to a particular
input at various frequencies.
There is no right or wrong answer, just the
response
You put something in and you get something out
Black
Input
Box
Response
89 Years of Diagnostic Instrumentation and Services for the Electric Power Industry
7/7/09
FRA represents a systems response

to a sinusoidal input at varying
frequencies
The output will be the same frequency
but at different phase and magnitude
FRA has been around for decades in a
variety of industries
Audio
Speaker performance
Radio
Telecom
Communication performance
Satellite Telemetry
Cell Phones
TV
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To distinguish the test methodology or equipment

using a SWEEP approach
Other method is the Impulse technique (IFRA)
Impulse results have poor resolution, lack the range
required for a portable field instrument translating
in poor diagnosis and are usually unrepeatable
For NOW we apply SFRA in

Transformer Condition Assessment (TCA)
Other uses:*
Wave traps
Instrument Transformers
Rotating Machinery
*still studying best application and interpretation for these
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SFRA is a leading method to analyze the

physical winding condition of a transformer
Will not tell you if the unit is contaminated
Will not tell you when it will fail
Provides relative information about
windings physical condition
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Dissipation or Power Factor and Capacitance

Excitation Current
TTR (Low and High Voltage Doble method)
Leakage Reactance
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA)
Dissolved Gas Analysis
These independent diagnostic methods have their place in
ascertaining transformer condition
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Broad

Power Factor and Capacitance

Excitation Current
TTR (High Voltage and Low Voltage)
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
Narrow
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA)
Leakage Reactance
11
Transformers are subject to immense stresses

during service impact, nearby or internal faults,
overloads
These stresses may cause winding deformation,
winding movement or core damage
Allowing a transformer to enter service without
detecting these types of problem is risking
catastrophic failure of the transformer
SFRA aids detection and permits diagnosis in a
timely manner.
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Assess Mechanical Condition of

Transformers (Mechanical Distortions)
Detect Core and Winding Movement
Due to:
Large Electromagnetic Forces From Fault Currents
Winding shrinkage causing release of clamping pressure
Transformer Relocation or Shipping
13
What is the Input?...

A swept sinusoidal that starts at 20 Hz
and ends at 2 MHz
Voltage is a constant 10 Volts Peak to
Peak
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What is the Output?...

A graph of frequency vs. dB
Logarithmical display: commonly referred
to as a Bode Plot
Linear display
15
Transformers may be represented by a

network of:
Resistor
Inductors
Capacitors
The combination of these small elements are unique

to a given transformer
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Impedance of an ideal resistor, capacitor and

inductor
Resistance:
Flat response vs. frequency
Inductor:
Increased impedance with
increased frequency; dead
short at low frequency
Capacitor:
Reduced impedance with
increased frequency; open
circuit at low frequency
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Capacitive
climb back
Inductive roll
off
Resonance
18
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We get a resonance for an inductor-capacitor

(LC) combination
Changing L or changing C gives a new
resonance
L and C are dependent on geometry
Changing R changes the size of the resonance
19
20
10
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A transformer may be modeled using

lumped parameters
A simple model is a parallel RLC
circuit
This has a predictable response as
we explained in previous slides
21
Three phases of one transformer
Low frequency
responses follow
expected form
High frequency responses

show phase-to-phase
variation which is common
22
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Three phases of one transformer
Low frequency
responses are
different to Wye
windings
High frequency
responses are similar
phase-to-phase; this is
common
23
One phase of one transformer
Main
winding
responses
Tested at 9
Tap winding
tap positions
responses
show
stepwise
variation
24
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Different frequencies represent different problems

400kHz - 2MHz:
lead connection
movement
(Windings and/or
LTC/DETC)
20Hz - 2kHz:
core
deformation, open
circuits, shorted turns,
residual magnetism
2kHz - 20kHz:
winding movement, loose
clamping
20kHz - 400kHz: Winding

and Tap Changer
deformations
25
Interpretation adequate training

Rely on experts when needed there is no
substitute for knowledge and experience
Build a Library of results
Correlate results from SFRA and other tests
Subscribe to Users Groups to share
experiences (i.e. Doble SFRA User Group)
Find Resources (i.e. Doble SFRA Resource
Center available to Doble users)
26
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Poor Grounding
Absence of Oil
Magnetized Core
Comparing similar units
27
Three single phase transformers

measured for comparison
One phase has poor ground

connection during measurement
Otherwise results were OK; it is important

to make good connections
28
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One phase of one transformer

measured with and without oil
Without Oil - in blue
With Oil in white
Removing oil lowers capacitances and

resonances shift to higher frequencies
Same phase measured

on arrival at site
Low frequency
responses show offset
due to core
magnetization
29
High frequency
responses unchanged
Results are acceptable - but

need retest after demag for
confirmation
30
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Two transformers with

successive serial
numbers
Results are good
High frequency
responses show very
good
correspondence:
indicating very
similar construction
Low frequency
responses show effect of
core magnetization variation is identifiable
and89acceptable
Years of Diagnostic Instrumentation and Services for the Electric Power Industry
31
FRA is a useful and sensitive tool

SFRA is a reliable and repeatable method of
making FRA measurements
Can be used routinely or after an incident
Use as part of factory QA and/or relocation
32
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7/7/09
Thank you.
Any questions?
Arturo H. Oropeza
Doble Engineering Company
aoropeza@doble.com
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Section8 2-dtt pt3 Sfra

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Section8 2-dtt pt3 Sfra

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Formatos disponíveis

7/7/09

FRA = Frequency Response Analysis

FRA represents a systems response

To distinguish the test methodology or equipment

For NOW we apply SFRA in

SFRA is a leading method to analyze the

Dissipation or Power Factor and Capacitance

Power Factor and Capacitance

Transformers are subject to immense stresses

Assess Mechanical Condition of

What is the Input?...

What is the Output?...

Transformers may be represented by a

The combination of these small elements are unique

Impedance of an ideal resistor, capacitor and

We get a resonance for an inductor-capacitor

A transformer may be modeled using

Three phases of one transformer

High frequency responses

Three phases of one transformer

One phase of one transformer

Different frequencies represent different problems

20kHz - 400kHz: Winding

Interpretation adequate training

Three single phase transformers

One phase has poor ground

Otherwise results were OK; it is important

One phase of one transformer

With Oil in white

Removing oil lowers capacitances and

Same phase measured

Results are acceptable - but

Two transformers with

Results are good

FRA is a useful and sensitive tool

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