D-ITET Antennas and Propagation

Student-No.:.....................................................................

Name: ......................................................................

Address: ......................................................................

......................................................................
Antennas and Propagation
Fall 2006
October 12, 2006, 09:00 am – 12:00 noon

Dr. Ch. Fumeaux, Prof. Dr. R. Vahldieck

n
This exam consists of 6 problems. The total number of pages is 26, including

io
the cover page. You have 3 hours to solve the problems. The maximum

t
possible number of points is 70.

lou
Please note:
 This is an open book exam.

s
 Attach this page as the front page of your solution booklet.

r
 All the calculations should be shown in the solution booklet to justify the solutions.

ts e
 Please, do not use pens with red ink.
 Do not forget to write your name on each solution sheet.
 Please, put your student card (LEGI) on the table.

a
 Possible further references of general interest will be written on the blackboard during
the examination.

M Problem

3
Points Initials

Total

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 1 (12 Points)

A 60° perfectly conducting corner reflector is used in a radar tracking system, as shown in
the figure below. The conducting walls of the reflector can be considered infinitely long. A
l / 2 dipole, located at a distance d from the vertex, is used as a feed element.

PEC

4 Points a) Find the equivalent array of dipoles by determining a system of images properly placed
in the absence of the reflector plates. Explain your procedure in a few words.
Note: The total number of dipoles n is determined by a = 360° / n .

6 Points b) Derive the array factor AF in the xy -plane for the configuration found in a). Start with
determining the path delays of the array elements.

After algebraic transformations, the normalized array factor AFn of b) can be written as

æ 1 öé æ 1 ö æ 3 öù
AFn ( f ) = 4sin ç kd cos f ÷ êcos ç kd cos f ÷ - cos çç kd sin f ÷÷ ú
è 2 ø êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû

2 Points c) A requirement for the radar system is that the antenna has a zero in the radiation pattern
along the symmetry axis ( x -axis). Find all possible feed-to-vertex spacings d , which
fulfill this requirement.

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 1
a)
A system of images has to be found, which when properly placed in the absence of the
reflector plates, form an array that yields the same field within the space formed by the
reflector plates as the actual system.

According to image theory, the polarity of the images changes by 180° with respect to the
“real” element. In the first step 1) the feed is mirrored with respect to the upper plate. In the
second step 2), both feed and image 2 are mirrored with respect to the lower plate, resulting
in image 5 and image 6. In a third step 3), the image 3 and image 4 are found by mirroring
with respect to the upper plate.

b)
The path delay between the element n and the center of the array can be calculated by the
projection

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

r r
d cos g n = d ( an × ar ) ,
as can be seen in the figure above. Here the unit vector
r r r
an = cos ( (n - 1)a ) ax + sin ( (n - 1)a ) a y
points towards the element n , and a = 60° is given by the geometry of the reflector
antenna. The radial unit vector in spherical coordinates in the xy -plane ( q = 90° ) directed
towards the observation point is given by
r r r
ar = cos f ax + sin f a y .

Now either the angles g n can be determined, and therewith cos g n :

g n = (n - 1) a - f .
Or the vectors pointing toward the elements can be set up:
r r
a1 = ax
r r r 1r 3r
a2 = cos a ax + sin a a y = ax + ay
2 2
r r r 1r 3r
a3 = cos ( 2a ) ax + sin ( 2a ) a y = - ax + ay
2 2
r r r r
a4 = cos ( 3a ) ax + sin ( 3a ) a y = -ax
r r r 1r 3r
a5 = cos ( 4a ) ax + sin ( 4a ) a y = - ax - ay
2 2
r r r 1r 3r
a6 = cos ( 5a ) ax + sin ( 5a ) a y = ax - ay
2 2
With the far-field approximations for the amplitude term
rn » r
and for the phase term
rn » r - d cos g
the AF can be determined.
r r r r r
r1 = r - d cos g 1 = r - da1 × ar = r - d ax × ( cos f ax + sin f a y )
= r - d cos f
æ1 r 3r ö r r
r2 = r - d cos g 2 = r - d çç ax + a y ÷÷ × ( cos f ax + sin f a y )
è2 2 ø
æ1 3 ö
= r - d çç cos f + sin f ÷÷
è2 2 ø
æ 1 3 ö
r3 = r - d çç - cos f + sin f ÷÷
è 2 2 ø
r4 = r - ( -d cos f )
æ 1 3 ö
r5 = r - d çç - cos f - sin f ÷÷
è 2 2 ø

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

æ1 3 ö
r6 = r - d çç cos f - sin f ÷÷
è2 2 ø
And therefore, with alternating sign of the amplitude (image theory, see figure above)
æ æ1 3 öö æ æ 1 3 öö
AF ( f ) = exp ( jkd cos f ) - exp ç jkd çç cos f + sin f ÷÷ ÷ + exp ç jkd çç - cos f + sin f ÷÷ ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è è2 2 øø è è 2 2 øø
æ æ 1 3 öö æ æ1 3 öö
- exp ( - jkd cos f ) + exp ç jkd çç - cos f - sin f ÷÷ ÷ - exp ç jkd çç cos f - sin f ÷÷ ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è è 2 2 øø è è2 2 øø
or
é æ æ1 3 öö æ æ 1 3 ö öù
AF ( f ) = 2 j êsin ( kd cos f ) - sin ç kd çç cos f + sin f ÷÷ ÷ + sin ç kd çç - cos f + sin f ÷÷ ÷ ú
ç ÷ ç ÷
êë è è2 2 øø è è 2 2 ø ø úû
with sin ( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y and a normalization
æ 3 ö æ 1 ö æ 3 ö æ 1 ö
AFn ( f ) = 2sin ( kd cos f ) - 2sin çç kd sin f ÷÷ cos ç kd cos f ÷ - 2 cos çç kd sin f ÷÷ sin ç kd cos f ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ 3 ö æ 1 ö æ 3 ö æ 1 ö
+2sin çç kd sin f ÷÷ cos ç kd cos f ÷ - 2 cos çç kd sin f ÷÷ sin ç kd cos f ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
é æ 3 ö æ 1 öù
= 2 êsin ( kd cos f ) - 2 cos çç kd sin f ÷÷ sin ç kd cos f ÷ ú
êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû
and finally with sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x
æ 1 öé æ 1 ö æ 3 öù
AFn ( f ) = 4sin ç kd cos f ÷ êcos ç kd cos f ÷ - cos çç kd sin f ÷÷ ú
è 2 ø ëê è 2 ø è 2 ø ûú

c)
There should be a zero on the x -axis ( f = 0° ):
æ 1öé æ 1ö ù !
AFn ( f = 0° ) = 4sin ç kd ÷ êcos ç kd ÷ - 1ú = 0
è 2øë è 2ø û
Thus, there are two possibilities to fulfill the requirement:
æ 1ö æ 1ö
i) sin ç kd ÷ = 0 or ii) cos ç kd ÷ = 1
è 2ø è 2ø
kd kd
= mp , m = 0, ±1, ±2,K = 2mp , m = 0, ±1, ±2,K
2 2
d = ml , m = 0, ±1, ±2,K d = 2ml , m = 0, ±1, ±2,K
Together, the following distances are possible in order to fulfill the requirement
d = ml , m = 0, ±1, ±2,K

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 2 (14 Points)

On a highway, car 1 detects car 2 (radar cross section s = 3m ) in a distance y1 + y2 (
2

y1 = 15 m, y2 = 6 m) in front of it with the help of a radar system (transmit power Pt = 1 W,

frequency f radar = 24 GHz, linear polarization in z -direction). Assume that the radar system
is omnidirectional in xy -plane with Gradar = 1 . The two cars drive on two different lanes in a
distance x1 = 6 m.
In the present instantaneous situation on the highway, the signal can propagate on two
different ways from car 1 to car 2 as shown in the figure below:
 way 1: line of sight,
 way 2: between car 1 and car 2, the signal undergoes a total reflection from a
truck driving on the right lane ( x2 = 4 m; reflection coefficient G = -1 ).

Note: Ground reflection can be neglected because of a narrow pattern of the radar system in
elevation.

2 Points a) List the 4 main propagation paths of the radar signal from car 1 to car 2 and back to
car 1.

4 Points b) Determine the power received by the radar system on each of those paths.

4 Points c) Determine the effective area of the radar antenna. Find the amplitudes of the received
electric fields for each of the propagation paths.

2 Points d) Determine the phases of the received electric fields on each of those paths.

2 Points e) How can the total amplitude of the electric field received by the radar system be
computed? Give one equation without developing the overall solution.

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 2
a)
The four main propagation paths are:
Path 1: On way 1 to car 2, and back on way 1 to car 1.
Path 2: On way 2 to car 2, and back on way 2 to car 1.
Path 3: On way 1 to car 2, and back on way 2 to car 2.
Path 4: On way 2 to car 2, and back on way 1 to car 1.

b)
Radar range equation
GG æ l ö÷
2

Pr = Pt s t r çç ÷÷
4p çè 4pR R 1 2ø
÷

As can be seen from the figure above, path 1 has the length
d1 = x 12 + ( y1 + y2 ) = 21.8403 m
2

Path 2 has the length

d2 = 25.2389 m
with
d21 = (x 1 + x 2 )2 + y12 = 18.0278 m
d22 = x 22 + y22 = 7.2111 m.

The following numbers are given:

Pt = 1 W, and thus Pt , dB = 30 dBm,
Gt = 1 , and thus Gt , dB = 0 dB,
s = 3 m2 ,
G2 = 1 , and thus GdB = 0 dB
f = 24 GHz, and thus l = 12.49 × 10-3 m.

and
æ 4ps ö÷
ç 2 ÷ = 53.83 dB
çè l ødB

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Path 1
G 2 æ l ö÷ æ 4ps ö÷ 2 æç l ö÷
2 4

Pr 1 = Pt s t çç ÷ = P ç 2 ÷Gt ç ÷ = 1.037 × 10-12 W

4p çè 4pd12 ÷÷ø è l ø çè 4pd1 ÷÷ø
t ç

with
æ l ö÷
4
çç ÷÷ = -173.67 dB
çè 4pd ÷
1ø dB

Pr 1, dB = Pt , dB + ( 4ps / l 2 ) dB + 2Gt , dB + ( l / ( 4pd1 ) )

4
dB
= -89.84 dBm

Path 2
æ 4ps ö æ l ÷ö
4

Pr 2 = G Pt çç 2 ÷÷Gt2 çç
4
÷÷ = 5.813 × 10-13
ç
è l ø è 4pd2 ÷ø

where G = -1 is the reflection coefficient of the total reflection from the truck. Since the
reflection coefficient is defined over the amplitude, and the radar signal is two times
reflected by the truck (on the way there and on the way back), it is considered with a power
of four in the radar range equation.
With
æ l ö÷
4
çç ÷÷ = -176.19 dB
çè 4pd ÷
2ø dB

and thus
Pr 2, dB = -92.36 dBm

Path 3 and Path 4

æ 4ps ö æ ö÷
2
l2
Pr 3 = Pr 4 = G Pt çç 2 ÷÷Gt2 çç 2
÷ = 7.763 × 10-13
è l ø çè( 4p) d1d2 ÷÷ø
2

with
æ ö÷
2
çç l1
÷÷ = -174.93 dB
çè( 4p) 2 d d 1 2ø
÷
dB

Pr 3, dB = -91.1 dBm

c)
In general, the amplitude is connected to the power by
Er æç l 2 ö÷
2

Pr = Wr × Ar = × ç Gr ÷
2h èç 4p ÷ø
Pr
and therewith Er = 2h
Ar

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

The effective aperture is

l2
Ar = Gr = 1.24 × 10-5 m2
4p
æ l 2 ö÷
A = 10 log çç Gr ÷ = -49.0599 dB
or r , dB çè 4p ÷ø

Path 1
Pr 1
Er 1 = 2h = 7.93 × 10-3 V/m
Ar
or
Er 1 dB = -42.0127 dB

Path 2
Pr 2
Er 2 = 2h = 5.94 × 10-3
Ar
or
Er 2 dB = -44.5252 dB

Path 3 and path 4

Pr 1
Er 3 = Er 4 = 2h = 6.86 × 10-3
Ar
or
Er 3,4 dB
= -43.2690 dB

d)
The phase on each propagation path is given by:
Path 1
2p
jr 1 = 2d1 = 2.1971 × 104 @ 313.8862°
l
Path 2
2p
jr 2 = 2d2 = 2.5390 × 104 @ 4.6902°
l
Path 3 and path 4
2p
jr 3 = jr 4 = ( d1 + d2 ) = 2.3681 × 104 @ 339.2882°
l

e)
Etot = Er 1 e - jjr 1 + Er 2 e - jjr 2 - 2 Er 3 e - jjr 3

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

The minus sign is due to the phase jump caused by the total reflection at the truck.

NOTE:
The total received power is
2
Etot l2
Ptot = × Gt
2h 4p
With the following approximation for the amplitude
D » d1 » d2 » ( d1 + d2 ) the amplitude of the total electric field can be written as
æ 1 ö÷
2
2
Etot = çç
2
2÷
2hPt sGt exp( j j1 ) + 2G exp( j j3 ) + G2 exp( j j2 )
è 4pD ø
and therewith
4ps æ l ö÷ 2
4
2
Ptot = Pt 2 çç ÷
÷ Gt exp( j j1 ) + 2G exp( j j3 ) + G2 exp( j j2 )
l è 4pD ø
4ps æ l ö÷ 2
4

Gt 1 + 2G exp( j ( j3 - j1 ) ) + G2 exp( j ( j2 - j1 ) )
2
= Pt 2 çç ÷
÷
l è 4pD ø
Since j3 = 0.5 ( j1 + j2 )
4ps æ l ö÷ 2
4

( )
4
Ptot = Pt 2 çç ÷ G 1 + G exp( j j - j / 2) ,
l è 4pD ø÷
t 2 1

see exam Spring 2006 Problem 2b).

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 3 (12 Points)

A lossless antenna A is CW circularly polarized. Its far field radiation is described by the
electric field with magnitude

ì ép æ p ö ù e - jkr p
ï E0 sin ( p sin q ) × cos ê cos ç f + ÷ ú for 0 £ q £ and 0 £ f £ p
ï ë2 è 6 øû r 2
ï
EA = í
ï 0 elsewhere
ï
ï
î

4 Points a) Find the direction ( q 0 , f0 ) of maximum radiation intensity of antenna A.

4 Points b) Determine the half-power beamwidths (HPBWs) in the elevation plane ( f = f0 ) and the
plane perpendicular to it ( q = q 0 ).

1 Point c) Estimate the directivity of antenna A using the appropriate approximation formula.

A dipole antenna is positioned in the far field region of antenna A, in its maximum radiation
direction. This is illustrated in the Figure below. The dipole is perpendicular to the
maximum radiation direction of the antenna A, and lies in the elevation plane.

Dipole

Antenna A

2 Points d) Determine the polarization loss factor (PLF) of this antenna system.

1 Point e) Find the maximum effective aperture of antenna A, if the operating frequency is
150 MHz. Use the estimated value of the directivity.

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 3
a)
The radiation intensity of antenna A can be obtained from the electric field as
r2 1
E A ( r ,q , f ) = EA ( q ,f )
2 2
UA =
2h 2h
1 2 ép æ p öù p
UA = E0 sin ( p sin q ) × cos ê cos ç f + ÷ ú , 0 £ q £ and 0 £ f £ p
2h ë2 è 6 øû 2
The maximum radiation direction is given by
ép æ p öù
sin ( p sin q 0 ) × cos ê cos ç f0 + ÷ ú = 1
ë2 è 6 øû
ép æ p öù
Þ sin ( p sin q 0 ) = 1 and cos ê cos ç f0 + ÷ ú = 1
ë2 è 6 øû
p
sin ( p sin q 0 ) = 1 and 0 £ q £
2
p
Þ p sin q 0 =
2
1
Þ sin q 0 =
2
p
Þ q0 =
6
ép æ p öù
cos ê cos ç f0 + ÷ ú = 1
ë2 è 6 øû
p æ pö
Þ cos ç f0 + ÷ = 0
2 è 6ø
æ pö
Þ cos ç f0 + ÷ = 0 and 0 £ f0 £ p
è 6ø
p p
Þ f0 + = (the only solution)
6 2
p
Þ f0 =
3
o o
Thus, the direction of maximum radiation is determined by q 0 = 30 and f0 = 60 .
b)
o
Elevation plane f = f0 = 60
Normalized radiation intensity is given by
ép æ p öù
U An1 = sin ( p sin q ) × cos ê cos ç f0 + ÷ ú
ë2 è 6 øû
U An1 = sin ( p sin q )
Half-power angle q hp can by obtained by

— 12 / 26 —
D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

1
U An1 = sin ( p sin q hp ) =
2
p 5p
Þ p sin q hp = and
6 6
1 5
Þ sin q hp = and
6 6
Þ q hp1 = 9.6 and q hp 2 = 56.44o
o

HPBWelevation = q hp 2 - q hp1 = 46.84o

o
The normal plane q = q 0 = 30
ép æ p öù
U An 2 = cos ê cos ç f + ÷ ú
ë2 è 6 øû
ép æ p öù 1
cos ê cos ç fhp + ÷ ú =
ë2 è 6 øû 2
p æ pö p
Þ cos ç fhp + ÷ = ±
2 è 6ø 3
æ pö 2
Þ cos ç fhp + ÷ = ± and 0 £ f £ p
è 6ø 3
p
Þ fhp + = ±0.8411 and ± 2.3rad
6
Þ fhp1 = 0.3175 rad and fhp 2 = 1.7764 rad
Or in degrees
Þ fhp + 30o = ±48.19o and ± 131.81o
Þ fhp1 = 18.19o and fhp 2 = 101.81o
HPBWperpendicular = fhp 2 - fhp1 = 83.62o

c)
As demonstrated in the script (pg. 2.18), Kraus’ approximation formula works better for
wider beams. Thus, we can estimate the directivity using
41, 253
DA 0 »
HPBWelevation × HPBWperpendicular
41, 253
DA 0 » = 10.53 = 10.23dB
46.84 × 83.62

d)
Elevation plane f = 60o is shown in the figure below

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

r
Antenna A in transmitting mode radiates in er direction. It is CW circularly polarized. Thus,
its wave vector is given by
r r
r eq - jef
rA =
2
The dipole antenna is linearly polarized. Its polarization vector is given by
r r r
r D = ey = eq
Thus, the polarization loss factor can be obtained as
r r 2
r T r 2 r eq - jef 1
PLF = r D × r A = eq × =
2 2
e)
Antenna A is lossless. Thus, its maximum effective aperture is given by
æ l2 ö
AA _ em = ç ÷ DA 0
è 4p ø
f = 150 MHz Þ l = 2 m
æ 22 ö
AA _ em = ç ÷10.53 = 3.36 m
2

è 4p ø

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 4 (9 Points)
A linearly polarized plane wave with amplitude E0 is incident upon an aperture cut into a
perfectly electric conducting ground plane of infinite extent. The wave polarization is
parallel as shown in the figure below. The aperture has dimensions a and b . Assume that
the field over the aperture is given by the incident field.

Aperture: side view Aperture: front view

4 Points a) Determine the E and H fields over the aperture.

2 Points b) Find the sources of the aperture’s equivalent system.

3 Points c) Find the far zone spherical components of the fields for x > 0 .

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 4
a)
Incident electric and magnetic fields are given by
r r
E i = E0 ( ex sin f0 + ey cos f0 ) × e ( 0
jk y sin f - x cos f0 )

r E
H i = ez 0 × e (
jk y sin f0 - x cosf0 )

h
In the aperture, x = 0 . Thus, the fields over the aperture are
r r
E a = E0 ( ex sin f0 + e y cos f0 ) × e jk × y sin f0
r E
H a = ez 0 × e jk × y sin f0
h

b)
The given aperture can be replaced by an equivalent system as shown below.

r r r
JS JS JS = 0
r r r
MS = 0 MS = 0 MS = 0

r r r r r
J S = nˆ ´ H a J S = nˆ ´ H a JS = 0
r r r r r r
M S = -nˆ ´ E a M S = -nˆ ´ E a M S = -2nˆ ´ E a

r r r
JS JS JS = 0
r r r
MS = 0 MS = 0 MS = 0

The equivalent magnetic source is

r r r r
M s = -2nˆ ´ E a = -2ex ´ E0 ( ex sin f0 + ey cos f0 ) × e jk × y sin f0
r r
M s = -ez 2 E0 cos f0 × e jk × y sin f0

c)

Nq = Nf = 0
and
Lq = - òò M z sin q × e + jkr 'cosy ds ' and Lf = 0
S

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

r r r r r r r
r 'cosy = r '× er = ( y ' ey + z ' ez ) × ( ex sin q cos f + e y sin q sin f + ez cos q )
r 'cosy = y 'sin q sin f + z 'cos q
Lq = - òò M z sin q × e + jk ( y 'sinq sin f + z 'cosq ) dy ' dz '
S

= òò 2 E0 cos f0 sin q × e jk × y 'sin f0 × e + jk ( y 'sinq sin f + z 'cosq ) dy ' dz '

S
a 2 b 2
+ jky '( sin q sin f + sin f0 )
= 2 E0 cos f0 sin q ò
-a 2
e dy ' × ò
-b 2
e + jkz 'cosq dz '

é sin Y ù é sin Z ù
= 2 E0 cos f0 sin q × ê a × b
ë Y úû êë Z úû
Where
ka
Y = ( sin q sin f + sin f0 )
2
kb
Z = cos q
2
Thus
ke - jkr
Ef = j Lq
4p r
ke - jkr sin Y sin Z
Ef = jE0 ab cos f0 sin q
2p r Y Z
Ef
Hq = -
h
Eq = H f = 0

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 5 (10 Points)

Two l 2 dipoles are crossed above a perfect electric ground plane as shown in the figure
below. The height at which the antennas are mounted is: h = 0.5 m . The operating frequency
of this antenna system is 300 MHz.

For this antenna system above the ground plane

2 Points a) Sketch the antennas, their images, with respect to the location of the ground plane and
explain the position of the images.

2 Points b) Find the far-zone E-field radiated by each, vertical and horizontal dipole over the
ground plane separately.

2 Points c) Find the total, far-zone E-field ( Eq , Ef -components) radiated by the whole system in the
yz -plane above the ground. The two dipoles are excited with the same phase.

2 Points d) What type of polarization (linear, circular, or elliptical) does the field in the yz -plane
have? An intuitive explanation is sufficient.

2 Points e) At what distance from the antenna are the field expressions obtained in c) valid?

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 5
a)
The operating frequency is 300 MHz, thus the wavelength is  = 1 m and h =  /2.
The given antenna system above the ground plane can be represented using image theory as:

The images are oriented as shown in the figure because the tangential component of the E-
field on the boundary has to be zero.

b)
E-field of the vertical /2 dipole is given by
æp ö
ç cos q ÷÷
- jkR1 cos ç
Ie çè 2 ø÷
Eqv,1 = jh 0
2p R1 sin q
The electric field radiated by the image of the vertical dipole is given by
æp ö
- jkR2 cos ç
ç cos q ÷÷
Ie çè 2 ÷ø
Eqv,2 = jh 0
2p R2 sin q
The total E-field radiated by the vertical dipole is given by
Eqv = Eqv,1 + Eqv,2
R1 and R2 are distances from the antenna and the image to some point P in the far field,
respectively. Generally, we can write:

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

R1 = R2 = r for amplitude terms

R 1 = r - h cos q üïï
ý for phase terms
R 2 = r + h cos q ïïþ
Thus, the total E-field radiated by the vertical dipole is given by
æp ö
- jkr cos ç
ç cos q ÷÷
Ie çè 2 ÷ø
Eqv = jh 0 é 2 cos ( kh cos q ) ù
2p r sin q ë û
Since h=/2, the E-field radiated by the vertical dipole is:
æp ö
- jkr cos ç
ç cos q ÷÷
Ie çè 2 ÷ø
Eqv = jh 0 é 2 cos ( p cos q ) ù (1)
2p r sin q ë û

The horizontal dipole above the ground plane radiates E-field given by
æp ö
ç cosy ÷÷
- jkR1 cos ç
Ie çè 2 ÷ø
Eyh ,1 = jh 0
2p R1 siny
And its image
æp ö
- jkR2 cos ç
ç cosy ÷÷
Ie ç
è2 ÷ø
Eyh ,2 = - jh 0
2p R2 siny
where -direction is shown in the figure above. The relation between angles  and angles 
and  is given by:
cosy = sin q sin f
siny = 1- sin 2 q sin 2 f
Similarly to the case of the vertical dipole, the total E-field radiated by the horizontal dipole
is found as
æp ö
ç cosy ÷÷
- jkr cos ç
Ie çè 2 ø÷ é (2)
Eyh = jh 0 ë 2 j sin ( p cos q ) ùû
2p r siny
c)
The total E-field of the antenna system is obtained by adding (1) and (2). The yz-plane with
the antenna system is shown in the figure below.

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

In yz-plane f = 90o , thus

cosy = sin q sin f = sin q
siny = 1- sin 2 q sin 2 f = cos q
and
æp ö
- jkr cos ç
çç sin q ÷÷
Ie è2 ÷
øé
ë 2 j sin ( p cos q ) û
Eyh = jh 0 ù
2p r cos q
From the sketch above, one can see that
r r
ay = -aq in Q1 and Q3
r r
ay = aq in Q2 and Q4
Therefore, in Q1 and Q3, the total field is:
r r
E = Eqv × aq - Eyh × aq
æp ö æp ö
cos ççç cos q ÷÷÷ - jkr cos ç
ç sin q ÷÷
Ie - jkr
è2 øé ù × arq - jh I 0e
çè 2 ø÷ é r
E = jh 0 ë 2 cos ( p cos q ) û ë 2 j sin ( p cos q ) ùû × aq
2p r sin q 2p r cos q
é æp ö æp ö ù
ê
- jkr cos ç
ç cos q ÷÷ cos çç sin q ÷÷ ú
I 0e ê çè 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø ú r
E = jh ê cos ( p cos q ) - j sin ( p cos q ) ú × aq
pr ê sin q cos q ú
ê ú
êë úû
and in Q2 and Q4, the total field is
é æp ö æp ö ù
ê ç cos q ÷÷
- jkr cos ç cos çç sin q ÷÷ ú
I 0e ê çè 2 ÷ø çè 2 ø÷ ú r
E = jh ê cos ( p cos q ) + j sin ( p cos q ) ú × aq
pr ê sin q cos q ú
ê ú
êë úû

d)
The field in the yz-plane is linearly polarized.

e)

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

The expressions for the E-field obtained in c) and d) are valid for the far field region, which
starts at RFF = 2 D l .
2

In order to determine the size of the antenna (D), the whole antenna system, including the
original antennas and their images, has to be considered.
l 3l
D = 2h + 2 =
4 2
we have
æ 3l ÷ö
2

2 ç
ççè ÷÷ø
2D2 2 9
RFF = = = l = 4.5 m
l l 2

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Problem 6 (13 Points)

A rectangular patch antenna, shown in figure below, with the dimensions a = 6 cm and
b = 3cm is realized on a substrate with e r = 2.2 and h = 1 mm.

y
x

For this antenna system

2 Points a) Calculate the fundamental resonance (lowest resonant frequency). Neglect the fringing
fields!

3 Points b) For the first four (in terms of frequency) resonant modes, calculate the resonance
frequency. Neglect the fringing fields!

The feeding network consists of two microstrip lines connected at the center of two
neighboring sides of the patch antenna as shown in the figure below.
a

x
z b
y

y
x

- continued on the next page -

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 D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

5 Points c) One of the first four modes calculated CAN NOT be exited with this feeding structure.

i. Point out the mode.

ii. Explain the problem of the excitation.

iii. Find a simple solution to feed this mode.

iv. Is this mode useful for use in a radiating application?

In figure below, a quadratic patch is given with the dimensions a = b = 3 cm. The two
connected feeding lines have a width w0 = 1.6 mm.

z
b

y
x
b

3 Points a) Calculate the length difference between the two feeding lines in order to achieve
circular polarization of the patch antenna at the lowest resonant frequency. Take the
fringing fields into account!

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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

Solution 6
a)
The fundamental mode is TM 010 and the resonance frequency can be calculated as follows.
x

c0 æ n p ö÷2 æ p p ö÷2
fr ,0np = çç ÷ + çç ÷
2p er èa ø èb ø
c0
Þ fr ,010 = = 1.609GHz
2a er
b)First four Modes are TM 010 ,TM 001 ,TM 020 ,TM 011 .
x x x x

æ p ö÷
2
c0
fr ,010 = çç ÷
2p er èa ø
c0
Þ fr ,010 = = 1.685GHz
2a er
c0 æ p ö÷2
fr ,001 = ç
2p er çè b ÷ø
c0
Þ fr ,001 = = 3.37GHz
2a er
c0 æ 2p ö÷2
fr ,020 = ç ÷ = 3.37GHz
2p er çè a ø÷
æ p ö÷ æpö
2 2
c0
fr ,011 = çç ÷ + çç ÷÷ = 3.768GHz
2p er èa ø èb ø
æ 3p ö÷2
c0
fr ,030 = çç ÷÷ = 5.055GHz
2p er èa ø
æ 2p ö÷
2
c0
fr ,040 = fr ,002 = çç ÷÷ = 6.74GHz
2p er èb ø

c)
The TM 011 can NOT be exited by this port configuration because the mode exhibits zero E-
x

field at the tapping position.

The mode can be feed by a feeding line at the corner of the patch antenna. Still the mode is
not useful for any radiation application because the slots have opposite current distributions.
Therefore the radiation is nearly zero because the different contributions cancel each other.
d)
1
-
e + 1 er - 1 é hù 2
ereff ,patch = r + ê1 + 12 ú = 2.107
2 2 ëê a ûú
DL (e + 0.3) ( a / h + 0.264)
= 0.412 reff
h (ereff - 0.258) ( a / h + 0.8)
DL = 0.527mm

1 c0
frc = = = 3.327GHz
2Leff ereff ,patch mo e0 2(a + 2DL) ereff ,patch
1
-
e + 1 er - 1 é hù 2
ereff ,line = r + ê1 + 12 ú = 1.806
2 2 ëê w ûú
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D-ITET Antennas and Propagation October 12, 2006

The circular polarization is achieved by a phase difference of 90°, which translate into a
leff
length difference of ldiff = = 1.678cm .
4

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