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infusion."
d) "It is appropriate to warm the dialysate in a
microwave."
D) It is appropriate to warm the dialysate in a
microwave
Explanation: The dialysate should be warmed in a
commercial warmer and never in a microwave oven.
Strict aseptic technique is essential. The infusion clamp
is opened during the infusion and clamped after the
infusion. When the dwell time is done, the drain clamp is
opened and the fluid is allowed to drain by gravity into
the drainage bag.
b) History of osteoporosis
c) Recent history of streptococcal infection
d) Previous episode of acute pyelonephritis
C) Recent hx of streptococcal infection
Explanation: Glomerulonephritis can occur as a result of
infections from group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal
infections, bacterial endocarditis, or viral infections such
as hepatitis B or C or human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). A history of hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis
would place the client at risk for developing renal
calculi. A history of pyelonephritis would increase the
client's risk for chronic pyelonephritis.
a) Anticholinergic agent
b) Over-the-counter decongestant
c) Tricyclic antidepressants
d) Estrogen hormone
A) Anticholinergic agent
Anticholinergic agents are considered first-line
medications for urge incontinence. Estrogen decreases
obstruction to urine flow by restoring the mucosal,
vascular, and muscular integrity of the urethra. Tricyclic
antidepressants decrease bladder contractions as well
as increase bladder neck resistance. Stress incontinence
may be treated using pseudoephedrine and
phenylpropanolamine, ingredients found in over-thecounter decongestants.
c) Hypervolemia
d) Fluid volume excess
B) Dehydration
The most common fluid imbalance in older adults is
dehydration. Because of reduced thirst sensation that
often accompanies aging, older adults tend to drink less
water. Use of diuretic medications, laxatives, or enemas
may also deplete fluid volume in older adults. Chronic
fluid volume deficit can lead to other problems such as
electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, options A, C, and D
are incorrect.
a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Respiratory alkalosis
c) Metabolic alkalosis
d) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis results from alveolar
hyperventilation. It's marked by a decrease in PaCO2 to
less than 35 mm Hg and an increase in blood pH over
7.45. Metabolic acidosis is marked by a decrease in
HCO3? to less than 22 mEq/L, and a decrease in blood
pH to less than 7.35. In respiratory acidosis, the pH is
less than 7.35 and the PaCO2 is greater than 45 mm Hg.
In metabolic alkalosis, the HCO3? is greater than 26
mEq/L and the pH is greater than 7.45.
A) ECG results
Although changes in all these findings are seen in
hyperkalemia, ECG results should take priority because
changes can indicate potentially lethal arrhythmias such
as ventricular fibrillation. It wouldn't be appropriate to
assess the client's neuromuscular function, bowel
sounds, or respiratory rate for effects of hyperkalemia.
D) Hypercalcemia
The normal reference range for serum calcium is 9 to 11
mg/dl. A serum calcium level of 12 mg/dl clearly
indicates hypercalcemia. The client's other laboratory
findings are within their normal ranges, so the client
doesn't have hypernatremia, hypochloremia, or
hypokalemia.
HCO3- 22 mEq/L
b) pH 7.44, PaCO2 43 mm Hg, PaO2 99 mm Hg, and
HCO3- 26 mEq/L
c) pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and
HCO3- 18 mEq/L
d) pH 7.38, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
(PaCO2) 36 mm Hg, partial pressure of arterial oxygen
(PaO2) 95 mm Hg, bicarbonate (HCO3-) 24 mEq/L
C)pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and
HCO3- 18 mEq/LThe ABG results pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm
Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and HCO3- 18 mEq/L indicate
respiratory alkalosis.
The pH level is increased, and the HCO3- and PaCO2
levels are decreased. Normal values are pH 7.35 to 7.45;
PaCO2 35 to 45 mm Hg; HCO3- 22 to 26 mEq/L.
a) Urinary retention
b) Cystitis
c) Bladder stones
d) Urethral stricture
A) Urinary retention
Urinary retention and urinary incontinence are voiding
dysfunctions, temporary or permanent alterations in the
ability to urinate normally. Cystitis is an infectious
disorder. Bladder stones and urethral stricture are
obstructive disorders.
c) Absence of pain
d) Diuresis
b) Fever
Fever is an indicator of infection or transplant rejection.
D) Hypotension
Hypertension, not hypotension, is a risk factor for kidney
disease.
True or False?
GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow
and adequate hydrostatic pressure.
True
True or False?
The primary function of the kidney is to excrete
nitogeneous waste products.
False
Primary function of kidney is to regulate the volume and
composition of extracellular fluids
True or False?
Water is the primary substance reabsorbed in the
collecting duct?
True
True or False?
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is secreted by the right
atruim when atrial blood pressure is low, and it inhibits
the action of aldosterone.
False
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is secreted by the right
atruim when atrial blood pressure is low, and it inhibits
the action of high antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or renin or
angiotensin II
True or False?
Increased permeability in the glomerulus causes loss
of proteins into the urine.
True
True or False?
Prostaglandin synthesis by the kidneys causes
vasodilation and increased renal blood flow.
True