Collection of SQL Queries With Answers

SQL
Disadvantages of trigger in oracle?

Triggers can execute every time some field in database is updated. If a field is
likely to be updated often, it is a system overhead.
Viewing a trigger is difficult compared to tables, views stored procedures.
It is not possible to track or debug triggers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Create a query that will display the total no.of employees and, of that total, t
he no.of employees hired in 1995,1996,1997, and 1998. create appropriate column
headings.
SELECT to_char(hiredate,yyyy),count(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY to_char(hiredate,yyyy)
HAVING to_char(hiredate,yyyy) IN (1995,1996,1997,1998);
select Count(*) as NumberOfEmployees,
EmployeesHiredIn1995_1996_1997_1998 =
(select count(*) from employees
where hiredate like '%1995%'
or hiredate like '%1996%'
or hiredate like '%1997%'
or hiredate like '%1998%')
from employees
select count(*)
from employees
where hiredate in(1995,1996,1997,1998);
select count(*) Count, to_char(hiredate, 'YYYY') YEAR from emp group by rollup(
to_char(hiredate, 'YYYY'))
Select
count(emp_code),
count(case when TO_NUMBER(to_CHAR(hire_date,'YYYY'))=1995 then (emp_code)
s hire_1995
count(case when TO_NUMBER(to_CHAR(hire_date,'YYYY'))=1996 then (emp_code)
s hire_1996
from employees
--similary the query will continue. remember that the fields are from one
and you are not doing any dimension querying. only the fact info is being
d
select
count(decode(to_char(hiredate,
count(*) total_emp
from emp;
'yyyy')
'yyyy')
'yyyy')
'yyyy')
,
,
,
,
'1995',
'1996',
'1997',
'1998',
select to_char(PADATEOFJOININGD,'YYYY'), count(*)
hiredate,
hiredate,
hiredate,
hiredate,
null))
null))
null))
null))
end) a
end) a
table
querie
hired_in_1995,
hired_in_1996,
hired_in_1997,
hired_in_1998,
from PAEMPLOYEE_M
group by (to_char(PADATEOFJOININGD,'YYYY'))
union
select 'total emplyee', count(*)
from PAEMPLOYEE_M
SELECT COUNT(*) TOTAL_EMP,
SUM(CASE WHEN INSTR(HIREDATE,'81')
FROM EMP
>
>
>
>
0
0
0
0
THEN
THEN
THEN
THEN
1
1
1
1
ELSE
ELSE
ELSE
ELSE
0
0
0
0
END)HIRED_81,
END)HIRED_80,
END)HIRED_87,
END)HIRED_82
select count(*) Count, to_char(hiredate, 'YYYY') YEAR from emp group by to_char(
hiredate, 'YYYY') having substr(to_char(hiredate,'yyyy'),-1) in(5,6,7,8)
Please check with this query...
SELECT COUNT(EMPID) TOTAL_EMPS,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,YYYY)),'1995',COUNT(EMPID))
FROM EMP
TOTAL_HIRE_1995,
TOTAL_HIRE_1996,
TOTAL_HIRE_1997,
TOTAL_HIRE_1998
select count(*), count(decode(to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy'), 1995,1)),

count(decode(to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy'), 1996,1)),
count(decode(to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy'), 1997,1)),
count(decode(to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy'), 1998,1)) from emp
SELECT to_char(hiredate,'YYYY'),count(*) FROM employee GROUP BY to_char(hiredate
,'YYYY');
Code
SELECT hiredate,count(*) FROM ven_emp
WHERE hiredate BETWEEN 01-jan-95 AND 31-dec-98
GROUP BY hiredate
Code
SELECT deptno,count(to_char(hiredate,yyyy),1980,empno) AS yr1980,
count(to_char(hiredate,yyyy),1981,empno) AS yr1981,
count(to_char(hiredate,yyyy),1982,empno) AS yr1982
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno;
SELECT Hiredate,Count(*)
FROM emp
WHERE to_char(hiredate,yyyy) in (1995,1996,1997,1998)
GROUP BY Hiredate;
SELECT to_char(hiredate,YYYY),count(*) FROM employee GROUP BY to_char(hiredate,Y
YYY);
Code
SELECT to_char(hiredate,yyyy),count(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY to_char(hiredate,yyyy)
HAVING to_char(hiredate,yyyy) IN (1995,1996,1997,1998);

Code
SELECT COUNT(*) AS "Total" ,SUM(CASE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,YYYY) WHEN 1995 THEN 1 EL
SE 0 END) AS "1995",
SUM(CASE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,YYYY) WHEN 1996 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS "1996" ,
SUM(CASE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,YYYY) WHEN 1997 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS "1997",
SUM(CASE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,YYYY) WHEN 1998 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS "1998"
FROM HR.EMPLOYEES
>>
<<
What is the difference between rownum,rowid
Interview Candidate Jul 26th, 2006 11 34446
BasicsAnswerFirstPrevNextLast
Editorial / Best Answer
rishipahuja
Member Since Aug-2006 | Aug 6th, 2006
rowid has a physical significance i.e you can read a row if you know rowid. It i
s complete physical address of a row.
While rownum is temporary serial number allocated to each returned row during qu
ery execution.
Showing Answers 1 - 11 of 11 Answers
Anurag puranik
Jul 27th, 2006
Rownum is just the serial No of your output while Rowid is automatically generat
ed unique id of a row an it is generated at the time of insertion of row.
Rownum is numeric and rowid is 16 bit hexadecimal no.
Was this answer useful? Yes Yes 1
Reply
rishipahuja
Aug 6th, 2006
rowid has a physical significance i.e you can read a row if you know rowid. It i
ery execution.
Reply
vidhya
Aug 29th, 2006
very good answer
Was this answer useful? Yes
Reply
lanka_satya
Sep 12th, 2008
rownum is generated for the data retrieved and stored in an implicit cursor so
depending on the outcum it may varry where as rowid is generated automatically f
or creation of every row,hence forth if we want retrive a particular row in a ta
ble we can abosolutelt do that if we can give rowid.....
Reply
nalinbit
Nov 24th, 2008

rownum is a pseudo column which is generated for query data set at runtime. whil
e rowid is the physical address of the row and hence definition suggest rowid fo
r a row will never change but row num will always change.
Reply
venugopalreddy.net
Jun 30th, 2009
rownum is the temp num assigned for the return rows per statement query
It will change as per the query statement.
It can be used with "=1" or "< 10" id number .
Where as rowid is the id assigned by the
Oracle while creating record in database. It is permanent & we can query with "
=" sign & it will not change
or depend on query.
Reply
Vikram Simha Reddy
Jan 8th, 2012
1. Rowid gives address of rows or records. Rownum gives count of records
2. Rowid is permanently stored in database. Rownum is not stored in database per
manently
3. Rowid is automatically assigned with every inserted into a table. Rownum is a
n dynamic value automatically
retrieved along with select statement output.
4. It is only for display purpose.
Reply
Chittaranjan Kotian
May 16th, 2012
ROWNUM is a pseudocolumn returning a sequential number along with the rows retri
eved, whereas rowid (also a pseudocolumn) contains the actual physical address o
f the data block containing the row
Reply
Sunny
Mar 25th, 2013
Row num is a sequential number allocated to each returned row for query executio
n. It is nothing but a numeric values. It is a temporary values. But row id is a
physical address of the rows. It is permanent.
Reply
Arif
Jul 3rd, 2015
I have one doubt like you said that rowid is automatically created when we add a
row(record) then what happens to rowid
when we delete that record?
Reply
vinay
Sep 20th, 2015
It it will be re-assigned to a different row when inserted by Oracle.
>>
<<
What is difference between COM & DCOM?
Interview Candidate Oct 10th, 2005 2 4523
maqk
Jan 2nd, 2006
What's the Difference between COM and DCOM?
Obviously, the difference is that DCOM is distributed but COM is not. To be more
precise, there are three main elements added to COM:
The way for creating a remote object.
The way for accessing a remote object.
The way to ensure secure access to a remote object.
Reply
Balaji
Aug 5th, 2015
The way for accessing a remote object.
>>
<<
What is normalization? What is the advantage of normalization?
Interview Candidate Sep 8th, 2005 18 39772
Nimi
Aug 25th, 2005
The process of separating
n. This is implemented to
s redunbdancy of data and
Was this answer useful?
Reply
N.Ramesh
Aug 31st, 2005
data into distinct, unique sets is called normalizatio

imorove the performance of the RDBMS, such as reducece
data inconsistency.
Yes Yes 1
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables in orde
r to improve storage efficiency, data integrity and scalability
Reply
Vijay Jaiswal
Sep 8th, 2005
Database normalization is a series of steps followed to obtain a database design
that allows for consistent storage and efficient access of data in a relational
database .These steps reduce data redundancy and the risk of data becoming inco
nsistent
Reply
Praveen Tangirala
Dec 13th, 2005
Normalization is the process used to reduce the unnecessary repetetion of data i
.e, redundant data.It is performed on the data which is redundant and makes the
data in a normalized format.It is of step-by-step processIstNotmal FormIIndNorma
l formIIIrdNormalformIVth Normalform or BoyceCodd Normal formBy perofmring this
we will get the data in the Normalized formati.,e from DBMS to RDBMS.
Reply
ruchi
Mar 20th, 2006
what is the advantage of normalization (briefly)
Reply
rajanipriya
May 9th, 2006
Normalization solely reduces redundancy and it give rises to a database which c
onsists of distinct yet related tables.
This results in database consistency, flexible data accesses .
Reply
Sri
Jul 6th, 2006
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes cre
ating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according to ru
les designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by
eliminating two factors: redundancy and inconsistent dependency.
Redundant data wastes disk space and creates maintenance problems. If data that
exists in more than one place must be changed, the data must be changed in exact
ly the same way in all locations. A customer address change is much easier to im
plement if that data is stored only in the Customers table and nowhere else in t
he database.
What is an "inconsistent dependency"? While it is intuitive for a user to look i
n the Customers table for the address of a particular customer, it may not make
sense to look there for the salary of the employee who calls on that customer. T
he employee's salary is related to, or dependent on, the employee and thus shoul
d be moved to the Employees table. Inconsistent dependencies can make data diffi
cult to access; the path to find the data may be missing or broken.
There are a few rules for database normalization. Each rule is called a "normal
form." If the first rule is observed, the database is said to be in "first norma
l form." If the first three rules are observed, the database is considered to be
in "third normal form." Although other levels of normalization are possible, th
ird normal form is considered the highest level necessary for most applications.
As with many formal rules and specifications, real world scenarios do not always
allow for perfect compliance. In general, normalization requires additional tab
les and some customers find this cumbersome. If you decide to violate one of the
first three rules of normalization, make sure that your application anticipates
any problems that could occur, such as redundant data and inconsistent dependen
cies.
NOTE: The following descriptions include examples.
First Normal Form
Eliminate repeating groups in individual tables.

Create a separate table for each set of related data.
Identify each set of related data with a primary key.
Do not use multiple fields in a single table to store similar data. For example,
to track an inventory item that may come from two possible sources, an inventor
y record may contain fields for Vendor Code 1 and Vendor Code 2.
But what happens when you add a third vendor? Adding a field is not the answer;
it requires program and table modifications and does not smoothly accommodate a
dynamic number of vendors. Instead, place all vendor information in a separate t
able called Vendors, then link inventory to vendors with an item number key, or
vendors to inventory with a vendor code key.
Second Normal Form
Create separate tables for sets of values that apply to multiple records.
Relate these tables with a foreign key.
Records should not depend on anything other than a table's primary key (a compou
nd key, if necessary). For example, consider a customer's address in an accounti
ng system. The address is needed by the Customers table, but also by the Orders,
Shipping, Invoices, Accounts Receivable, and Collections tables. Instead of sto
ring the customer's address as a separate entry in each of these tables, store i
t in one place, either in the Customers table or in a separate Addresses table.
Third Normal Form
Eliminate fields that do not depend on the key.
Values in a record that are not part of that record's key do not belong in the t
able. In general, any time the contents of a group of fields may apply to more t
han a single record in the table, consider placing those fields in a separate ta
ble.
For example, in an Employee Recruitment table, a candidate's university name and
address may be included. But you need a complete list of universities for group
mailings. If university information is stored in the Candidates table, there is
no way to list universities with no current candidates. Create a separate Unive
rsities table and link it to the Candidates table with a university code key.
EXCEPTION: Adhering to the third normal form, while theoretically desirable, is
not always practical. If you have a Customers table and you want to eliminate al
l possible interfield dependencies, you must create separate tables for cities,
ZIP codes, sales representatives, customer classes, and any other factor that ma
y be duplicated in multiple records. In theory, normalization is worth pursuing;
however, many small tables may degrade performance or exceed open file and memo
ry capacities.
It may be more feasible to apply third normal form only to data that changes fre
quently. If some dependent fields remain, design your application to require the
user to verify all related fields when any one is changed.
Other Normalization Forms
Fourth normal form, also called Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF), and fifth normal
form do exist, but are rarely considered in practical design. Disregarding these
rules may result in less than perfect database design, but should not affect fu
nctionality.
**********************************
Examples of No
rmalized Tables
********************************** Normalization E
xamples: Unnormalized table:
Student# Advisor Adv-Room Class1 Class2
Class3
------------------------------------------------------1022
Jones
412
101-07 143-01 159-02
4123
Smith
216
201-01 211-02 214-01
First Normal Form: NO REPEATING GROUPS
Tables should have only two dimensions. Since one student has several classes, t
hese classes should be listed in a separate table. Fields Class1, Class2, & Clas
s3 in the above record are indications of design trouble.
Spreadsheets often use the third dimension, but tables should not. Another way t
o look at this problem: with a one-to-many relationship, do not put the one side
and the many side in the same table. Instead, create another table in first nor
mal form by eliminating the repeating group (Class#), as shown below:
Student# Advisor Adv-Room

Class#
-------------------------------------1022
Jones
412
101-07
1022
Jones
412
143-01
1022
Jones
412
159-02
4123
Smith
216
201-01
4123
Smith
216
211-02
4
123
Smith
216
214-01
Second Normal Form: ELIMINATE REDUNDANT DATA
Note the multiple Class# values for each Student# value in the above table. Clas
s# is not functionally dependent on Student# (primary key), so this relationship
is not in second normal form.
The following two tables demonstrate second normal form:
Students: Student#
Advisor Adv-Room
----------------------------1022
Jones
412
4123
Smith
216
Registration: Student#
Class#
----------------1022
101-07
1022
143-01
1022
159-02
4123
201-01
4123
211-02
4123
21401
Third Normal Form: ELIMINATE DATA NOT DEPENDENT ON KEY
In the last example, Adv-Room (the advisor's office number) is functionally depe
ndent on the Advisor attribute. The solution is to move that attribute from the
Students table to the Faculty table, as shown below:
Students: Student#
Advisor
------------------1022
Jones
4123
Smith
Faculty:
Name
Room
Dept
-------------------Jones 412
42
Smith 216
42
Reply
Naveed Shahzad
Aug 1st, 2006
send me advantages of nomalization.
Reply
Ashish
Sep 7th, 2006
The main advantage of normalisation is that it helps to reduce redundancy.
However too much of normalisation is also not preferred as it creates too many t
ables leading too more nos fo joins making the query even more complex.Normalisa
tion upto 3NF is generally preferred.
Reply
deolyn makoni
Dec 5th, 2006
what is normalization? what is the advantage of normalisation
Reply
deolyn makoni
Dec 5th, 2006
what are te problems that may arise if a system is created without completing no
rmalisation first
Reply
Ramya
Jan 24th, 2007
The answer for this normalization is good. If u don't mine can u give me one mor
e example for normalization.

Reply
Muhammad Wali Ullah
Feb 21st, 2012
The Process of Simplifying the structure of data. Normalization increase granula
rity and Granularity is the scope of a definition for any particular thing.The m
ore granular a data model is the easier it becomes to manage ,up to a point ,dep
ending ,of course, on the application of the database model.
Reply
Chittaranjan Kotian
May 16th, 2012
Normalization is a process of reviewing a data model to remove data redundency,
maintain data intergrity, and make the data model as simple as possible. There a
re 3 normalization forms that are generally used, and an additional fourth and f
ifth normal form
The advantages of normalization is to remove data redundency
Reply
Raheela Warraich
Oct 12th, 2014
plz anyone tell me :
What is the process of normalization in information retrivel.
Reply
Mayank
Feb 10th, 2015
Normalization is the Process to remove the redundancy data from the Table.
Reply
rama
May 11th, 2015
normalization is the process of dividing the data into separate tables because o
f dividing data into tables avoiding the data redundancy(duplications)
Reply
Subrat
Jul 28th, 2015
It is a Process to obtain a database design that allows for efficient access and
storage of data. This process use reduce data redundancy and the chances of dat
a becoming inconsistent.
>>
<<
What is the difference between trigger and constraints ?
narasingha baral
Aug 28th, 2014 6 6014
Questions by narasingha baral
Rushil
Sep 17th, 2014
Trigger can be use to create user defined constraints. This is one difference wr
t constraints. It has many other benefits also.
Thanks
Reply
binita
Sep 24th, 2014
Trigger is a stored routine.it is a set of SQL statements used for protecting th
e integrity of data.But constraint is used to define rules to allow or restrict
what values can be stored in columns. The purpose of inducing constraints is to
enforce integrity of database.it restricts the insertion of data in a table.
Reply
Vaithy
Oct 11th, 2014
1. Trigger can be on update/delete statements also, but constraints are related
to provide restrictions while inserting the data.
2. Triggers can be defined at system level(Database shutdown, log in, etc), but
constraints cant be used at system level.
3. We can use anonymous transactions on trigger, but we cant use anonymous trans
actions on constraints.
Reply
Samudrala
Jan 30th, 2015
Triggers are stored programs, which are automatically executed or fired when som
e events occur. Triggers are, in fact, written to be executed in response to any
of the following events:
A database manipulation (DML) statement (DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE).
A database definition (DDL) statement (CREATE, ALTER, or DROP).
A database operation (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, or SHUTDOWN).
Triggers could be defined on the table, view, schema, or database with which the
event is associated.
Syntax:
Code
CREATE [OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}
[OF col_name]
ON table_name
[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]

[FOR EACH ROW]
WHEN (condition)
DECLARE
Declaration-statements
BEGIN
Executable-statements
EXCEPTION
Exception-handling-statements
END;
Reply
Samudrala
Jan 30th, 2015
Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table. These are used to l
imit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and re
liability of the data in the database. Contraints could be column level or table
level. Column level constraints are applied only to one column where as table l
evel constraints are applied to the whole table.
Following are commonly used constraints available in SQL:
NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.
DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.
UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.
PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.
FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a row/record in any other database table.
CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy
certain conditions.
INDEX: Use to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly.
Reply
munny
Jul 24th, 2015

Triggers are the stored procedures that are fired when an DB event occur where a
s Constraints are the checks or the rules that are enforced on data columns to m
aintain the data integrity. Both can be use for the data integrity. Constraints
are used at the data creation level. With Triggers we can define the some more r
equisite action like data messaging, data population) on other relation tables
>>
<<
Can any one tell me how the get the datafile when my controlfile is lost and i h
ave created a new controlfile. and the information about the datafile is present
in the previous controlfile which is corrupt and deleted. and there is no backu
p of the datafile is present
parthokonar1
Oct 2nd, 2006 3 1703
Questions by parthokonar1 answers by parthokonar1
taraldesai
Jun 23rd, 2007
mount with pfile where your pfile control_file parameter points to old ctl file.
..then issue
alter database backup control file to trace;
Reply
Rushil
Sep 17th, 2014
Hi, Can anyone explain what is data file and control file.
Reply
SATHEES KUMAR
Jul 1st, 2015
Control file is a small binary file that record the physical structure of the da
tabase like datafile and redolog file location, timestamp,scn and used for recov
er purpose all so but have no datafile backup then you cant recover the database
.
>>
<<
Can you explain what is DUAL table in oracle ?
Sundra
Mar 29th, 2006 17 6379
Questions by Sundra
Smrati Saxena
Apr 3rd, 2006
Hi
Dual is a virtual table ...it do not eists .

It is used to query fro pseudo columns..
eg;
select sysdate from dual
Reply
pramod kumar
Apr 6th, 2006
Dummy table with one row and one column, we can select from it but cant insert u
pdate delete.
Reply
dhk
Apr 20th, 2006
Hello Friends
Dual is a dummy table which has one row and one column .
Reply
Renuka Rajput
Aug 2nd, 2006
Dual is oracle created table.It is called as dummy table n it has one row and on
e cloumn.
Reply
lieni
Jul 30th, 2007
Sorry dual is not a dummy table. Dual really exists and also that it has exactly
one row and one column isn't correct.
You can insert:
Insert into dual value 'Y'
Select sysdate from dual will then return two lines with the actual timestamp.
Reply
shina
Sep 18th, 2007
Yes you are right that DUAL table has multiple cols but only one row.
But the insert statement that you've mentioned is not working.
Reply
kishore
Oct 6th, 2007
Dual table is one which is having only one row & one coulmn and it is maintained
by Oracle server. Which is used for mathamatical calculations like sqrt, round,
power, max, min etc.
Reply
shravanam
Oct 24th, 2007
DUAL IS A DUMMY TABLE. WE CAN INSERT,UPDATE AND DELETE FROM DUAL TABLE IF YOU LO
G IN WITH SYSTEM/MANGER PRIVILLAGES.
EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM DUAL;
no rows selected
DESC DUAL
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------DUMMY
VARCHAR2(1)
SQL> INSERT INTO DUAL VALUES('Y');
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DUAL;
D
Y
SQL> UPDATE DUAL SET DUMMY='S';
1 row updated.
D
S
SQL> DELETE FROM DUAL;
1 row deleted.
no rows selected
EVEN IF U INSERT A ROW INTO DUAL TABLE STILL IT CAN BE USED TO RETRIEVE DATA FOR
PSUEDO COLUMNS.
YOU CAN INSERT ONLY ONE RECORD INTO THE DUAL TABLE, IF U TRY TO INSERT ANOTHER R
ECORD IT WILL NOT GIVE ANY ERROR,IT WILL JUST DISPLAY 1 ROW INSERTED BUT U WILL
FIND ONLY 1 ROW. ie THE PREVIOUS RECORD.
REGARDS
SHARAT
Reply
lanka_satya
Jul 4th, 2008
most of our friends have given different answers for this..........infact most o
f them are same and correct .......but I will give one simple definition and sma
ll logic beyond its working.........?
I can say it is a practise table as it contains only one column and one row...t
hat is its column name is dummy and value is x...even though if try to insert an
y value also it will take,but will not be updated into the actual table.....
even we can create this type of table for ur own purpose......

second point which i have mentioned is:
we normally use this table for functions by using select stmt................
for example:
let us type this.
select sysdate from dual;
here the select statement works for every row in a table and its basic use is it
will always try to retrive a value for the expression or column or function for
which we have given in select statement and it works for each record..........
so normally it contains one row, so you will be displayed with one value that's
if u can see we cannot test group functions with dual table..
if you have any doubts regarding functionality of dual table:
let try to write this query...
select sysdate from emp
this will try to display sysdate for the number of rows that is present in emp t
able......
so dual table creation is different and don't try to think of inserting any rows
in it,because it won't take any as this is used for simple processing of select
statement....

Reply
nare4u
Nov 15th, 2008
SQL> select 2 from dual;
2
---------2
SQL> select 2,3 from dual;
2
3
---------- ---------2
3
Reply
meenatchim
Nov 16th, 2008
DUAL is a table.That is owned by SYS user .It has a column name as dummy and i
t containts a row having a vale "X".The dual table is useful when u want to retu
n a value once only,the value that is not derived in from a table with userdata
Reply
deepak
Feb 24th, 2009
Dual is a system defined table having one rows and one column. A person who has
informed that it has virtual
existence is not proper. It has physical existence.
Ex:
SQL> select * from dual;
D
X
Means a table having single row and columns.
Regards,
Deepak Mahapatra
TCS Bangalore
Reply
samarendra161
Jul 2nd, 2010
Dual is a virtual table which contains only one row & column. Generally this tab
le can be used into test predefined function functionality & also used to perfor
m mathematical operation. By default dual table column datatype is varchar2.
Reply
sk45453
Aug 23rd, 2010
Dual is a table which is created by oracle along with the data dictionary. It
consists of exactly one column whose name is dummy and one record. The value of
that record is X. The owner of dual is SYS but dual can be accessed by every
user. As dual contains exactly one row (unless someone fiddled with it), it is
guaranteed to return exactly one row in select statements. Therefore, dual is
the preferred table to select a pseudo column (such as sysdate). Although it is
possible to delete the one record, or insert additional records, one really
should not do that!
Reply
Waseem Mehmood
Jun 2nd, 2011
Dual is a dummy table which has one row and one column but can't make the DML op
ertions.
Reply
subrahmanyam pattapu
Jul 19th, 2011
Dual is default table in oracle .it contains single row and single column.All th
e Character functions and number functions and date functions execution done in
this Dual table.
Reply
shadiq
Jun 25th, 2015
Insert into dual values (Y); will work i guess, only thing is you need a suffici
ent privilege...
Also Dual can have 1000 columns and only one row.
>>
<<
Finding errors from Pl/SQL package
How to check errors from plsql package not by log file not by "show err"from sql
* plus provided concurrent program name
Interview Candidate Nov 2nd, 2014 5 2004
DivyaRam
Nov 24th, 2014
put a print with DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
Reply
Akshatha
Dec 3rd, 2014
Use Exceptions for Error Handling
Reply
kuldeep
Dec 13th, 2014
use pragma autonomous transaction
Reply
Karthik Sai
Feb 2nd, 2015
using exception / dbms output are the best and easier methods
Reply
prakash
Jun 8th, 2015
Using dbms_utility.format_error_mask function will be used to
>>
<<
What steps server process has to take to execute an update statement.
kishore.giri
Dec 9th, 2007
During the execution of an update statement, the server process prepares its par
sing,execution plan in shared pool and then search for that record in the databa
se buffer cache if it finds the record in the buffer then it updates the record
else it goes to the datafile to read the record to the database buffer cache and
then updates it.
Reply
ajaymore
Feb 2nd, 2008

During the execution of an update statement, the server process looks into libra
ry cache whether same kind of query is recently executed or not i.e. explain pla
n is ready for execution or not in shared pool and then search for that record b
lock in the database buffer cache if it finds the block in the buffer then it mo
difies the block else it fetches the same from datafile to database buffer and t
hen modifies it.
Reply
premk
Dec 23rd, 2009
When a user issues a update statement the server process checks for weather the
same type of command is executed recently or not if that command is executed ver
y recently then it directly proceed to the dictionary cache to fecth the metadat
a presented in the system.dbf file and required data is going to updated to the
system.dbf file and respective database. if the sever process does't find any pr
eviously executed similar type of command then parsing is going to be takes plac
e in dictionary cache and ash code is created at the same time execution plan of
the command is created.after that the data from database buffer cache is going
to be written to the respective data files.
Reply
anjum
May 1st, 2015
when update statement fires data will be loaded into buffer from data files and
keeps the old image into undo tablespace and modifies the data in buffer once yo
u commit modified data will be written to data files if you rollback data from u
ndotablespace it will read and writes to the data files.
>>
<<
Difference between IS and AS in oracle
What is the difference between IS and AS in Oracle PL/SQL..?
Interview Candidate Feb 24th, 2015 3 2530
Deval Parikh
Mar 17th, 2015
No difference in PL/SQL. In SQL, can provide alias using "AS".
Reply
pabitra praharaj
Mar 26th, 2015
IS is used in to filter which value is null or not null. AS is used in for ALIAS
Reply
Nupur
Apr 24th, 2015
In plsql there is no difference.
>>
<<
What is the difference between ALL and ANY in ORACLE?can any one explain with ex
ample?
abhimanu.singh
Mar 27th, 2006 7 17045
Questions by abhimanu.singh
vijay Jaiswal
Apr 19th, 2006
ANY
The If any value from outcome of subquery is macthed then desired output will b
e retrived.It checks with lowest value .
ALL
Itwill check for greatest value from outcome of subquery
Reply
Nikhil_4_Oracle
Mar 15th, 2007
DEAR ALL,
ANY or SOME : Compares a value to each value in a list or retuned by a query. Mu
st be
preceded by =,!=,>,<,<=,=> Evalutes FALSE when query returns no rows.
select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal = any(1500,3000);
EMPNO ENAME
SAL
------- ---------- ---------7499 ALLEN 1600
7566 JONES 2975
7839 KING 5000
7902 FORD 3000
so ,optimizer take above query as ,
--select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal>1500 or sal>3000;
ALL : Compares a value to every value in a list or return by a query .Must be pr
eceded by
=,!=,>,<,=>,<=. Evalutes to TRUE if the query returns no rows.
select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal > ALL (1600,3000);
EMPNO ENAME SAL
---------- ---------- ---------7839 KING 5000
-- in other words optimizer take this query as ,
--select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal 1600 AND sal>3000;
Regards,
Nikhil

Reply
rajakumar_na
Nov 14th, 2007
ANY and ALL are Multiple row operators.
<ANY - Less than the Maximum
>ANY - Greater than the Minimum
<ALL - Less than the Minimum
>ALL - Greater than the maximum
Reply
sure_prince
Jun 26th, 2009
IN->Equal to Any One in the List.
ANY->Compares Value to Each Value Returned by the Sub Query.
ALL->Compares Value To Every Value Returned by the Sub Query.
For Example:
IN:
(Q):Display the Details of all the Employees Whose Salaries are Matching with L
east Investments of Departments?
(A):
SQL>Select Ename,Sal,Deptno from Emp Where
Sal IN(Select Min(Sal) From Emp Group By Deptno);
ANY:
<ANY:->Meaans Less Than The Maximum Value in the List.
(Q):Get The Details of All Employees Who are Earning Less Than The Highest Earni
ng Employee Controling Other Emp?
(A):
SQL>Select Empno,Ename,Job,Sl From Emp
Where Sal <Any(Select Distinct MGR From Emp));
>ANY:->Meaans More Than The Minimum Value in the List.
(Q):Get The Details Of All Emps Who are Earning more than the least paid of Depa
rtment 10?
(A):
SQL>Select Empno,Ename,Job,Sal From Emp
Where Sal>Any(Select Min(Sal) From Emp Where Deptno=10);
=ANY:->It's Equivalent to In Operator.
Note: 'Some' is also used insted of ANY.
ALL
<ALL:->Means Less Than The Minimum Value in the List.
(Q):Get The Details Of All Emps Who are Earning Less than the
Avg Investment of Department 10?
(A):
Where Sal<All(Select Avg(Sal) From Emp Where Deptno=10);
>ALL:->Means More Than The Maximum Value in the List.
(Q):Get The Details Of All Emps Who are Earning More than the
Avg Investment of Department 10?
(A):
Where Sal>All(Select Avg(Sal) From Emp Where Deptno=10);
Thank you
Any Mistakes please Inform to me...
-Suresh

Reply
saurabh
Jan 30th, 2015
ANY
The If any value from outcome of sub query is matched then desired output will b
e retrieved. It.It checks with lowest value .
ALL
ALL
It will check for greatest value from outcome of sub-query
Reply
Samudrala
Jan 30th, 2015
ALL
The ALL comparison condition is used to compare a value to a list or subquery. I
t must be preceded by =, !=, >, <, <=, >= and followed by a list or subquery.
When the ALL condition is followed by a list, the optimizer expands the initial
condition to all elements of the list and strings them together with AND operato
rs, as shown below.
SELECT empno, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal > ALL (2000, 3000, 4000);
EMPNO SAL
---------- ---------7839 5000
SQL>
-- Transformed to equivalent statement without ALL.
SELECT empno, sal

FROM emp
WHERE sal > 2000 AND sal > 3000 AND sal > 4000;
EMPNO SAL
---------- ---------7839 5000
Reply
Samudrala
Jan 30th, 2015
ANY
The ANY comparison condition is used to compare a value to a list or subquery. I
t must be preceded by =, !=, >, <, <=, >= and followed by a list or subquery.
When the ANY condition is followed by a list, the optimizer expands the initial
condition to all elements of the list and strings them together with OR operator
s, as shown below.
SELECT empno, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal > ANY (2000, 3000, 4000);
EMPNO SAL
---------- ---------7566 2975
7698 2850
7782 2450
7788 3000
7839 5000
7902 3000
SQL>
-- Transformed to equivalent statement without ANY.
SELECT empno, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal > 2000 OR sal > 3000 OR sal > 4000;
EMPNO SAL
---------- ---------7566 2975
7698 2850
7782 2450
7788 3000
7839 5000
7902 3000
>>
<<
Truncate command in oracle is DDL command or DML command ? give the answer with
descirptive reason which is and why?
nareshgupta12
Jan 8th, 2007 16 4949
Questions by nareshgupta12 answers by nareshgupta12
ranjeetapegu
Jan 11th, 2007
The truncate command is neither DDL statement or DML statement but it is A TCL s
tatement . TCL- Transcation control statement. COMMIT, ROLLBACK,SAVEPOINT,TRUNCA
TE all are transcation control statement
Reply
santosh_yadein
Jan 23rd, 2007

Truncate commad is DDL statement ,we can`t after rolledback truncate command is
executed.
Reply
Praveen reddy.P
Jan 31st, 2007
Truncate is a DDL statement
Reply
A.R.Anandhi
Feb 17th, 2007
Truncate is a DDL Statement.Whereas Delete is a DML Statement.
Reply
A.R.Anandhi
Feb 17th, 2007
Truncate is a DDLcommand.Whereas Delete is a DML Command.
Reply
sekhar
Feb 25th, 2007
truncate is DDL command . truncate means delete+commit.
DDL commands are directly connecting to database.
DML commands are first connecting to memory cache.
these are deferences between ddl and dml
Reply
mahi
Sep 14th, 2007
Truncate command is a DDL statement.
DDL ststements can't be rollback. Truncate statement can't be rollback.
In DDL statement we can't use WHERE. In truncate also we can't use WHERE.
DELETE is a DML statement we can rollback as well as we can use WHERE.
Reply
dipak2704
Aug 27th, 2009
Following are different types of SQL language
DQL - Data query language e.g. select
DDL - Data definition language e.g. create, alter, drop
DML - Data manipulation language e.g. insert, update, delete
TCL - Transaction control language e.g commit, rollback, savepoint
DCL - Data control language e.g grant, revoke
Reply
Waseem Mehmood
Jun 2nd, 2011
Truncate is a DDL command.
Reply
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
Truncate is a DDL command. Internally what it does is it drops the whole table a
nd recreate the structure.
Reply
HARSHINI
Jul 13th, 2012
TRUNCATE is a data definition language (DDL) command.Removes all rows from the t
able,leaving the table empty and the table structure intact.
Reply
Krishna G
Mar 4th, 2013
Truncate is a DDL command.You can not rollback the data once you done truncate c
ommand
Reply
vishnu vardhan
Nov 16th, 2014
TRUNCATE is a DDL command.If u want to delete all the records permanently from t
he table truncate command will be use.
Reply
Asus
Dec 8th, 2014
If we compare truncate command with windows it is just link s=Shift+Del which de
letes permanently.
Reply
gulshan
Dec 9th, 2014
since ddl deals with the structure of objects n here truncate is also used for p
ermanently deleting the data with objects so truncate is a ddl command..
Reply
Akshatha
Dec 25th, 2014
Truncate is DDL. Auto commits the transaction. Also, truncating a table can rese
t the high water mark if REUSE storage clause is not used.
>>
<<
In Oracle varchar2 takes dynamic space for storage then why char is still in ora
cle?
Beena
Sep 16th, 2005 19 5979
Questions by Beena answers by Beena
rahultripathi
Sep 28th, 2005
The mejor defference between varchar2 and char is fixed length and variable leng
th . varchar2 have varible length mean if we declare as 20 space and its use onl
y 5 space the memory asigne only 5 . but in char takes daclare space while use
any number space less than declare
any problem / suggetion contact rahultripathi@myway.com
Reply
geetha24
Mar 31st, 2006
but the question here is why char is still used in oracle
Reply
ramiya
Apr 20th, 2006
hi plz reply me why we use char still we use varchar2
Reply
ranjana tripathi
May 18th, 2006
char is fixed we know and therefore this is also sure that whenever we will use
that it will fix the memory space accordingly still we use it because while work
ing sometimes we are sure that one of the column value should not be tampered or
u may say shoulod not be allowed to be tampered by giving them more space so we
fix that particular column as char.
Reply
Vikram Muddya
May 18th, 2006
char is used if we know that the length wont exceed the specified range while va
rchar is used for varying range.
If we want any string not exceeding 6, we use char(6),because we can put a const
raint if someone is trying to enter more or less than 6.
Reply
Amit
May 25th, 2006
When we export external data then we used fixed lenght of record this is possibl
e by char or second reson is whenever we use varchar it stores its width which o
ccupies memory. so here two reson is sufficient for char.
Third reason is performance .
Reply
umesh
Jun 6th, 2006
char is of fied length search operation becomes faster since oracle engine has t
o look for predetermined length of characters.
Reply
anil kumar
Aug 2nd, 2007
The char data type is used in oracle for giving small and single values like T (
or) F..

Reply
sshravanam
Oct 8th, 2007
In VARCHAR2 we can make use of numbers along with characteres......
But in CHAR we can have only characters.
Reply
NIRANJAN
Oct 16th, 2007
We can use numbers and characters in char function
Please try it.ok.
with regaurds
niranjan
Reply
navin05_06
Jun 2nd, 2008
Still there is no answer for why char is there in oracle9i
Reply
Ajay Lavanuru
Aug 18th, 2008
The reason for the question is
1. To provide flexibility in oracle i.e we can restrict a column to a limited sp
ace
Example:
you have come across some fields like 6 charecters are mandotory.....that is to
enforce security in some areas .(if 6 are fixed that column is fixed....)
2. To improve performance
Example:
In varchar2 unnecessary storage can be recovered by some sort of mechanism which
wont be there in char datatyp0e.
so for a column which is fixed usage of char is appropriate than varchar2 that i
s associated with some mechanism for recovery.
Regards
Ajay,
Reply
manniik
Aug 21st, 2008
Also When we migrate from Legacy system to Oracle, we need to use CHAR to make s
ure that we capture the data properly.
Reply
ds_devi
Jan 3rd, 2009

char(2) can be used when you want to store state codes and you know that the len
gth is fixed--not less, not more.
Reply
bhaumiklitu
Jan 4th, 2009
We use Varchar2 in long length characters, so considering space complexity, we u
se char for
answering like yes/no.
Reply
U.Janki Rao
Mar 17th, 2009
Of course Varchar2 is there to maintain variable length of columns. It keeps an
internal pointer to maintain Variable length that means it wastes two bytes to k
eep first and last index where column starts and Calculates for each DML operati
on against that column. So We can Avoid this house keeping work using Char data
type if we can estimate the maximum length of the column. So both have it's own
significance. Be careful while using varchar2 (It make overhead for each row). U
se Char if you are sure with the lump sum length of the column.
Thanks
Reply
Prasad
Aug 18th, 2011
Since Char is fixed length , the processing speed will be more as there is no ne
ed of extra work to measure how much an instance of column is used the memory sp
ace.
But in Varchar, the processor has to do extra work to measure the amount of memo
ry space used by an instance of column and to reallocate the remaining memory sp
ace to other instance. hence the speed of operation is less compared to char.
Reply
Paras
Feb 23rd, 2013
To Provide backward compatibility. i.e. program written in older version of Orac
le might have CHAR used in it. The newer version should be compatible with it. T
hats why CHAR is still there in Oracle ..
Reply
Vijay Shewale
Sep 11th, 2014
The reason behind char is still in oracle that is some of the table and objects
are stored in oracle in char data types.
to support that data types for that it is still in oracle. one more thing that i
s char allows the limited character and size of memory so we can use this data t
ypes in such limited cases.
>>
<<
What is the difference between primary key, unique key, surrogate key?
Interview Candidate Aug 27th, 2005 55 19286
Kolta Sam
Member Since Jul-2011 | Jul 10th, 2011
Primary Key:
It is a visible key
It generated by user or application.
It could be changed by the user or application.
It could be queried
It used to form a relation between tables
It shouldnt contain null value
It resemble table row
It is a unique identifier for a table object.
It contains only one key
It could contain numeric and strings characters.
It is an unique key which each row contain a distinct different key.
Example for it is a customer_Id.
It always starts by number one and second is two and so on but can starts with a
different number.
Could created on one or more columns
No duplicate records
Secondary Key:
It used to form a relation between tables.
It is alternate table key.
It used to search data with primary key
It could contains null value
It could contains more than one secondary key for each table
Created only on one columns
It creates index clustered by default
Surrogate Key:
It is invisible key for the user or the application.
It resembles database entity.
It generated by the system so it is invisible for user and application.
It shouldnt contain null values
Only one surrogate key for each data entity
Its value is unique system wide.
Its value is never manipulated by the user or the application.
It never reused
It is frequently sequential number
It called synthetic key, an entity identifier, a system-generated key, a databas
e sequence number, a factless key, a technical key, or an arbitrary unique ident
ifier
nagaa
Aug 16th, 2005
what is the difference b/w rownum and rowid?
Reply
Nimi
Aug 25th, 2005
To answer your question its sufficient enough to understand their definitions.
Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the
table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.

Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in an Oracle tabl
e. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value.
Surrogate Key: A system generated key with no business value. Usually implemente
d with database generated sequences.
Reply
Archit Dave
Aug 26th, 2005
i have one question is that
what are the differences between primary key and unique key
Reply
vandita
Aug 27th, 2005
we can refer the primary key value in some other table ie child table.
Reply
suresh
Aug 27th, 2005
primaruy key should not dontain nulls and
unique key can contains null values
Reply
Vijay Raj Jaiswal
Sep 20th, 2005
Primay Key
Unique key
---------------------------1.There is only one
there may be more than 1
Primary key for
Unique Key in table
1 table
2.It can contain
It Can contain Null Value
Null value
Reply
gomathi.e
Sep 30th, 2005
unique key - allowes NULL ValuesPrimary Key - not allowed The NULL values
Reply
chandrakant
Oct 16th, 2005
nagaa Wrote: what is the difference b/w rownum and rowid?
what is the difference between primary key, unique key, sorrougate key?
3how
Reply
PSRaja
Oct 18th, 2005
send me the differences bet unique key & primary key

Reply
santhi
Nov 23rd, 2005
both primary key and unique key doesn t have duplicate values. but there will be
only primary key in a table and u can have any number of unique keys.
Reply
Rajesh Kashyap
Dec 27th, 2005
Primery Key:- A column or set of columns that uniquely identify all the rows in
a table. Primary keys do not allow null values. No two rows can have the same pr
imary key value; therefore, a primary key value always uniquely identifies a sin
gle row.
Unique Key:- Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in an Oracle tab
le. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. no value repea
te in the other rows of the same table.
Surrogate key:- An ID column populated via a sequence is known as
a surrogate key. if the table has a true primary key
Reply
KOTESWARA RAO CHAVA
Apr 15th, 2006
primary key : duplicate recrods will not allowe,
null values also will not consider,
index automatically created on a column which u set a primary
key column,
Reply
KOTESWARA RAO CHAVA
Apr 15th, 2006
primary key : duplicate recrods will not allowe,
null values also will not consider,
index automatically created on a column which u set a
primary
key column,
unique
key : no repeated twise a value in a columns along with zero

Reply
rajanipriya
May 9th, 2006
Aactually, the rows of a table in database terminology are considered as candi
dates of a table. So, the colunm that uniquely identifies these candidates of a
table is called CAndidate Key.
Candidate key shortly called as key ---->> The column which is used to Uniquely
identify the rows of a table.
Primary key ----->> Unique Key +Not Null contraint
Unique Key ----->> The key column which has no repeated values in it.

Reply
yogesh _ gyanendra
Dec 13th, 2006
Hi dear,primary key can t contain NULL but Unique key contain NULL value........
..
Reply
shilpa ashwin
Feb 8th, 2007
ROWID : Unique index number of every row of a table maintained by the database a
utomatically
ROWNUM: Sequential number of rows in the resultset object.

Reply
praveenladdu1
Mar 7th, 2007
hi
this is correct
u people r saying wt is primary and wt is unique key
but the diffrence is
unique key contains only unique valvues i.e it does not allow duplicate values
and
where as a primary key allows only unique values and also it have
NOT NULL charactaristic too ..
Reply
Rohan Kumar K
Mar 26th, 2007
Primary key: key + not null values in the table.
Unique key : key + null /not null values in the table.
Reply
Yogita
Apr 18th, 2007
Primary Key:
1) It creates clustered index by default
2) It doesn t allow nulls
Unique Key:
1) It creates non-clustered index by default
2) It allows only one null value
Reply
AMIYA KUMAR SAHOO
May 2nd, 2007
The Primary key never contains any Null value
Reply
raafay
May 2nd, 2007

primary key cannot contain null value but unique can contain a single null value
or primary key have to be not null and unique key can null or not null.
Reply
P.V.Sarveswararao
May 25th, 2007
Unique key can contain null values
Primary key can t contain null values Primary key is a combnation of Unique and
notnull.
Reply
Srinivas N
Jun 27th, 2007
Primary Key :
Can be only one per table
Can be created on one or more than one column
Will not allow null values
Can be reffered in another table i.e primary key and foreign key relation
Unique Key: It allows null values
If values exists it should be unique
Reply
bhargav
Jul 18th, 2007
Primary key is a combination of unique key and not null
Reply
vikrant
Jul 21st, 2007
Primary key is having both the constraints that are unique key and not null. The
re can be only one primary key in a table. But unique key is a key which uniquel
y identifies each row in a table but its not mandatory that it should be primary
key but a primary key has to be unique as well as not null key. There can be mo
re than one unique key in a table.
Reply
Amit Aggarwal
Aug 11th, 2007
Primary key has a unique value it doesn t contains Null value but in the unique
key it takes null value also but only once time.
Reply
Prakash Chandra Das
Aug 18th, 2007
Primary Key will never contain Null Value. Primary Key is a key is always NOT NU
LL
Reply
kamalalkarim
Aug 30th, 2007
Well the basic difference b/w primary key and the unique key is...
Primary key not only keeping the unique record in the particular field also it s
orts the records as well and by this key we can relate other tables by a creatin
g a referential key.
unique key only act in a column to keep the non-duplicate records.
I hope it would clear the idea about these two keys.
Regards,
Reply
swaminathan
Sep 14th, 2007
Unique Key - If a column is defined as UNIQUEY KEY, it only accept Non-Duplicate
value. But The column can contain a null value.
Primary Key - Primary key combines UNIQUE + NOTNULL
If a column is defined as primary key, the column can accept NOT null and uniqu
e value only.
Reply
prasads_delight1
Sep 18th, 2007
The field which is bounded by the Primary key constraint should not accep
t null valus and duplicate valus. And the primary key constraint field of a tabl
e will give the provision to relate with another table in the database which con
tains the field with same datatype.
More than one primary key fields are possible in a single table, but stri
ctly depends upon the nature of the data and the relations among the fields in t
he table.
Reply
harshada
Sep 30th, 2007
unique key is a key which is only one key while primary key is a key which is on
ly unique
Reply
sridhar
Oct 4th, 2007
Both are pseudo columns, one thing is, rownum will create on a fly while display
ing resultset whereas rowid is the address of the record for the entire database
.
Reply
purnimamca
Nov 5th, 2007
difference between primary
reated in primary where as
alsoe enforces uniqueness
Was this answer useful?
key an dunique key is by default clustered index is c

a non clustered index is created in unique key and it
of the column
Yes
Reply
Sunil Raina
Nov 26th, 2007
Primary key creates a clustered index and unique key creates nonclustered index
Reply
Reddy555
May 24th, 2008
Primary key does not allow nulls and repeated values
where as unique key accepts nulls but in unique key data should not repeated
Reply
navin05_06
Jun 2nd, 2008
Primary Key allows not null values and unique values
Unique key allows null and unique values
Only Primary Key is allowed for a table but Multiple unique key can exist in a
table
Reply
pradhanmk1
Jun 10th, 2008
Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the
table.There can be only one primary key in a table. A primary key value cannot b
e NULL.
Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in an Oracle tabl
e. There can be one or more unique key in a table.
Reply
Rajanikanththota
Jul 23rd, 2008
A UNIQUE constraint is similar to PRIMARY key, but you can have more than one UN
IQUE constraint per table.
When you declare a UNIQUE constraint, SQL Server creates a UNIQUE index to speed
up the process of searching for duplicates. In this case the index defaults to
NONCLUSTERED index, because you can have only one CLUSTERED index per table.
* The number of UNIQUE constraints per table is limited by the number of indexes
on the table i.e 249 NONCLUSTERED index and one possible CLUSTERED index.
Contrary to PRIMARY key UNIQUE constraints can accept NULL but just once. If the
constraint is defined in a combination of fields, then every field can accept N
ULL and can have some values on them, as long as the combination values is uniqu
e.
Reply
arvindgeek
Aug 7th, 2008
We can have foreign key refer to Unique Key (UK) and also to Primary Key (which
is combination of UK+not null); then it means we can create primary key equivale
nt constratint on a column with the help of UK and Not Null, then why do we have
PK?
Reply
santoshkharma
Aug 15th, 2008
Primary Key:
1) One Primary Key per Table
2) By Default creates Clustred Index
3) Cannot Have Null values.
Unique Key
1) Can have multiple Unique keys.
2) By default creates Non-Clustred Index.
3) Can Have one Null value.
Shoot a question on MSSql concepts.
Thanks and Cheers!!!
Reply
prashantmirje2000
Feb 25th, 2009
primary key
unique key
can t NULL
can NULL
By default create
cluster index
By default create
non cluster index

Reply
suman thummala
Jun 30th, 2009
rownum is a pseudo column which is generated for query data set at runtime. whil
e rowid is the physical address of the row and hence definition suggest rowid fo
r a row will never change but row num will always change.
Rowid has a physical significance i.e you can read a row if you know rowid. It i
ery execution.
Primary Key is Unique and not null
Unique Key is Unique and can contain null values.
Reply
imnrj23
Nov 11th, 2009
Primary Key & Unique Key
1.)))
P_key - A column
rows/tuple/entry
U_key - A column
rows/tuple/entry
in
of
in
of
a table whose values uniquely identify the

the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.
a table whose values uniquely identify the
the table. A unique key value can be NULL.
2.)))
P_key - A table can have only 1 primary key (If its on multiple columns, its a c
omposite key).
U_key - A table can have 1 or more Unique keys.
3.)))
P_key - Clustered index is created on Primary key constraint
U_key - non clustered unique indexes iscreated on Unique key constraint.
Surrogate Key features:
the value is unique system-wide, hence never reused;
the value is system generated;
the value is not manipulable by the user or application;
the value contains no semantic meaning;
the value is not visible to the user or application;
the value is not composed of several values from different domains.
Reply
Raza Darvaish
Apr 1st, 2011
A primary key doesn t allow nulls, but a unique key can allow ONE null.
A primary key can be a foreign key in other relation while a unique key cannot b
e referenced.
Reply
rahulksinghh
Jul 7th, 2011
difference between rowid and rownum
you can check rowid and rownum for every table by using syntax
select rownum,rowid from tablename;
when you create a table than rownum and rowid automatically created by database
like here i created a table fee,than by using syntax select rowid,rownum,fid,fee
ammount,student_id from fee;
we got the table which have rowid and rownum......
ROWNUM ROWID
FID
FEEAMMOUNT STUDENT_ID
---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------- -----------1 AAAEfwAABAAAKxCAAA f01
56000 1ms08is088
2 AAAEfwAABAAAKxCAAB f02
450000 1ms08is088
3 AAAEfwAABAAAKxCAAC f03
45000 1ms08is090
so as we can see rownum is the number for each record given by database.....and
rowid is a id given by database for each record...
Reply
Kolta Sam
Jul 10th, 2011
Primary Key:
It is a visible key
It generated by user or application.
It could be changed by the user or application.
It could be queried
It used to form a relation between tables

It shouldnt contain null value
It resemble table row
It is a unique identifier for a table object.
It contains only one key
It could contain numeric and strings characters.
It is an unique key which each row contain a distinct different key.
Example for it is a customer_Id.
It always starts by number one and second is two and so on but can starts with a
different number.
Could created on one or more columns
Secondary Key:
It used to form a relation between tables.
It is alternate table key.
It used to search data with primary key
It could contains null value
It could contains more than one secondary key for each table
Created only on one columns
It creates index clustered by default
Surrogate Key:
It is invisible key for the user or the application.
It resembles database entity.
It generated by the system so it is invisible for user and application.
It shouldnt contain null values
Only one surrogate key for each data entity
Its value is unique system wide.
Its value is never manipulated by the user or the application.
It never reused
It is frequently sequential number
It called synthetic key, an entity identifier, a system-generated key, a databas
e sequence number, a factless key, a technical key, or an arbitrary unique ident
ifier
Reply
nandha
Aug 17th, 2011
Primary key- It is unique identifier,it will not accept null values,
Unique- it is unique identifier it is accept null values..
Reply
Gopinath
Aug 17th, 2011
Primary key is the key can have unique value and non null records. where as uniq
ue key can have unique value but it allow only one null value.
Reply
arjun
Sep 1st, 2011
Primary key: unique+notnull
It is implicitly indexed.
Unique key accepts null and non-unique records,

No indexing is done automatically.
Reply
rama
Sep 5th, 2011
primary key is not null +unique
unique key is null or not null +unique
Reply
Rajakumar B V
Sep 11th, 2011
Primary key
1) It creates clustered index by default
2) It doesn t allow nulls
Unique Key:
1) It creates non-clustered index by default
2) It allows only one null value
Reply
Lucky
Nov 29th, 2011
We can create only one primary key per table where as we can create numbers of u
nique key in a table.
Primary key does not accept any null value but unique key accepts maximum of one
null value.
Primary key creates clustered index by default where unique key creates non-clus
tered index by default.
Reply
Faisal zaman Gandapure
Jan 26th, 2014
there is a minor difference between them..
Primary Key :
This is a unique key .
it does not allow null values.
Unique Key:
This key is also unique .
And it allow null values and but only one.
Reply
Kote
Mar 26th, 2014
Primary key does not accept any null value but unique key accepts null value for
each row of Unique columns. Kote
Reply
gagandeepp
Aug 21st, 2014
null values can be used more than one times in the unique key column .....becaus
e null is not equal to null or null is not equal to zero or null is not equal to
space..............
>>
<<
What is the diffrence between and constraints and triggers?
Interview Candidate Sep 9th, 2005 12 11298
Sunil
Sep 9th, 2005
Constraints are used to maintain the integrity and atomicity of database .in oth
er words it can be said they are used to prevent invalid data entry . the main 5
constraints are
NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY,FOREIGN KEY,UNIQUE KEY and CHECK
Triggers are bascically stored procedures which automaticallly fired when any in
sert,update or delete is issued on table
Reply
rahultripathi
Sep 28th, 2005
Another most imp. deff. is that trigger effected only those row after which trig
ger applied but constraint effected all row of table .
Reply
krishnaveni
Sep 29th, 2005
Generally we cant compare between and constraintsbut the difference between cons
traints and triggers is already there see.
Reply
Piyushjohn
May 4th, 2006
Triggers - They start a chain reaction- for instance each delete, update action
etc. can trigger off another function
Contstraint is set when the application is customized so that there are restrict
ions to the data entered, so that the data is authentic.
Reply
RamaKrishna Yerra,TCS,Hyd,9989018508
Aug 31st, 2006
Both are used for Business Rules...
But the major diff is... Triggers can nt fire on the Pre-Loaded data
inthe table where as Constraints can be..
Thanks&Regds
RamaKrishna Yerra,TCS,Hyd,9989018508
Reply
Ashish
Sep 7th, 2006
Triggers are used to carry out tasks which cant be done using constraints.
For eg:-A change in the "sal" column of a table should change the "tax" column i
n another table.This cant be done using constraints.It has to be done using trig
gers.Thats where the importance of triggers lie.
Reply
anil kumar
Aug 2nd, 2007
Constraints are the conditions it can set while creating the table. To eliminate
duplicates, not null values and also check the conditions..
Triggers are used when the event occurs.
Reply
sankar babu
May 25th, 2011
1.constraints are oracles predefined business rules.but triggers are user define
d business rules.
2.constraints validates the data immediately but triggers validates the data whe
n event occurs.
Reply
z_ashwini
Jan 13th, 2012
Contraints can be enforced on DB table to enforce intergrity or uniqueness on a
table. Specfically it it a bussiness rule used to validate data. Type of Constra
ints are: Primay key, Foreign Key, Unique key, Check constraint...
Triggers are DB object that is validated when an event occurs.
Type of triggers are :
Row level triggers
Statement level Triggers
Schema level triggers
DB triggers
Reply
Chittaranjan Kotian
May 16th, 2012
Constraints and triggers are both used to enforce business rules at the database
level. Constraints are primary key, unique key, foreign key, not null contraint
s etc, while triggers can be defined at the database and table level to do certa
in tasks depending on data entered
Reply
vishnuvardhanarao
Nov 14th, 2012
Check constraints it cant work multiple tables
Reply
rc
Aug 15th, 2014
CONSTRAINTS:=
1.it will check the existing data and feature data.
2.we cant change the constraint behavior these are predefined.
3.constraint are not support the object tables.
4.constraints can create on table,view and define on variables also(default,not

null).
Trigger:=
1.It evaluates feature data.
2.we can change the trigger behavior
3.Trigger supports the object tables.
4.trigger are created only on table,view
>>
<<
BASECONV.CONVDATA
What is the function BASECONV.CONVDATA(FILED_01,ARG_1,ARG_2) used for ?
Satish_Chaudhary_2113
Jan 26th, 2008 1 1588
Questions by Satish_Chaudhary_2113 answers by Satish_Chaudhary_2113
nagarjuna
May 2nd, 2014
baseconv.convdata is the conversion of some encrypted data to numeric data. the
conversion values depends on the arguments u are passing for the function
>>
<<
Adding new application at existing oracle 11gr2 database.
I have a request about adding new application at existing oracle 11gr2 database.
What questions should I raise with the vendor about there application and databa
se setup requirements. Please give my answer at your earliest possible time, bec
ause my nagement waiting for the answers.
Thanks in advance.
Ibrahim
>>
<<
Tablespace Management
What are the ways tablespaces can be managed and how do they differ?
arunakumaris
Mar 22nd, 2010 3 4649
Questions by arunakumaris
shekar2130
Jul 17th, 2010
We can manage table space in 2 ways, they are:
1. Locally managed
2. Dictionary managed
From 10g LMTS is default, DMTS is manual
Upto 9i DMTS is default, LMTS is manual
The difference between LMTS,DMTS is in LMTS freespace avilable in datafile heade
r etc can be checked by Oracle defaultly, whereas in DMTS it can be checked by u
ser so automatically it will degrades the performance.
Reply
ashdba
Sep 5th, 2010
Tablespace can be managed by specifying Extent management local or Extent manage
ment dictionary, segment space management auto or manually by using the key word
s pctfree, pctused, pctincrease during tablepsace creation.
Reply
Affrayam
Mar 8th, 2013
The difference between LMTS & DMTS is if the extent management is local(LMTS) th
e information about free extents and free blocks will be maintained in DATAFILE
HEADER it self AND if the extent management is dictionary(DMTS)
the information about free extents and free blocks will be maintained in DATA DI
CTIONARY so internally oracle issues a select statement on DATA DICTIONARY(SYSTE
M) in the case of DMTS.
>>
<<
Performance improvement in Bulk Collect
What is the amount of performance improvement you get with doing BULK COLLECT? I
tried answering I will measure with the cost.. but the interviewer wants a spec
ific answer. Is there any general formula for deriving the cost improvement base
d on the no. of records processed in bulk fetch?
Jamuna_J
Jul 6th, 2012 1 3671
Questions by Jamuna_J
dinesh
Feb 3rd, 2013
We can limit the bulk binding values. It would improve the overall performance.
It would not consume more memory.
>>
<<
Referential Integrity Constraint
What is the role of Referential Integrity Constraint in Normalization?
leorence
Nov 4th, 2009 1 2073
Questions by leorence
surendra
Jan 31st, 2013
Best examples of Referential Integrity constants Primary Key And Foreign key. Pr
imary Key constraint allow a particular attribute to be not null and unique. Whe
re as Foreign key will be used when ever there is a need to maintain the same at
tribute values in the multiple tables.
>>
<<
Oracle forms...
1) How to create login page in oracle 10g forms.
2) How to create an exe file of oracle 10g database
sayyad
Sep 26th, 2012 1 3082
Questions by sayyad
Sarat Teja
Jan 5th, 2013
The login credentials will be requested at the time when you run a form on runti
me of developer suit, that particular fmb/fmx is usually known as the login form
or the master form from which a menu module is called and the menu module calls
other forms. Menu access is controlled by defining roles in the database and th
ese roles are hard coded in the property palette of the menu module.
When you export the whole database it is created in a .DMP format usually called
the database dump. Please research on database import/export.
>>
<<
Performance Tuning
My query was running fine till last month. the query will run for each month end
. suddenly it is taking more than 20 minutes for running. the data is increased
by 1 million. the index are all working fine . There is no cpu utilization time
and also no memory blocks. What may be the reason?The increase in data has happe
ned previous months also
srividhya_85
Jun 24th, 2012 2 36003
Questions by srividhya_85 answers by srividhya_85
Avi
Sep 25th, 2012
check for the bottle necks starts from the source and continue till target
Reply
shams756
Nov 2nd, 2012
1) Try collecting Statistics
2) Spilt your query based on incoming unique values
>>
<<
What is Pro*C? What is OCI?
Beena
Sep 19th, 2005 5 9600
Questions by Beena answers by Beena
rahultripathi
Sep 22nd, 2005
Pro *C
The Pro* c/C++ precompiler takes the SQL statement that embeded in C/C++ code co
nvert into standard C/C++ code . when succefully precompile this code ,the resu
lt is a C or C++ programe that we compile and used to build the application that
access the Oracle Application
OCI :- OCI refere to Oracle Call interface is set of Low Lavel API(Applcation Pr
ogram Interface Call) used to intract with Oracle Database. By OCI one can use t
he operation such as Logon,Fatch,parse ,excute etc. Generally these are written
in C/C++.
These can be written in any language.
Any problem Don t Hesitate write rahultripthi@myway.com
Reply
sravan
May 18th, 2007
Pro*C is an embedded SQL statements. in a high level source program.
OCI--Oracle call Interface
Reply
zelani
Jan 12th, 2009
Pro*c is a precompiler tool that allows programmers to embed SQL statements in
high-level source programs like C, C++, COBOL, etc. The precompiler accepts the
source program as input, translates the embedded SQL statements into standard Or
acle runtime library calls, and generates a modified source program that one can
compile, link, and execute in the usual way. Examples are the Pro*C Precompiler
for C, Pro*Cobol for Cobol, SQLJ for Java etc
Reply
Nisikant
Mar 3rd, 2009
Pro *C is a Oracle database pre-compiler. It acts as a database connectivity. We
can also embed the SQL statement within C or C++ programming code which will ex
ecute successfully.
Reply
Adas
Nov 1st, 2012
Can anyone tell the exact diff b/w Pro*C and OCI
>>
<<
Primary and unique key
In which scenario we can use primary and unique key in same table???????
sachinkshd
Oct 1st, 2012 1 2889
Questions by sachinkshd
abinay
Oct 6th, 2012
the combination of unique key and not null key is called primary key.
In a table we use only one primary key.It is unique,it cant allow the null value
s.
UNIQUE key ,in a table we use more than one unique key.It is also a unique numbe
r,but it allows null values.

If a table having the more than one unique columns,in that situation we use one
column as primary key, remain once use unique key.
>>
<<
Flow in Oracle Database.
What happens when a query is submitted in oracle? Please give the complete flow
as to which all processes act and how the data is submitted / retrieved to / fro
m the database .
Bharatsubnis
Apr 13th, 2012 2 6789
Questions by Bharatsubnis
Chittaranjan Kotian
May 16th, 2012
A query is first checked for semantics, and is then parsed. Parse can be hard pa
rse or soft parse. Oracle will check if the parsed statement exists in the libra
ry cache. If it exists the existing statement is used, If not, the query stateme
nt will be hard parsed and placed in the library cache. The optimized then decid
es on the best execution plan and executes the statement. The data to be retriev
ed is fetched from the buffer cache if it already exists, if not the data blocks
are read, data fetched and stored in the buffer cache and presented to the sess
ion requesting the data
Reply
himanshu
Sep 27th, 2012
1. RDBMS checks if a copy of the parsed SQL statement exists in the library cach
e. If parsed copy exists, then steps 2 to 6 are skipped.
2. RDBMS validates the syntax of the statement.
3. RDBMS ensures that all the columns and tables referenced in the statement exi
st.
4. RDBMS acquires parse locks on objects referenced in the statement so that the
ir definitions do not change while statement is parsed.
5. RDBMS ensures that the user has sufficient privileges.
6. Statement is parsed and execution plan is created.
7. Statement is executed.
8. Values are fetched.
>>
<<
Creating a matrix query
Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on depar
tment number and the total salary for that job, for departments 20,50,80, and 90
,giving each column and appropriate heading.
zecar
Sep 14th, 2006 12 14176
Questions by zecar answers by zecar
vssandilya
Sep 24th, 2006
dear friend,
try this code.

select department_id,job_id,sum(salary) from employees where
department_id in(20,50,80,9) group by rollup(department_id,job_id)
then reply me.
sandilya
Reply
adarsh_sp
Oct 3rd, 2006
select department,job,sum(salary) from emp where
department in(20,50,80,9) group by rollup(department,job)
Reply
Vijayalakshmi
Jul 6th, 2007
SELECT DISTINCT job,
SUM(CASE deptno WHEN 20 THEN sal END) "Dept 20",
SUM(sal) "Total"
FROM emp
GROUP BY job;
Reply
geethika
Oct 10th, 2007
select distinct job,
sum(decode(deptno,20,sal) ) "20"
,sum(decode(deptno,50,sal) )"50"
,sum(decode(deptno,80,sal) ) "80"
,sum(decode(deptno,90,sal) )"90"
,sum(sal) "total"
from emp
group by job;
Reply
Pallavi50953
Dec 13th, 2007
select * from (select job,sum(decode(deptno,20,sal)) dept20,
sum(decode(deptno,50,sal)) dept50,
sum(sal) total_sal
from emp group by job) order by 1
Reply
madhukar.charla
Jan 27th, 2008
the date is given in the exceel sheet how do we import in to winrunner plz answe
r my question
Reply
shyamvarmatra
Aug 8th, 2008
select job_id,salary,department_id,avg(salary) "Average Salary"

from employees
where department_id in(20,80,90,50)
group by job_id,salary,department_id
order by job_id
Reply
pchandna
Jul 23rd, 2009
select job,deptno,salary,
sum(salary) over( partition by deptno,job) dep_sum_sal
from emp
Reply
ARAVINDA
Aug 3rd, 2011
Code
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT job,
SUM(DECODE(deptno,10,sal)) DEPT10,
SUM(DECODE(deptno,40,sal)) DEPT40
FROM scott.emp
GROUP BY job)
ORDER BY 1;
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT job,
SUM(DECODE(deptno,40,sal)) DEPT40
FROM scott.emp
GROUP BY job)
ORDER BY 1;

Reply
Mahesh Bhiosale
Aug 19th, 2011
Hi bro, I had recentely learn about matrix queries. By using following code into
oracle 9i or sql server 2005 you can create matrix query to get desired result
as per ur wish.
Code
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT job_id,
SUM(DECODE(department_id,10,salary)) DEPT10,
SUM(DECODE(department_id,40,salary)) DEPT40
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id)
Reply
Neha
Sep 25th, 2011
select job in job, sal in salary, sum(salary) in total_sal
where job=(select job in job where deptno=20 and 50 and 80 and 90)
;
Reply
sachin
Apr 18th, 2012
select job,
sum(decode(deptno,10,sal)) deptno10,
sum(decode(deptno,40,sal)) deptno40
from emp group by job order by 1;
>>
<<
Reverse a string in Oracle without using reverse
How do I reverse a dtring in Oracle without using PL/SQl and without using the r
everse function??
amit88
Apr 5th, 2012 1 7332
Questions by amit88
Mark Haynes
Apr 13th, 2012
Are you looking for something like this?
Code
FUNCTION revstring(instring VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
rstring VARCHAR2(750) := ;
iCnt
PLS_INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR icnt IN REVERSE 1..LENGTH(istring) LOOP
BEGIN
rstring := rstring || SUBSTR(istring, icnt, 1);
END;
END LOOP;
RETURN rstring;
END;
>>
<<
What is a mutating trigger error? How can we resolve it?I need this reply asap.
Thanks
be17be
Dec 1st, 2006 6 8479
Questions by be17be answers by be17be
joseph0609
Dec 5th, 2006
MUTATING TRIGGER ERROR IS NOTHING BUT MUTATING TABLE ERROR.
FIRST WHAT IS MUTATION WHY IT HAPPENS?
FOR EXAMPLE A TRIGGER IS WRITTEN (BEFORE UPDATING A RECORD CHECK FOR VALIDATION
OF THAT VALUE) WHILE A UPDATE STATEMENT IS WRITTEN EXPLICITLY THEN TRIGGER IS
EXECUTED IF THE TRIGGER KEEPING THE SELECT STMT THERE THE PROBLEM OCCURS THIS P
ROBLEM IS TRIGGER MUTATION HERE ORACLE PL/SQL ENGINE TRYS TO UPDATE THE RECORD
VALUE AND SIMULTANEOUSLY WE ARE READING THE RECORD VALUE INSIDE THE TRIGGER USIN
G A SELECT STMT HERE ORACLE PL/SQL ENGINE WILL BE IN A BIT OF CONFUSION WHICH VA
LUE TO UPDATE WHETHER WHICH VALUE TO UPDATE . WHILE SELECT STMT THE TABLE WILL
BE LOCKED.
Reply
joseph0609
Dec 5th, 2006
WE CAN RESOLVE IT BY NOT KEEPING A SELECT STMT INSIDE A TRIGGER IN MUTATING TRIG
GER WE ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY READING THE VALUE AND WANTS TO UPDATE IT. SO WE BYPAS
S BY READING THE VALUE WITH A SEPERATE VARIABLE IN A PROCEDURE ,SO BY READIN
G THE OLD VALUE THROUGH THIS VARIABLE. AFTER STORING THE VALUE IN THAT VARIABLE
WE ARE GOING FRO UPDATION .
Reply
shravanam
Oct 24th, 2007
WHEN WE ARE UPDATING A TABLE AND AT THE SAME TIME TRYING TO RETRIEVE DATA FROM
THAT TABLE. IT WILL RESULT INTO MUTTAING TABLE AND IT WILL RESULT INTO MUTATING
ERROR.
WE CAN RESOLVE IT BY DECLARING PRAGMA AUTONOMUS TRANSACTION IN DECLARATIVE SEC
TION OF THE BLOCK
Reply
xxx123
Feb 24th, 2011
While updating any table from that table dont use SELECT statement inside the tr
igger.
Reply
Kranthi
Jul 13th, 2011
In before update/delete trigger if we use select statement for fetching the reco
rds.in this scenario will wet mutating trigger error.using row level trigger we
can avoid instead of statement level trigger. we can accurate results.
Reply
Ashish
Mar 24th, 2012
See, in oracle to maintain read consistency oracle keeps a copy in undo section
of database for the data which is under modification by some transaction. And so
readers do not wait for writers and can read the previous data from this sectio
n until it is not committed by writers. So my question is why we can not retriev
e data in this fashion in case of this also . After all we are only reading the
data in triggering body.
>>
<<
Table contain 2 columns like name and genderfor that i need output like this..co
untof female countofmale totalcountforeg 5 3 8
Sandeep Sharma
Oct 24th, 2006
Select Male,Female,Other,(Male+Female+Other) total from
( select count(*) Male from voters where gender = 1 ) A,
( select count(*) Female from voters where gender = 0 ) B,
( select count(*) Other from voters where gender is null ) C ;
Reply
sanju699369
Oct 24th, 2006
Select Male,Female,Other,(Male+Female+Other) total from
( select count(*) Male from voters where gender = 1 ) A,
( select count(*) Female from voters where gender = 0 ) B,
( select count(*) Other from voters where gender is null ) C
Reply
ora.nachs
Feb 7th, 2007
Hi ,you can go for this also.Select count(decode(gender, M ,name,null)) MALE,count(d
ecode(gender, F ,name,null)) FEMALE,count(*) TOTAL from emp_table;
Reply
vkc_keerthi
Apr 14th, 2010
select
count( case when gender= M then 1 end) "Male_count" ,
count(case when gender= F then 1 end) Female_count,
count(*) Total_count from
temp1
Reply
neelapu
Apr 16th, 2010
SELECT COUNT(decode(gender, M ,1,0)) "count of male",
COUNT(decode(gender, F ,1,0)) "count of Female",
COUNT(*) "Total Count"
FROM <table name>

GROUP BY gender;
Reply
neelapu
Apr 16th, 2010
SELECT COUNT(decode(sex1, F ,1)) "female count",
COUNT(decode(sex1, m ,1)) "male count",
COUNT(*) "total count"
FROM <table_name>
Reply
PK
Feb 29th, 2012
There is one Oracle function ROLLUP, the same can be used for required output
QUERY:
SELECT GENDER,COUNT(GENDER)
FROM TABLE_NAME GROUP BY ROLLUP(GENDER);
>>
<<
Materialized View Memory Space
How to see materialized view occupied memory space?
nageshk143
questions Profilequestions Answers by nageshk143questions Questions by nageshk14
3
Jun 14th, 2010 1 1973
Questions by nageshk143
PK
Feb 29th, 2012
There is a data dictionary called as ALL_MVIEWS.
You can check the query and the length of the query in this data dictionary as
Select * from ALL_MVIEWS where MVIEW_NAME = MVIEWNAME
>>
<<
Join two Columns with different datatype
How to join two columns which is having different datatype? Say Coulmn1 with Var
char2 datatype and Coulmn2 with long datatype.
RPush
Jul 7th, 2010 1 2305
Questions by RPush answers by RPush
PK
Feb 28th, 2012
You can join the columns with two different data types by using to_char, to_numb
er to_date functions.
For e.g. one field is a varchar which stores number and other field is a number
then you can use.

to_number(var_column) = number_column
>>
<<
Write a query to display the no.of people with the same job
zecar
Sep 14th, 2006 12 7074
Questions by zecar answers by zecar
oradev03
Sep 17th, 2006
SELECT job,COUNT(*) As "No of employees"
FROM emp
GROUP BY job;
Reply
Dakshina Murthy
Dec 22nd, 2006
SELECT job,COUNT(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY job;
Reply
amikat
Jun 3rd, 2008
select job, count(ename)
from emp
group by job;
Reply
sravee123
Jun 4th, 2008
SELECT job,COUNT(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY job;
Reply
lanka_satya
Sep 12th, 2008
select count(name) from emp e where 1>(select count(*) from emp x where x.job=e
.job)
Reply
POPAM143
Oct 29th, 2008
SELECT job, count(*) AS no.ofemployee FROM emp GROUP BY job;
Reply
sankar babu
May 25th, 2011
select job,count(*) no_of_employees
from emp
group by job;
Reply
machomanic
May 26th, 2011
Hello,
This will give you the number of employees according to the job.
select count(*), job
from emp
group by job;
Reply
sandeshshinde000
Jun 4th, 2011
select job, count(job) from emp group by job;
Reply
babu s
Jun 6th, 2011
select job count(*)
from emp
group by job;
Reply
z_ashwini
Jan 13th, 2012
Code
SELECT count(*), job
FROM emp
GROUP BY job
Reply
Iyappan
Feb 24th, 2012
select job, count(job) from emp group by job;
>>
<<
Use of Constraint Name
What is the use of mentioning of constraint_name along with NOT NULL
Constraint _type while creating a table?
svp.kiran
Sep 28th, 2008 3 1720
Questions by svp.kiran
see_the_c
Oct 25th, 2011

The database server implements the constraint as an index.
Whenever you use the single- or multiple-column constraint format to place a dat
a restriction on a column, but without declaring a constraint name, the database
server creates a constraint and adds a row for that constraint in the sysconstr
aints system catalog table.
The database server also generates an identifier and adds a row to the sysindexe
s system catalog table for each new primary-key, unique, or referential constrai
nt that does not share an index with an existing constraint.
Even if you declare a name for a constraint, the database server generates the n
ame that appears in the sysindexes table.
If you want, you can specify a meaningful name for the constraint. The name must
be unique among the names of constraints and indexes in the database.
Constraint names appear in error messages having to do with constraint violation
s. You can use this name when you use the DROP CONSTRAINT clause of the ALTER TA
BLE statement.
Ex:
DROPPING OF CONSTRAINTS:
ALTER TABLE EMP
DROP CONSTRAINT
Reply
jimmy.katiyar11
Nov 29th, 2011
Hi,
Mainly use constraints for a businessmen rule that restrict enter the record in
a table. IN oracle there are 5 type of constraints --- 1) Primary key,
2) foreign key
3) Unique key
4) Not NUll
5) Check
Not Null constraint restrict the user can t null the column record means must be
value every records in a column
In Oracle we check the constraint by the help of these query see below-Select * from user_constraints,
--- If show the which column and which table column constraints by the help --Select * from user_cons_constraints;
Thanks
Reply
naizy_dba
Feb 18th, 2012

Constraint are easy to reference if you give them a meaningful name. It is not n
ecessary to assign name to constraint. If you do not assign any name to constrai
nt Oracle will assign a name to constraint which will like sys_c(any six digit n
umber).
To check constraints applied on your table, simply apply this query :
Code
SELECT constraint_name,constraint_type,column_name,STATUS FROM user_constraints
u1 JOIN user_cons_columns USING(constraint_name) WHERE u1.table_name=name of TAB
LE IN capital letters;
Here, constraint name is name given to any constraint by you or Oracle.
Constraint type is type of constraint like not null, check, unique etc.
Column name on which constraint is applied
status of constraint whether it is enabled or disabled.
user_constraints and user_cons_columns are two data dictionary views.
u1 is the alias given to user_constraints.
>>
<<
What is the use of SCN number? When does SCN increment?
muralikasya
questions Profilequestions Answers by muralikasyaquestions Questions by muralika
sya
Dec 22nd, 2011 1 2191
Questions by muralikasya
answers by muralikasya
Neer.ocp10g
Jan 20th, 2012
The SCN is an important quantifier that oracle uses to keep track of its state a
t any given point in time. The SCN is used to keep track of all changes within t
he database, its a logical timestamp that is used by oracle to order events that
have occurred within the database. SCNs are increasing sequence numbers and are
used in redo logs to confirm that transactions have been committed, all SCNs ar
e unique. SCNs are used in crash recovery as the control maintains a SCN for eac
h data file, if the data files are out of sync after a crash oracle can reapply
the redo log information to bring the database backup to the point of the crash.
You can even take the database back in time to a specific SCN number (or point
in time).
>>
<<
What is the Difference between Replace and Translate
Interview Candidate Mar 22nd, 2006 14 21590
Answered by: Saumendra Mohanty
May 16th, 2006

Both Replace and Translate are single row functions in Oracle 9i.
The Replace Function replaces single character with multiple characters.
But in Translate Function replaces sinlge character with sinlge character only.
gomathi.e
Mar 24th, 2006
replace chages the record in database.
but translate won t change it the database content is not changed
Reply
meetnaveen4u
Mar 24th, 2006
Replace used for String and Translate used for Character
Reply
Saumendra Mohanty
May 16th, 2006
Both Replace and Translate are single row functions in Oracle 9i.
The Replace Function replaces single character with multiple characters.
But in Translate Function replaces sinlge character with sinlge character only.
Reply
oradev03
Sep 14th, 2006
TRANSLATE function:
Translate function does character by character substitution in a string
format- TRANSLATE(STRING,IF,THEN)
Translate looks at each character in STRING and then check IF to see if that
character is there, if it is there then it notes the position in IF where it
found the character and then looks the same position in THEN
for example-1. SELECT TRANSLATE(7671234,234567890, BCDEFGHIJ ) FROM dual;
Result of the query above is- GFG1BCD
2. SELECT TRANSLATE( NOW VOWELS ARE UNDER ATTACK , TAEIOU , Taeiou ) FROM dual;
Result- NoW VoWeLS aRe uNDeR aTTaCK
this feature of TRANSLATE, ability to eliminate characters from a string, can pr
ove very useful in cleaning up data.
one more example
SELECT amountchar,TRANSLATE(amountchar, 1,$ , 1 ) FROM comma;
result:
AMOUNTCHAR
TRANSLATE(AMOUNTCHAR....)
$0
0
$0.25
0.25
$1.25
1.25
$12.25
12.25
$1,234.25
1234.25
3. SELECT AMOUNTCHAR,TRANSLATE(AMOUNTCHAR, ,s , ) FROM dual;
AMOUNTCHAR
TRASLATE(AMOUNTCHAR , )
$0
$0.25
$1.25
$12.25
Without at least one real character in the THEN TRANSLATE produces nothing.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------REPLACE
REPLACE function replaces a character or characters in a string with zero or mor
e charcters
REPLACE( ADAH , A , BLAH )
this evaluate the string ADAH .
Everywhere an A is found, it will be replaced with a string BLAH
so the result will be- BLAHDBLAHH
2.REPLACE( GEORGE , GE ,NULL)
result- OR
---- Courtesy: Oracle Complete Reference Book
Reply
dl_mstr
Feb 12th, 2008
Translate replaces by position, the first character of the list to match is repl
aced by the first character of the replacement list. The second character with t
he second, and if there are characters in the list to match that do not have pos
itional equivalents in the replacements list they are dropped.
Replace replaces the string to match with the replacement string. The replacemen
t of a single character is the same as that of TRANSLATE.
Reply
dl_mstr
Feb 12th, 2008
Translate replaces by position, the first character of the list to match is repl
aced by the first character of the replacement list. The second character with t
he second, and if there are characters in the list to match that do not have pos
itional equivalents in the replacements list they are dropped.
Replace replaces the string to match with the replacement string. The replacemen
t of a single character is the same as that of TRANSLATE.
For Example:
SQL> SELECT translate( So What , o ,
2 FROM dual;
ay )
TRANSLATE
------Sa What
SQL> SELECT REPLACE( So What , o ,
2 FROM dual;
ay )
REPLACE
-------Say What
Reply
ashishdixit
May 27th, 2008
below is an eg showing the difference
SQL> select replace( missisippi , is , 12 ) replace, translate( missisippi , is
, 12 ) translate from dual;
REPLACE
---------m12s12ippi
TRANSLATE
---------m122121pp1
hope it clarifies the doubt!

Reply
rkhreddy
Sep 23rd, 2008
if we write query like this using traslate function
SYNTAX:transalte(string,char which u want replace with,)
Suppose for the EMPLOYEE table....
SQL>SELECT TRASLATE
(upper(ENAME),
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ,
EFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD )
FROM EMP
-THIS CHARCTER REPLACED BY -A
REPLACED BY
E
B
F
C
"
G
|
|
|
|
|
|
/
/
Z
every character that is present in the employee names in the emplooyee table
suppose name is
PAULL
--------->TEYPP
LIKE this every chat is replaced by its corresponding character
We use traslate function inthe encryption of the data ...
Reply
ravindra1001
Apr 7th, 2009
replace function replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set
of characters.
ex.
select replace( 123data ,123, X ) from dual;
REPLA
----Xdata
here 123 replaces by X
translate function replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another se
t of characters. However, it replaces a single character at a time.
ex1.
select translate( 1data23base ,123, XYZ ) from dual
TRANSLATE(
----------XdataYZbase
Reply
sankar babu
May 25th, 2011
replace function replaces entire sting as required but translate function transl
ate character by character
Reply
laxmikanta
Oct 21st, 2011
hi friend
All the above answer are true but one main difference between replace & translat
e is in case of replace 3rd argument is optional but in case of translate 3rd ar
gument is most required or compulsory .. we cant live up it.. try it to find sol
ution..
select replace( manager , man ) rep from dual;........ok
select translate( manager , man ) trns from dual;..........it will show error
Reply
vannalas
Nov 10th, 2011
Hi,
Here s one example of counting the no.of vowels in a string.
>select length( Sanjeeva kumar )-length(translate( Sanjeeva kumar , xaeiou , x )
) from dual
Reply
#emadri
Jan 3rd, 2012
It is used to replace one string with another string, and
translate used to translate one character to another char.
Reply
Jan 8th, 2012
The Replace Function can replace the old substring whose length are not same to
the length of new substring. (length of newsub DONT NEED eaqual tolength of olds
ub )
But in Translate Function only can replace same length of the old substring.(Onl
y can replate same number of characters of old sub)
example:
select replace(So What,o,ay) from dual --Say What
select replace (So What,So,Say) from dual --Say What
select translate(So What,So,Say) from dual --Sa What
select translate(So What,o,ay) from dual--Sa What
>>
<<
Alternative to TK Prof in oracle 11g
Hi,
What is alternative to TK prof (used in oracle 9i) in 10g and 11g?
Regards,
Shashi
ishashi
Aug 22nd, 2011 2 4473
Questions by ishashi
Lokesh M
Nov 29th, 2011
You can make use of PL/SQL based TRCA
Other notable alternatives are
SQLTXPLAIN
Method-R profiler
OraSRP
TVD$XTAT
Reply
geekano
Jan 4th, 2012
Trace Analyzer
Traditionally, tkprof has been the best tracing diagnostics tool available.
That is, until the introduction of Trace Analyzer which is everything tkprof is
and more. However, as of version 10.2, the Trace Analyzer utility is still not s
hipped with the Oracle
DBMS like tkprof.
Adv over TK Prof are;
1 Trace Analyzer separates user recursive and internal recursive calls, unlike t
kprof
2 Trace Analyzer provides more detailed wait event information, which can be ver
y useful to those DBAs that prefer wait-based tuning methodologies
>>
<<
What is difference between varchar and varchar2
Interview Candidate Mar 9th, 2006 36 12035
asheeshbarua
Mar 10th, 2006
varchar means fixed length char
varchar2 means variable length char
Reply
mitto
Mar 12th, 2006
can i get an example for the two.
Reply
niranjan rampure
Mar 12th, 2006
varchar stands for variable character length type
both are ideally same . varchar2 is supported by Oracle
varchar is supported by MSSQL server 2000
Reply
krishna
Mar 15th, 2006
Varchar and Varchar2 are both same except for varchar2 supports upto 2000 char
Reply
venkat_rolta
Mar 19th, 2006
both are same varchar is ANSI standardvarchar2 is Oracle
Reply
ramadass
Mar 21st, 2006
hi... in oracle name varchar(10)-in this declaration it allocate 10 spaces in me
mory.if suppose ur using 4 charecter the extra space wasted. name varcher2(10)-i
n this declaration the extra space used by other operations automatically.
Reply
Ankur
Apr 10th, 2006
when varchar means fixed leght character then what is the diff between char and
varchar
Reply
shambhukjha
Apr 20th, 2006
Above said answer was wrong
. Actually both varchar and varchar2 means variable character string. varchar2 h
as been introduced in higher verson with higher limit. Means It can store more
number of character as compared to Varchar
Reply
tjsivakumar
Jun 15th, 2006
Varchar and varchar2 are ideally the same. For backward compatibility both are a
ccepted.
Reply
tjsivakumar
Jun 15th, 2006
There is no differenc between the both. Its accepted in later versions only for
backward compatibility.
Reply
sireesha
Aug 3rd, 2006

Hi As u said the diff between varchar and varchar2 is wrong i think. varchar and
varchar2 are same. upto 7i we have used varchar after 8i we are using varchar2.
ur answer is the diff between char and varchar.
Reply
vidhya
Aug 29th, 2006
your reply is not correct.
both are of variable length
Reply
Gowri
Aug 30th, 2006
Both varchar and varchar2 are same which is of variable length characters but
in varchar maximum chars are 2000 and in later one is 4000 bytes.
Reply
barman
Sep 3rd, 2006
varchar,varchar2 both assigns memory,but varchar2 assigns double of what varchar
assigns
Reply
Nagarajan
Sep 4th, 2006
In oracle both varchar and varchar2 are the same with 4096bytes max
Reply
Kiran
Sep 29th, 2006
Varchar and Varchar2 behave same in the latest versions of Oracle. Earlier Varch
ar could hold 2000 bytes and Varchar2 4000 bytes. In 10g, both are same. As said
, Varchar is still kept for backward compatibility. Oracle has already warned us
ers not to use Varchar but to use Varchar2. Oracle may depricate it or may use i
t for new datatype in future releases.
Reply
Santosh
Dec 13th, 2006
Dear,
The difference between Varchar2 and Varchar is :1)Varchar2 Maxlength 4000
1)Varchar Maxlength 2000
Both are Variable length character data.
In coming Version of oracle u will not see Varchar
Reply
Guest
Jan 4th, 2007
VARCHAR in SQL Server corresponds to VARCHAR2 in Oracle. Again, their width is d
ifferent (Oracle VARCHAR2 4000, SQL Server VARCHAR 8000).
Reply
poonama
Mar 9th, 2007
1. VARCHAR is going to be replaced by VARCHAR2 in next version. So, Oracle
suggests the use VARCHAR2 instead of VARCHAR while declaring datatype.
2. VARCHAR can store up to 2000 bytes of characters while VARCHAR2 can store up
to 4000 bytes of characters.
3. If we declare datatype as VARCHAR then it will occupy space for NULL values,
In
case of VARCHAR2 datatype it will not occupy any space.
Reply
namrata.somal
Apr 24th, 2009
Varchar & Varchar2 both are variable data type.
Difference:
First: Varchar is used in Oracle 8i version & varchar2 is used in oracle 9i
Second: Varchar s memory size is 2000 & varchar2 s memory size is 4000.
Third:
Varchar2 is faster than Varchar.
Reply
ruchik999
Apr 25th, 2009
In case of varchar it store upto 2000 bytes and in case of varchar2 it stores 40
00 bytes that is the basic difference between varchar and varchar2.
Reply
sandeshshinde000
Jun 11th, 2011
name varchar(200) := ABC ;
name varchar2(200) := ABC ;
Now in memory name defined with varchar(200) will take 200 bytes, but varchar2(2
00) will take only 3 bytes.
Reply
arunkumarb6
Jun 24th, 2011
varchar and varchar2 both are same but the only difference is varchar can store
2000 bytes of characters and varchar2 can store 4000 bytes of characters.but or
acle suggest varchar2 to use.varchar is for future use.
Reply
Kolta Sam
Jul 10th, 2011
VARCHAR2( ) Stores strings of variable length.
The length parameter specifies the maximum length of the strings
It stores up to 2000 bytes of characters.
It will occupy space for NULL values.
VARCHAR2( )
Stores strings of variable length.
The length parameter specifies the maximum length of the strings.

It stores up to 4000 bytes of characters.
It will not occupy space for NULL values.
The total length of strings is defined when strings are given
Reply
Avnish
Jul 19th, 2011
Code
CREATE TABLE avnish

(Name varchar2(30),
address varchar(30));
Address field takes the 30 bytes space and that is fixed

, if you are inserting add1 in address field in address the it takes 4 bytes a
nd rest 26 bytes are useless. 26 Bytes can t be used for another work.
if you are inserting
name1 for Name field then it will occupy only 5 bytes,

Reply
Nishant Galav
Jul 30th, 2011
Actually varchar and vachar2 are the same thing but varchar2 is the advanced ver
sion of varchar. now a days even if we give the datatype varchar the computer un
derstands it as varchar2 by default.
Reply
Nishant Galav
Jul 30th, 2011
varchar2 is used in 8i and above versions and varchar in lower versions than 8i.
varchar2 has max permitted length of about 4000 char
varchar has max permitted length of 2000 char
If we declare as following varchar(10) than all the 10 spaces are reserved and e
ven if we use 5 spaces the rest 5 spaces will be wasted
BUT, in varchar2(10) if we use 5 spaces then the remaining 5 spaces will not be
wasted it will be kept vacant and can be used.
Reply
GOVARDHANREDDY
Aug 12th, 2011
Char has fixed length where as varchar has variable length. For example if we ta
ke some employee name ramu and we can declare ename char(10) the output will be
10 where as using varchar declare ename varchar2(10) , it will give output as 4

only.
Reply
anand
Aug 14th, 2011
Please find the query
Code
SQL> CREATE TABLE temp (name VARCHAR(10));
TABLE created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO temp (name) VALUES( anand );
1 ROW created.
SQL> COMMIT;
COMMIT complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM temp;
NAME
----------
anand
SQL> SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM temp;
LENGTH(NAME)
-----------5
Reply
as_anand_kumar
Aug 14th, 2011
Hi All
Code
SQL> CREATE TABLE temp (name varchar(10));
TABLE created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO temp (name) VALUES( anand );
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT length(name) FROM temp;
LENGTH(NAME)
-----------5
SQL> CREATE TABLE temp2 (name char(10));
TABLE created.
SQL> INSERT INTO temp2 VALUES( anand );
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT length(name) FROM temp2;
LENGTH(NAME)
------------
10

Reply
lakshmareddy
Sep 24th, 2011
varchar:-fixed length i.e,we cannot modify the word suppose lakshmareddy but in
varchar2:-variable length i.e., we can modify the word suppose pammilakshmareddy
Reply
Neha
Sep 25th, 2011
Currently VARCHAR behaves exactly the same as VARCHAR2. However, this type shoul
d not be used as it is reserved for future usage.
VARCHAR2 is used to store variable length character strings. The string value s
length will be stored on disk with the value itself.
Reply
Arjun Bansal
Oct 1st, 2011
Varchar2 memory size is bigger then varchar memory size.
Reply
Kalpana Mooraka
Oct 5th, 2011
SQL> create table kalpu2(ename varchar2(10),address varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL> desc kalpu2;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(10)
SQL>
we give the varchar or varchar2 in oracle ,it automatically changed into varchar
2.
the main difference between varchar2 and char is that the char data type is a fi
xed-length data type,any unused room is
blank padded with spaces.
for eg a column defined as char(10) and containing the five character length val
ue kalpu in a row will have 5 blank characters padded at the end to make the tot
al length 10 spaces.
if the column is stored in a varchar2(10) column instead, it stores 5 characters
only.
Reply
venkat
Dec 4th, 2011
"varchar" allocates memory in dynamic fashion where as "varchar2" also allocates

memory in dynamic fashion but it also supports garbage collection.
"varchar" is developed along with SQL where as "varchar2" is developed by Oracle
.
Reply
shaik shamsheer
Dec 28th, 2011
In case of varchar it store upto 2000 bytes and in case of varchar2 it stores 40
00 bytes
varchar is occupies space for the null value and varchar2 does not occupy space
for null values.
>>
<<
How do we insert BLOB DATATYPE into table? How to insert image in table?
>>
<<
What is the maximum number of columns in a table in Oracle?What is the maximum n
umber of canvases in a form in forms 6i an forms 9i?
Interview Candidate Mar 16th, 2006 12 5932
venkat
Mar 19th, 2006
maximum number of columns in a table is 254
Reply
meetnaveen4u
Mar 24th, 2006
Table or view can have upto 1000 columns.
Reply
Aditya
May 16th, 2006
A table can have max of 255 columns
Reply
Adarsh S Pazhayampillil
Aug 7th, 2006
250 - 1600 depending on column types
Reply
khaja
Aug 7th, 2006
It varies from 250 to 1600 depends on column types
Reply
Lalit Kumar
Oct 25th, 2006
The maximum number of columns in a table or view are 1000.

Reply
Nikhil_4_Oracle
Mar 15th, 2007
Final Answer : 1000 columns/table.

Reply
laxma823
Aug 6th, 2008
A table contains maximum 1000 columns
Reply
emraan
Dec 27th, 2009
The maximum number of columns in a table or view is 1000
Reply
sirih1
May 24th, 2011
ORA-01792: maximum number of columns in a table or view is 1000
Cause: An attempt was made to create a table or view with more than 1000 columns
, or to add more columns to a table or view which pushes it over the maximum all
owable limit of 1000. Note that unused columns in the table are counted toward t
he 1000 column limit.
Action: If the error is a result of a CREATE command, then reduce the number of
columns in the command and resubmit. If the error is a result of an ALTER TABLE
command, then there are two options: 1) If the table contained unused columns, r
emove them by executing ALTER TABLE DROP UNUSED COLUMNS before adding new column
s; 2) Reduce the number of columns in the command and resubmit.
Reply
ambinu
Jun 14th, 2011
MySQL: Maximum number of columns in one table - 3398; size of a table row - 6553
4 (BLOB and TEXT not included). Oracle: Unlimited rows@table. Maximum number of
columns in one table - 1000. Up to 32 columns in index key. PostgreSQL: Rows - u
nlimited, columns - 1600; size of a table row - 1.6TB.
Reply
venkat
Dec 4th, 2011
From Oracle 9i it allows maximum 1000 columns in a table. In Oracle 8i, it only
allows 256 columns in a table.
>>
<<
Can we create sequence to a View??
rajanipriya
May 9th, 2006 4 3246
Questions by rajanipriya answers by rajanipriya
sankardotb
May 30th, 2006
S. We can create sequence to a view. If the view have writtable permission then
the new values are Inserted/Updated/Deleted into TABLE.
Reply
rampratap409
Dec 4th, 2006
sequence is a independent object . It has no relation with table/view . its matt
er of use. where is being used because in general sequence is used for generatin
g a sequenceal number ( primary number).
example:
create sequnec my_seq
start with 101
increment by 1
-- and other perameter
it has no direct relation with other objects
Reply
shamkohli
Jun 17th, 2008
Sequence is used to generate numbers which can be stored in tables. View does no
t have data of its own and is generally used to query data. So sequence can not
be created to a view.
Reply
suganya
Nov 30th, 2011
no....because sequence is used for creating the integer sequence values only at
the time of table creation...
but view is a subset of data for the base table.....so cant create the sequence
for the view
>>
<<
Oracle Synonym
What is a Synonym in Oracle?
ccp3170
questions Profilequestions Answers by ccp3170questions Questions by ccp3170
Sep 6th, 2010 2 1530
Questions by ccp3170
Payal Shah
Sep 5th, 2011
Synonum is a alias of the table..
Reply
jimmy.katiyar11
Nov 29th, 2011
Hi,
In oracle use SYNONYM as a temporary name of the object ( Table, view, index etc
.)
Code
CREATE SYNONYM synonym_name FOR table_name
You CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM WITH the PUBLIC keywrd
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM synonym_name FOR table_name

>>
<<
How many types of triggers used in d2k report What r they?
meghtripathy
Oct 30th, 2006 4 3057
Questions by meghtripathy
subasini sahu
Nov 17th, 2006
mainly 5 types with sequence are
Before parameter trigger
After parameter trigger
Before report trigger
Between pages trigger
After report trigger
Expect that there are Action trigger and Format trigger in d2k report
thanks
Subasini
Reply
Pawan Ahuja
Dec 9th, 2006
Hi,
Basically we used five types of triggers in oracle reports.
before parameter form
after parameter form
before report
between pages
after report
Regards
Pawan Ahuja
Reply
selvaspak
Dec 31st, 2010
Total 5 Types of Trigger
1. Before Parameter Trigger
2. After parameter Trigger
3. Before Report Trigger
4. Between Pages Trigger
5. After Report Trigger
the Action are given below
1. Before Parameter Trigger
Parameter form will displayed
2. After Parameter Trigger
Query will parsed
3. Before Report Trigger will fired
4. Between Pages Trigger
It will fire between the pages in your report
Note: This Trigger will fire between first & second & so on pages but it wi
ll
not fired in reverse condition
5. After Report Trigger
Closing the Runtime Parameter Form is closed
Reply
sateeshkonthala
Nov 21st, 2011
There are eight report triggers. Of these there are five global triggers called
the Report Triggers.
They are fired in the following order :
* Before Parameter Form
* After Parameter Form
* Before Report
* Between Pages
* After Report
Apart from the above Five Report Triggers, there are three other types of trigge
rs :
* Validation Triggers
* Format Triggers
* Action Triggers
>>
<<
Identify Instance Name
How we identify instance name, free space, used space in database & datafile tha
t makes up the system tablespace?
mojidra
Oct 4th, 2008 3 3585
Questions by mojidra answers by mojidra
chaitra murthy
Jan 9th, 2009
To check for instance name:-
SQL> show parameter instance_name

To check for free space in tablespace:SQL> desc dba_free_space
To check datafile size:SQL> desc v$datafile
Reply
nattuduraip
Dec 29th, 2010
Instance Name Is DATABASE NAME Default
Reply
kishore
Nov 15th, 2011
how to find the instance name?
>select instance_name from v$instance;
>>
<<
Application of cursors in applications specifically
Dynamic cursors are used in airline reservation system as changes made must be r
eflected in result set as most updated information is required for booking.
can anyone tell me the exact use of static cursor where most update changes are
not required? in which application system it is useful?
phanindra170531
questions Profilequestions Answers by phanindra170531questions Questions by phan
indra170531
Oct 20th, 2011 1 3561
Questions by phanindra170531
vannalas
Nov 10th, 2011
Hi,
Can you give the examples of static and dynamic cursor ?
I will answer your question.
>>
<<
Compund Triggers
Explain the concept of compond triggers
balu.kolla
Aug 18th, 2010 1 1361
Questions by balu.kolla
neeraj06.in
Nov 10th, 2011
Compound Triggers:
-> It combines all DML timing events into single trigger body.
-> It also resolves mutating table error and enhance the code maintenance.
-> The memory variables are persistent till execution finishes.
Example:
Code
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER [TRIGGER NAME]
FOR [DML] ON [TABLE NAME]
COMPOUND TRIGGER
-- Initial section
-- Declarations
-- Subprograms
Optional section
BEFORE STATEMENT IS
;
Optional section
AFTER STATEMENT IS
;
Optional section
BEFORE EACH ROW IS
;
Optional section
AFTER EACH ROW IS
;
END;
For views, the trigger body contains INSTEAD OF EACH ROW section.
>>
<<
>>
.
What is the difference between char,varchar,varchar2?
praveen_garigipati
Apr 5th, 2006 17 15460
Questions by praveen_garigipati answers by praveen_garigipati
pramod kumar
Apr 6th, 2006
no diff between varchar and varchar2
char store only chacter type but varchar2 store variable chacters.
also varchar2 shirinks the space if not fully filled but char cant.
Reply
hussain
Apr 14th, 2006
char is fixed length data type whereas varchar & varchar2 are variable in length
Reply
brahma reddy kurre
Jul 7th, 2006
Hi there is no variable type called varchar..
So lest come to the main point.
Here I am explaining wiht example
1. Varchar2 name [100]="brahma reddy"; // here it uses only the required bytes,
it uses 12 bytes and remaining 88 bytes will be freed
2. char name [100]="brahma reddy"; // here remaining bytes will be filled with n
ull values.
Thank you
Brahma
Reply
Jitendra Kumar
Jul 20th, 2006
I read all the answer that has been posted all are different According to me :in a varchar variable if we define the size 10 weather u enter or not but in var
char2 variable will take space in memory only when u enter the value and it will
take space in memory length u enter.
Reply
Sphurti
Aug 11th, 2006
Hi,
No Jitender is wrong. As explained in one of the reply.
Char is the datatype that occupies complete space declared whether used or not.
ie:- If any field is declared as char(10) then this field for all records will o
ccupy complete 10 bytes whether the value stored in it is 1 byte or 10 byte.
Whereas Varchar2, as the first 3 characters explains Var-Variable, will occupy o
nly the bytes for the value entered in the field.
So ideally it is good practice to declare fields like emp_flg or any other field
s which we are sure will have fixed length value as Char.
Reply
Amritpal
May 26th, 2007
Hello ppl,
i think u all r got confused with this char and varchar.
here is it
char : will allocate values upto full length specified using whitespaces
varchar: will allocate limited memory which is occupied by data. no padding is t
here.
varchar2: same as varchar but has some special internal benefits which helps ora
cle perform fast.
Now question is diff bw varchar/varchar2?
as we all know for RDBMS Codd NewMan provides thumb rules n to just satisfy
those rules Oracle created these two types os datatypes char/varchar
just to fulfill ANSI standard for RDBMS.
whereas oracle realises that varchar datatype can further more be enhansed so va
rchar2 datatype was introduced.
hope this helps u.
bye
amrit
Reply
purnachand_venu
Nov 3rd, 2007
char store only chacter type but varchar2 store variable chacters. also varchar2
shirinks the space if not fully filled but char cant.
for more clear
create table gopal (name char(8),name varchar(8));
in this table if u inserts any values let us take ( india ) .in the case of cha
r data type, india contains 5 chrecters but we have intialised for 8 chrecters
rest 3 charecters will inserted as blank spaces,if u what use this column for f
iltering(where class)u shoud give ( india ) as ( india
) than only rows will
come
where in varchar datatype u can give as india for rust of charecters padding w
ill applied
Reply
kaustavban
Jun 5th, 2008
The most important difference is that CHAR is padded with spaces and VARCHAR is
not. For example, if you have:
CREATE TABLE t1 (
c1 VARCHAR(2),
c2 CHAR(2)
);
INSERT INTO t1 (c1,c2) VALUES ( a , a );
The column c1 will contain value a , while column c2 will contain value a wi
th additional space. Trailing spaces are ignored when doing comparisons, so both
columns would match the
WHERE c = a
Reply
kaustavban
Jun 5th, 2008
The char is a fixed-length character data type, the varchar is a variable-length
character data type.Because char is a fixed-length data type, the storage size
of the char value is equal to the maximum size for this column. Because varchar
is a variable-length data type, the storage size of the varchar value is the act
ual length of the data entered, not the maximum size for this column.You can use
char when the data entries in a column are expected to be the same size.You can
use varchar when the data entries in a column are expected to vary considerably
in size.
Reply
getadoll
Jan 17th, 2009
The char is a fixed-length character data type, the varchar is a variable-length
character data type.
Because char is a fixed-length data type, the storage size of the char value is
equal to the maximum size for this column. Because varchar is a variable-length
data type, the storage size of the varchar value is the actual length of the dat
a entered, not the maximum size for this column.
You can use char when the data entries in a column are expected to be the same s
ize.
You can use varchar when the data entries in a column are expected to vary consi
derably in size.VARCHAR2 is used to store variable length character strings. The
string value s length will be stored on disk with the value itself.
Reply
kreddy.vonteddu
Jan 20th, 2009
char specifies fixed length characters only.
varchar & varchar2 is specifies a variable length character only
Reply
bismita
Jan 24th, 2009
As I believe there is no difference between VARCHAR and VARCHAR2 except that VAR
CHAR2 is the latest released one.CHAR datatype represents fixed length hence not
compressed while giving a value of less length. Instead it will padded blanks w
hile storing. But VRACHAR s are variable length characters and in case of less
length of the characters it will be compressed and stored.
Reply
vijaydeep
Mar 1st, 2009
The advanced type is varchar2 in latest versions.
The simplest way to define is the char i.e. char(s): Fixed length character valu
e of size s
and the varchar2(s): Variable-length character value of maximum size s
ie. char(s) can enter only char type,
where as varchar2()can accept number and char type also.
Reply
srinivas
Sep 16th, 2011
Char: char is fixed length data type
VarChar:Varchar are variable in length In that varchar take the additional Memor
y bytes depending on the Declare the size of the variable.
Reply
ii
Sep 21st, 2011
Code
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["
dBConnection"].ToString());
con.Open();
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("GetICon", con);
SqlDataAdapter adap = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd);
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
adap.Fill(ds);
return ds.Tables[0];
Reply
lina
Aug 22nd, 2012
1.CHAR should be used for storing fix length character strings. String values wi
ll be space/blank padded before stored on disk. If this type is used to store va
ribale length strings, it will waste a lot of disk space.
2.VARCHAR is going to be replaced by VARCHAR2 in next version. So, Oracle sugges
ts the use VARCHAR2 instead of VARCHAR while declaring datatype.
In case of VARCHAR2 datatype it will not occupy any space.
Varchar stores alphanumeric values without padding the unused memory locations.
Varchar2 is also used to store alphanumeric values with padding the unused memor
y locations by using varchar2 we are saving the memory locations.
Reply
lipika mishra
Aug 22nd, 2012
1.CHAR should be used for storing fix length character strings. String values wi
ll be space/blank padded before stored on disk. If this type is used to store va
ribale length strings, it will waste a lot of disk space.
2.VARCHAR is going to be replaced by VARCHAR2 in next version. So, Oracle sugges
ts the use VARCHAR2 instead of VARCHAR while declaring datatype.
In case of VARCHAR2 datatype it will not occupy any space.
Varchar stores alphanumeric values without padding the unused memory locations.
Varchar2 is also used to store alphanumeric values with padding the unused memor
y locations by using varchar2 we are saving the memory locations.
>>
<<
Collection of Privileges
What is a collection of privileges?
ccp3170
Sep 6th, 2010 2 2467
BBBB
Apr 19th, 2012
Collecting the access
eg: insert,select,update
in this group the user can apply only the above operation on the tables.
Reply
hari kumar
Aug 2nd, 2012

its role .... we can assign a role like manager , etc , collection of privs is k
nown as role
>>
<<
Hi All, Getting the following error in Oracle9i on AIX, unique index ORA-01652:
unable to extend temp segment by 128 in tablespace USERS; though the USER tables
pace is of 10gb.Could anyone provide a solution.Regards,Ashish Thomas
thomashish
Dec 13th, 2006 3 1279
Questions by thomashish
siva
Apr 10th, 2007
i think the size of the temporary tablespace is small. try to increase the size
of the temporary table.
Reply
Daid
Aug 20th, 2007
Please Set the Undo Tablespace management auto and scope is memory and then try
to do
Thanks
Reply
Aaryan
Jul 25th, 2012
Use ALTER TABLESPACE ADD DATAFILE statement to add one or more
files to the tablespace indicated.
>>
<<
Oracle Program
Display list of jobs, number of employees of each job from departments 10 and 20
. List only records if number of employees in each jobs are more than 1.
mishel
Feb 23rd, 2012 1 1913
Questions by mishel
DURGAPRASAD
Jul 23rd, 2012
SELECT JOB,COUNT(EMPNO) AS NOOFEMP FROM SCOTT.EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (10,20)
GROUP BY JOB HAVING COUNT(EMPNO) > 1
>>
<<
Force View
What do you mean by Force View?
samarendra161
Jul 2nd, 2010 1 1663
Questions by samarendra161 answers by samarendra161
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
Force view is the process to create a view forcefully without a base table.
syntax:
Code
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW VIEW_NAME
AS
SELECT STMT;
>>
<<
Privileges Granted & Privileges Obtained
Which system tables contain information on privileges granted & privileges obtai
ned?
samarendra161
Jul 2nd, 2010 1 1298
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
for users permissions : user_tab_privs table is used.
for viewing all permissions : all_tab_privs
>>
<<
Data Dictionary
How can we know the all tables and views that are given for the specific user(su
ch as USER_VIEWS,USER_OBJECTS etc.)?
bhanumurthy03
Aug 31st, 2009 2 1238
Questions by bhanumurthy03
harshljica
Sep 2nd, 2009
Open dba_objects in that open column name owner, in that mention user name and i
t will display the list of tables and views of specific users.
Reply
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
Data dictionary is nothing but the place holder which contains all information o
f the object
like name,type,size,owner,permissions etc.
some data dictionaries : user_views,user_mviews, user_tabs, user_sequences, all_

objects etc
>>
<<
ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK()
What do you mean by ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK() differentiate them?
samarendra161
Jul 2nd, 2010 1 4135
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
THE BELOW FUNCTIONS ARE OLAP FUNCTIONS...
rank() function skips the continuity but dense_rank() function gives the sequenc
e.It is always advised to use dense_rank for viewing nth highest/lowest value. r
ow_num() gives the serial no in the order how they are inserted in to a table.
>>
<<
Log Switch
What is log switch?
megha90
Jun 9th, 2010 1 1575
Questions by megha90
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
log switch ::suppose we have two redo log files LOG A, LOG B.
when transaction(DML) are occurred in Database then they are recorded in LOG A.
When LOG A is filled up, a log switch occurs, All new transactions are recorded
into LOG B.
This process is cyclic. because after LOG B is filled up then again log switch o
ccurs and transaction are again recorded into LOG A. The previous transaction in
formation in LOG A is then over written. Then archivelog/noarchivelog mode comes
into picture
>>
<<
Oracle Exception
What is an exception in Oracle?
ccp3170
Sep 6th, 2010 1 1426
asit
Jun 9th, 2012
Exceptions are nothing but the errors occurred at the run time. To handle the ex
ception we use exception block in the PLSQL.

>>
<<
Oracle Archiver
What is an Archiver in Oracle?
ccp3170
Sep 6th, 2010 1 1259
venkatesh
Jun 8th, 2012
Its background processes in oracle, it will write offline redolog group informat
ion into archive log files
>>
<<
How to find the Foreign keys of all child tables when pass the Parent Table name
.
I developed like below.Any experts query ....please send.
select
table_name,constraint_name
from user_cons_columns where column_name=(
select a.COLUMN_NAME from user_cons_columns a,user_constraints b
where a.TABLE_NAME=b.TABLE_NAME
and b.constraint_type in ( P )
and a.TABLE_NAME= DEPT )
and constraint_name like %FK%
sheker2007
Nov 9th, 2007 4 9532
Questions by sheker2007
kishore.giri
Dec 12th, 2007
MY DEAR,
PLZ QUERY THE DATA DICTIONARY VIEW CALLED USER_DEPENDENCIES AND PASS YOUR PARE
NT TABLENAME IN THE NAME COLUMN AND ALSO GIVE THE TYPE = TABLE IN THE WHERE CLAU
SE OF QUERY.
PLZ TRY IT AND REPLY.
REGARDS
Kishore Kumar Giri
Reply
Imran_Javed
May 13th, 2008
SELECT
uc.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
ut.TABLE_NAME,
ucc.COLUMN_NAME
FROM
USER_CONS_COLUMNS ucc,
USER_CONSTRAINTS uc ,
USER_TABLES ut
WHERE
uc.table_name = ut.TABLE_NAME AND
uc.CONSTRAINT_NAME =ucc.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND
uc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = R AND
ut.table_name = DEPT ;
Reply
sen_sam86
Aug 18th, 2009
Try this script,
Example
SELECT child.table_name AS "TABL_NAME_2",
Is Parent Of AS "RELATION",
parent.table_name AS "TABL_NAME_1",
UCC.column_name AS "COL_NAME",
parent.constraint_name AS "CONSTRNT_NAME",
DECODE (parent.constraint_type, P , Primary Key , R , Foreign Key ) AS "CONS
TRNT_TYPE"
FROM user_constraints parent,
user_constraints child,
user_cons_columns UCC
WHERE parent.r_constraint_name = child.constraint_name
AND parent.r_owner = child.owner
AND child.table_name = v_tab_name
AND child.constraint_name = ucc.constraint_name
UNION ALL
SELECT child.table_name AS "TABL_NAME_2",
Is Child Of AS "RELATION",
parent.table_name AS "TABL_NAME_1",
ucc.column_name AS "COL_NAME",
child.constraint_name AS "CONSTRNT_NAME",
DECODE (child.constraint_type, P , Primary Key , R , Foreign Key ) AS "CONST
RNT_TYPE"
FROM user_constraints child,
user_constraints parent,
user_cons_columns ucc
WHERE child.r_constraint_name = parent.constraint_name
AND child.r_owner = parent.owner
AND child.table_name = v_tab_name
--and child.constraint_type in ( R )
AND child.constraint_name = ucc.constraint_name
Hope it will help you,
Reply
asheesh
Jun 2nd, 2012
select table_name from USER_CONSTRAINTS where r_constraint_name= (select CONSTRA

INT_NAME from USER_CONSTRAINTS where table_name=INPUT_PARENT_TABLE and CONSTRAIN
T_TYPE=P) and CONSTRAINT_TYPE=R;
>>
<<
What is meant by deadlock in database?
Transaction is unit of work done. So a database management system will have numb
er of transactions. There may be situations when two or more transactions are pu
t into wait state simultaneously .In this position each would be waiting for the
other transaction to get released. Suppose we have two transactions one and two
both executing simultaneously. In transaction numbered one we update student ta
ble and then update course table. We have transaction two in which we update cou
rse table and then update student table. We know that when a table is updated it
is locked and prevented from access from other transactions from updating.
So in transaction one student table is updated it is locked and in transaction t
wo course table is updated and it is locked. We have given already that both tra
nsactions gets executed simultaneously. So both student table and course table g
ets locked so each one waits for the other to get released. This is the concept
of deadlock in DBMS.
GeekAdmin
Sep 23rd, 2006 5 18798
Questions by GeekAdmin answers by GeekAdmin
vmayur
Oct 26th, 2006
Deadlock means Locking put on data when one transaction is being under operation
on a record.
supposs you are inserting a record into the table that tabel is being put under
lock.This does not mean that no one can see the record from the table but this m
ens no one can apply any DML to that table.Same time any changes made to that ta
ble will not be seen untill the record have been commited
Once the record is Commited the Deadlock is realaesed from that table.
Reply
gvvskumaran
Jan 15th, 2007
two users Accesing and Altering the datas in a table at the same time...(Is it r
ight or wrong)
Reply
deepak meena
Sep 6th, 2011
dead lock is defined as a situation arise during multiple transactions which put
all the transactions on halting situation where the transactional programs seem
s dead means they stop their execution until the suitable technique never applie
d to solve this.
Reply
rohit
Apr 22nd, 2012
It is absolutely wrong.you can read data simultaneously but you cant write data
......you can write data one at a time only...
Reply
Chittaranjan Kotian
May 16th, 2012
Two Oracle Sessions attempting to obtain a lock on a rows that is being locked b
y each other. For example Session A has locked a row for update in a transaction
. Session B is trying to obtain a lock on the same record in its own transaction
.
Session A now completes is update but the transaction is not yet committed or ro
lled back and hence the lock is still maintained. Session A now tries to obtain
a lock on a record that has been locked by Session B. So a situation occurs wher
e both Session A & B are waiting on records locked by each other. Such a situati
on is called a DEADLOCK
>>
<<
What is Clustered Table in Oracle? Difference between Clustered Table and View?
A cluster is a schema object that contains data from one or more tables, all of
which have one or more columns in common.
Pradeep_Oracle
Dec 12th, 2011 2 8262
Questions by Pradeep_Oracle
Lokesh M
Feb 13th, 2012
A cluster is a group of tables which share the same data blocks.
Clusters are an optional method of storing table data.
Cluster share common columns and are often used together.
It is a powerful method of storing and organizing data in the dataset into group
s or clusters of similar data. Oracle physically stores all rows for each table
in the same data blocks.
A view can be considered as a virtual table, It is like a stored query which tre
ats the output of the underlaying query as a table.
Read more here
http://www.geekinterview.com/talk/20450-what-cluster-table-oracle-diff-between.h
tml#post61454
Reply
ravinder
May 4th, 2012
Clustered table store data of multiple table based on common columns.
View is virtual table or which has attached select query.Its not actual table.
>>
<<
What is the difference between 9i and 10g.(especially i and g stands)
i in 9i is internet.
g in 10g is grid.
"i" stands for Internet Application & "g" for Grid Computing.
i stands for the internet and the g stands for the grid computing...
Feature wise difference between oracle10g over oracle9i are::
a:isql plus
b:j server
c:flashback table
d:flashback database
in oracle "i" stands for internet & "g" stands for grid.
Oracle 9i and Oracle 10g....there are more implementation differences. In terms
of architecture, 9i is based on Internet technology while 10g is grid computing
based one. Many DBA features like Automated Storage Management (ASM), Automatic
Workload Repository (AWR), Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) were int
roduced.
For developers, 10g is more stable than 9i. All the earlier bugs reported were f
ixed in 10g release.
Performance wise, it was more impressive. It increased the data chunk size durin
g I/O between the SQL and PL/SQL engines. Use of collections was recommended.
PLS_INTEGER, a new data type was added which enhances performance. ANYDATA data
type was introduced to hold a data of variant feature.
FLASHBACK option was made more stronger like TABLE FLASHBACK was introduced. Reg
ular expression function were introduced REGEXP_SUBSTR, REGEXP_INSTR, REGEXP_REP
LACE.
Oracle Recyclebin was introduced. The dropped objects can be restored from the r
ecyclebin until it is purge
The Oracle version starting of I. The starting in 1999 with version 6i, 8i and 9
i, I signify "Internet" means stands for "Internet" and Oracle added the "I" to
the version name to reflect support for the Internet with its built-in Java Virt
ual Machine (JVM). Oracle 9i added more support for XML in 2001.
Meaning of G in Oracle:
The starting in 2003 with version 10g and 11g, G signifies "Grid Computing" with
the release of Oracle10g in 2003. Oracle 10g was introduced with emphasis on th
e "g" for grid computing, which enables clusters of low-cost, industry standard
servers to be treated as a single unit. Upgrade Enterprise Manager 10g Grid Cont
rol Release 4 (10.2.0.4.0) or higher to Enterprise Manager 11g Grid Control Rele
ase 1 (11.1.0.1.0).
>>
<<
Compund Triggers
Explain the concept of compond triggers
balu.kolla
Aug 18th, 2010 1 1361
Questions by balu.kolla
neeraj06.in
Nov 10th, 2011
Compound Triggers:
-> It combines all DML timing events into single trigger body.
-> It also resolves mutating table error and enhance the code maintenance.
-> The memory variables are persistent till execution finishes.
Example:
Code
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER [TRIGGER NAME]
FOR [DML] ON [TABLE NAME]
COMPOUND TRIGGER
-- Initial section
-- Declarations
-- Subprograms
Optional section
BEFORE STATEMENT IS
;
Optional section
AFTER STATEMENT IS
;
Optional section
BEFORE EACH ROW IS
;
Optional section
AFTER EACH ROW IS
;
END;
>>
<<
>>
1. Difference between varchar and varchar2 data types?
Varchar can store upto 2000 bytes and varchar2 can store upto 4000 bytes. Varcha
r will occupy space for NULL values and Varchar2 will not occupy any space. Both
are differed with respect to space.
2. In which language Oracle has been developed?
Oracle has been developed using C Language.
3. What is RAW datatype?
RAW datatype is used to store values in binary data format. The maximum size for
a raw in a table in 32767 bytes.
4. What is the use of NVL function?
The NVL function is used to replace NULL values with another or given value. Exa
mple is
NVL(Value, replace value)
5. Whether any commands are used for Months calculation? If so, What are they?
In Oracle, months_between function is used to find number of months between the
given dates. Example is
Months_between(Date 1, Date 2)
6. What are nested tables?
Nested table is a data type in Oracle which is used to support columns contai
ning multi valued attributes. It also hold entire sub table.
7. What is COALESCE function?
COALESCE function is used to return the value which is set to be not null in the
list. If all values in the list are null, then the coalesce function will retur
n NULL.
Coalesce(value1, value2,value3,)
8. What is BLOB datatype?
A BLOB data type is a varying length binary string which is used to store two gi
gabytes memory. Length should be specified in Bytes for BLOB.
9. How do we represent comments in Oracle?
Comments in Oracle can be represented in two ways

Two dashes() before beginning of the line Single statement
/* */ is used to represent it as comments for block of statement
10. What is DML?
Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to access and manipulate data in the ex
isting objects. DML statements are insert, select, update and delete and it wont
implicitly commit the current transaction.
11. What is the difference between TRANSLATE and REPLACE?
Translate is used for character by character substitution and Replace is used su
bstitute a single character with a word.
12. How do we display rows from the table without duplicates?
Duplicate rows can be removed by using the keyword DISTINCT in the select statem
ent.
13. What is the usage of Merge Statement?
Merge statement is used to select rows from one or more data source for updating
and insertion into a table or a view. It is used to combine multiple operations
.
14. What is NULL value in oracle?
NULL value represents missing or unknown data. This is used as a place holder or
represented it in as default entry to indicate that there is no actual data pre
sent.
15. What is USING Clause and give example?
The USING clause is used to specify with the column to test for equality when tw
o tables are joined.
[sql] Select * from employee join salary using employee ID[/sql]
Employee tables join with the Salary tables with the Employee ID.
16. What is key preserved table?f
A table is set to be key preserved table if every key of the table can also be t
he key of the result of the join. It guarantees to return only one copy of each
row from the base table.
17. What is WITH CHECK OPTION?
The WITH CHECK option clause specifies check level to be done in DML statements.
It is used to prevent changes to a view that would produce results that are not
included in the sub query.
18. What is the use of Aggregate functions in Oracle?
Aggregate function is a function where values of multiple rows or records are jo
ined together to get a single value output. Common aggregate functions are
Average
Count
Sum
19. What do you mean by GROUP BY Clause?
A GROUP BY clause can be used in select statement where it will collect data acr
oss multiple records and group the results by one or more columns.
20. What is a sub query and what are the different types of subqueries?
Sub Query is also called as Nested Query or Inner Query which is used to get dat
a from multiple tables. A sub query is added in the where clause of the main que
ry.
There are two different types of subqueries:
Correlated sub query
A Correlated sub query cannot be as independent query but can reference column i
n a table listed in the from list of the outer query.
Non-Correlated subquery
This can be evaluated as if it were an independent query. Results of the sub que
ry are submitted to the main query or parent query.
21. What is cross join?
Cross join is defined as the Cartesian product of records from the tables presen
t in the join. Cross join will produce result which combines each row from the f
irst table with the each row from the second table.
22. What are temporal data types in Oracle?
Oracle provides following temporal data types:
Date Data Type Different formats of Dates
TimeStamp Data Type Different formats of Time Stamp
Interval Data Type Interval between dates and time
23. How do we create privileges in Oracle?
A privilege is nothing but right to execute an SQL query or to access another us
er object. Privilege can be given as system privilege or user privilege.
[sql]GRANT user1 TO user2 WITH MANAGER OPTION;[/sql]
24. What is VArray?
VArray is an oracle data type used to have columns containing multivalued attrib
utes and it can hold bounded array of values.
25. How do we get field details of a table?
Describe <Table_Name> is used to get the field details of a specified table.
26. What is the difference between rename and alias?
Rename is a permanent name given to a table or a column whereas Alias is a tempo
rary name given to a table or column. Rename is nothing but replacement of name
and Alias is an alternate name of the table or column.
27. What is a View?

View is a logical table which based on one or more tables or views. The tables
upon which the view is based are called Base Tables and it doesnt contain data.
28. What is a cursor variable?
A cursor variable is associated with different statements which can hold differe
nt values at run time. A cursor variable is a kind of reference type.
29. What are cursor attributes?
Each cursor in Oracle has set of attributes which enables an application program
to test the state of the cursor. The attributes can be used to check whether cu
rsor is opened or closed, found or not found and also find row count.
30. What are SET operators?
SET operators are used with two or more queries and those operators are Union, U
nion All, Intersect and Minus.
31. How can we delete duplicate rows in a table?
Duplicate rows in the table can be deleted by using ROWID.
32. What are the attributes of Cursor?
Attributes of Cursor are
%FOUND
Returns NULL if cursor is open and fetch has not been executed
Returns TRUE if the fetch of cursor is executed successfully.
Returns False if no rows are returned.
%NOT FOUND
Returns NULL if cursor is open and fetch has not been executed
Returns False if fetch has been executed
Returns True if no row was returned
%ISOPEN
Returns true if the cursor is open
Returns false if the cursor is closed
%ROWCOUNT
Returns the number of rows fetched. It has to be iterated through entire cursor
to give exact real count.
33. Can we store pictures in the database and if so, how it can be done?
Yes, we can store pictures in the database by Long Raw Data type. This datatype
is used to store binary data for 2 gigabytes of length. But the table can have o
nly on Long Raw data type.
34. What is an integrity constraint?
An integrity constraint is a declaration defined a business rule for a table col

umn. Integrity constraints are used to ensure accuracy and consistency of data i
n a database. There are types Domain Integrity, Referential Integrity and Domain
Integrity.
35. What is an ALERT?
An alert is a window which appears in the center of the screen overlaying a port
ion of the current display.
36. What is hash cluster?
Hash Cluster is a technique used to store the table for faster retrieval. Apply
hash value on the table to retrieve the rows from the table.
37. What are the various constraints used in Oracle?
Following are constraints used:
NULL It is to indicate that particular column can contain NULL values
NOT NULL It is to indicate that particular column cannot contain NULL values
CHECK Validate that values in the given column to meet the specific criteria
DEFAULT It is to indicate the value is assigned to default value
38. What is difference between SUBSTR and INSTR?
SUBSTR returns specific portion of a string and INSTR provides character positio
n in which a pattern is found in a string.
SUBSTR returns string whereas INSTR returns numeric.
39. What is the parameter mode that can be passed to a procedure?
IN, OUT and INOUT are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure.
40. What are the different Oracle Database objects?
There are different data objects in Oracle
Tables set of elements organized in vertical and horizontal
Views Virtual table derived from one or more tables
Indexes Performance tuning method for processing the records
Synonyms Alias name for tables
Sequences Multiple users generate unique numbers
Tablespaces Logical storage unit in Oracle
/////////////////////////////////////
41. What are the differences between LOV and List Item?
LOV is property whereas list items are considered as single item. List of items
is set to be a collection of list of items. A list item can have only one column
, LOV can have one or more columns.
42. What are privileges and Grants?
Privileges are the rights to execute SQL statements means Right to connect and c
onnect. Grants are given to the object so that objects can be accessed according
ly. Grants can be provided by the owner or creator of an object.
43. What is the difference between $ORACLE_BASE and $ORACLE_HOME?
Oracle base is the main or root directory of an oracle whereas ORACLE_HOME is lo

cated beneath base folder in which all oracle products reside.
44. What is the fastest query method to fetch data from the table?
Row can be fetched from table by using ROWID. Using ROW ID is the fastest query
method to fetch data from the table.
45. What is the maximum number of triggers that can be applied to a single table
?
12 is the maximum number of triggers that can be applied to a single table.
46. How to display row numbers with the records?
Display row numbers with the records numbers
Select rownum, <fieldnames> from table;
1
Select rownum, <fieldnames> from table;
This query will display row numbers and the field values from the given table.
47. How can we view last record added to a table?
Last record can be added to a table and this can be done by
Select * from (select * from employees order by rownum desc) where rownum<2;
1
Select * from (select * from employees order by rownum desc) where rownum<2;
48. What is the data type of DUAL table?
The DUAL table is a one-column table present in oracle database. The table has
a single VARCHAR2(1) column called DUMMY which has a value of X.
49. What is difference between Cartesian Join and Cross Join?
There are no differences between the join. Cartesian and Cross joins are same. C
ross join gives cartesian product of two tables Rows from first table is multipl
ied with another table which is called cartesian product.
Cross join without where clause gives Cartesian product.
50. How to display employee records who gets more salary than the average salary
in the department?
This can be done by this query
Select * from
e dept.deptno
1
Select * from
e dept.deptno
employee where salary>(select avg(salary) from dept, employee wher

= employee.deptno;
employee where salary>(select avg(salary) from dept, employee wher
= employee.deptno;
+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_
+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_
+_
1.
What is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and proced
ural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.
2.
What is the basic structure of PL/SQL?

PL/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or
nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.
3.
What are the components of a PL/SQL block?

A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.
4.
What are the components of a PL/SQL Block?

Declarative part, Executable part and Execption part.
5.
What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL?

Some scalar data types such as
NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.
6.
What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE? What are the advantages of using these ov
er datatypes?
% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that
variable.
% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or vi
ew or columns selected in the cursor.
The advantages are: I. need not know about variable s data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of
a variable changes accordingly.
7.
What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?

% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table o
r view.
TYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different table
or views and variables.
E.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type );
e_rec emp% ROWTYPE
Cursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;
e_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.
8.
What is PL/SQL table?

Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modelled as
(but not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables
can have one column and a primary key.
9.
What is a cursor? Why Cursor is required?

Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accesse
d.
Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple
rows.
10.
Explain the two types of Cursors?

There are two types of cursors, Implict Cursor and Explicit Cursor.
PL/SQL uses Implict Cursors for queries.
User defined cursors are called Explicit Cursors. They can be declared and used.
11.
What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing?
DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO <va
riable list> or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.
12.
What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL?

%ISOPEN - to check whether cursor is open or not
% ROWCOUNT - number of rows featched/updated/deleted.
% FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are featched
.
% NOT FOUND - to check whether cursor has featched any row. True if no rows are
featched.
These attributes are proceded with SQL for Implict Cursors and with Cursor name
for Explict Cursors.
13.
What is a cursor for loop?

Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index,opens a curso
r, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes w
hen all the records have been processed.
eg. FOR emp_rec IN C1 LOOP
salary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;
END LOOP;
14.
What will happen after commit statement ?

Cursor C1 is
Select empno,
ename from emp;
Begin
open C1; loop
Fetch C1 into
eno.ename;
Exit When
C1 %notfound;----commit;
end loop;
end;
The cursor having query as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT/ROLLB
ACK.
The cursor having query as SELECT.... does not get closed even after COMMIT/ROLL
BACK.
15.
Explain the usage of WHERE CURRENT OF clause in cursors ?

WHERE CURRENT OF clause in an UPDATE,DELETE statement refers to the late
st row fetched from a cursor.
16.
What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?

Database trigger is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specifi
c database table. Usages are Audit data modificateions, Log events transparently
, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement c
omplex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.
17.
How many types of database triggers can be specified on a table? What ar
e they?
Insert
Update
Delete
Before Row
After Row
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
Before Statement
After Statement
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
o.k.
If FOR EACH ROW clause is specified, then the trigger for each Row affected by t
he statement.
If WHEN clause is specified, the trigger fires according to the retruned boolean
value.
18.
Is it possible to use Transaction control Statements such a ROLLBACK or
COMMIT in Database Trigger? Why?
It is not possible. As triggers are defined for each table, if you use C
OMMIT of ROLLBACK in a trigger, it affects logical transaction processing.
19.
What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution?
The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.
For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only
available.
For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.
20.
What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called i
n a database trigger of the same table?
Mutation of table occurs.
21.
Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?

I. done using Database triggers.
ii. done using Integarity Constraints.
22.
What is an Exception? What are types of Exception?

Exception is the error handling part of PL/SQL block. The types are Pred
efined and user_defined. Some of Predefined execptions are.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
INVALID_NUMBER
LOGON_DENIED
NOT_LOGGED_ON
PROGRAM-ERROR
STORAGE_ERROR
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
VALUE_ERROR
ZERO_DIVIDE
OTHERS.
23.
What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT? Explain the usage?

The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception w
ith an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.
e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)
24.
What is Raise_application_error?
Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which al
lows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database
trigger.
25.
What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM?

SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occured.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.
26.
Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored?

In the standard package.
Procedures, Functions & Packages;
27.
What is a stored procedure?

A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific fun
ction.
30.
What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION?

A FUNCTION is alway returns a value using the return statement.
A PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return a
t all.
31.
What are advantages of Stored Procedures?

Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time comp
ilation.
32.
What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure?

IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters.
33.
What are the two parts of a procedure?

Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.
34.
Give the structure of the procedure?

PROCEDURE name (parameter list.....)
is
local variable declarations
BEGIN
Executable statements.
Exception.
exception handlers
end;
35.
Give the structure of the function?

FUNCTION name (argument list .....) Return datatype is
local variable declarations
Begin
executable statements
Exception
execution handlers
End;
36.
Explain how procedures and functions are called in a PL/SQL block ?

Function is called as part of an expression.
sal := calculate_sal ( a822 );
procedure is called as a PL/SQL statement
calculate_bonus ( A822 );
37.
What is Overloading of procedures?

The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatyp
es and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called
overloading of procedures.
e.g. DBMS_OUTPUT put_line

38.
What is a package? What are the advantages of packages?

Package is a database object that groups logically related procedures.
The advantages of packages are Modularity, Easier Applicaton Design, and Informa
tion.
Hiding,. Reusability and Better Performance.
39.
What are two parts of package?

The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.
Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and
local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures
and cursor declarations.
40.
What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor d
eclared in a package specification?
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be access
ed by other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be acces
sed by other procedures.
41.
How packaged procedures and functions are called from the following ?
a. Stored procedure or anonymous block
b. an application program such a PRC *C, PRO* COBOL
c. SQL *PLUS
a. PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters);
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
EXEC SQL EXECUTE
b.
BEGIN
PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters)
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
END;
END EXEC;
c. EXECUTE PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE if the procedures does not have any out/in-out
parameters. A function can not be called.
42.
Name the tables where characteristics of Package, procedure and function
s are stored?
User_objects, User_Source and User_error.
What are the various types of queries ?
Answer: The types of queries are:
Normal Queries
Sub Queries
Co-related queries
Nested queries
Compound queries
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is a transaction ?
Answer: A transaction is a set of SQL statements between any two COMMIT and ROLL
BACK statements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is implicit cursor and how is it used by Oracle ?
Answer: An implicit cursor is a cursor which is internally created by Oracle.It
is created by Oracle for each individual SQL.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Which of the following is not a schema object : Indexes, tables, public synonyms
, triggers and packages ?
Answer: Public synonyms
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is PL/SQL?
Answer: PL/SQL is Oracle s Procedural Language extension to SQL.The language inc
ludes object oriented programming techniques such as encapsulation, function ove
rloading, information hiding (all but inheritance), and so, brings state-of-theart programming to the Oracle database server and a variety of Oracle tools.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there a PL/SQL Engine in SQL*Plus?
Answer: No.Unlike Oracle Forms, SQL*Plus does not have a PL/SQL engine.Thus, all
your PL/SQL are send directly to the database engine for execution.This makes i
t much more efficient as SQL statements are not stripped off and send to the dat
abase individually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there a limit on the size of a PL/SQL block?
Answer: Currently, the maximum parsed/compiled size of a PL/SQL block is 64K and
the maximum code size is 100K.You can run the following select statement to que
ry the size of an existing package or procedure. SQL> select * from dba_object_s
ize where name = procedure_name
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can one read/write files from PL/SQL?
Answer: Included in Oracle 7.3 is a UTL_FILE package that can read and write fil
es.The directory you intend writing to has to be in your INIT.ORA file (see UTL_
FILE_DIR=...parameter).
Before Oracle 7.3 the only means of writing a file was to use DBMS_OUTPUT with t
he SQL*Plus SPOOL command.
DECLARE
fileHandler UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
BEGIN
fileHandler := UTL_FILE.FOPEN( /home/oracle/tmp , myoutput , W );
UTL_FILE.PUTF(fileHandler, Value of func1 is %sn , func1(1));
UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fileHandler);
END;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How can I protect my PL/SQL source code?
Answer: PL/SQL V2.2, available with Oracle7.2, implements a binary wrapper for P
L/SQL programs to protect the source code.This is done via a standalone utility
that transforms the PL/SQL source code into portable binary object code (somewha
t larger than the original).This way you can distribute software without having
to worry about exposing your proprietary algorithms and methods.SQL*Plus and SQL
*DBA will still understand and know how to execute such scripts.Just be careful,
there is no "decode" command available. The syntax is:
wra
p name=myscript.sql
oname=xxxx.yyy
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can one use dynamic SQL within PL/SQL? OR Can you use a DDL in a procedure ? How
?
Answer: From PL/SQL V2.1 one can use the DBMS_SQL package to execute dynamic SQL
statements.
Eg: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DYNSQL AS
cur integer;
rc integer;
BEGIN
cur := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR;
DBMS_SQL.PARSE(cur, CREATE TABLE X (Y DATE) ,
DBMS_SQL.NATIVE);
rc := DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE(cur);
DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(cur);
END;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the various types of Exceptions ?
Answer: User defined and Predefined Exceptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can we define exceptions twice in same block ?
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the difference between a procedure and a function ?
Answer: Functions return a single variable by value whereas procedures do not re
turn any variable by value.Rather they return multiple variables by passing vari
ables by reference through their OUT parameter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you have two functions with the same name in a PL/SQL block ?
Answer: Yes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you have two stored functions with the same name ?
Answer: Yes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you call a stored function in the constraint of a table ?
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the various types of parameter modes in a procedure ?
Answer: IN, OUT AND INOUT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is Over Loading and what are its restrictions ?
Answer: OverLoading means an object performing different functions depending upo
n the no.of parameters or the data type of the parameters passed to it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can functions be overloaded ?
Answer: Yes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can 2 functions have same name & input parameters but differ only by return data
type
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the constructs of a procedure, function or a package ?
Answer: The constructs of a procedure, function or a package are :
variables and constants
cursors
exceptions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Why Create or Replace and not Drop and recreate procedures ?
Answer: So that Grants are not dropped.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you pass parameters in packages ? How ?
Answer: Yes.You can pass parameters to procedures or functions in a package.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the parts of a database trigger ?
Answer: The parts of a trigger are:
A triggering event or statement
A trigger restriction
A trigger action
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the various types of database triggers ?
Answer: There are 12 types of triggers, they are combination of :
Insert, Delete and Update Triggers.
Before and After Triggers.
Row and Statement Triggers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the advantage of a stored procedure over a database trigger ?
Answer: We have control over the firing of a stored procedure but we have no con
trol over the firing of a trigger.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the maximum no.of statements that can be specified in a trigger statemen
t ?
Answer: One.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------Can views be specified in a trigger statement ?

Answer: No
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the values of :new and :old in Insert/Delete/Update Triggers ?
Answer: INSERT : new = new value, old = NULL
DELETE : new = NULL, old = old value
UPDATE : new = new value, old = old value
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are cascading triggers? What is the maximum no of cascading triggers at a t
ime?
Answer: When a statement in a trigger body causes another trigger to be fired, t
he triggers are said to be cascading.Max = 32.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are mutating triggers ?
Answer: A trigger giving a SELECT on the table on which the trigger is written.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are constraining triggers ?
Answer: A trigger giving an Insert/Updat e on a table having referential integri
ty constraint on the triggering table.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Describe Oracle database s physical and logical structure ?
Answer:
Physical : Data files, Redo Log files, Control file.
Logical : Tables, Views, Tablespaces, etc.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you increase the size of a tablespace ? How ?
Answer: Yes, by adding datafiles to it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you increase the size of datafiles ? How ?
Answer: No (for Oracle 7.0)
Yes (for Oracle 7.3 by using the Resize clause )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the use of Control files ?
Answer: Contains pointers to locations of various data files, redo log files, et
c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the use of Data Dictionary ?
Answer: It Used by Oracle to store information about various physical and logica
l Oracle structures e.g.Tables, Tablespaces, datafiles, etc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the advantages of clusters ?

Answer: Access time reduced for joins.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the disadvantages of clusters ?
Answer: The time for Insert increases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can Long/Long RAW be clustered ?
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can null keys be entered in cluster index, normal index ?
Answer: Yes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can Check constraint be used for self referential integrity ? How ?
Answer: Yes.In the CHECK condition for a column of a table, we can reference som
e other column of the same table and thus enforce self referential integrity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the min.extents allocated to a rollback extent ?
Answer: Two
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the states of a rollback segment ? What is the difference between partl
y available and needs recovery ?
Answer: The various states of a rollback segment are :
ONLINE
OFFLINE
PARTLY AVAILABLE
NEEDS RECOVERY
INVALID.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the difference between unique key and primary key ?
Answer: Unique key can be null; Primary key cannot be null.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------An insert statement followed by a create table statement followed by rollback ?
Will the rows be inserted ?
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you define multiple savepoints ?
Answer: Yes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Can you Rollback to any savepoint ?

Answer: Yes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the maximum no.of columns a table can have ?
Answer: 254.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the significance of the & and && operators in PL SQL ?
Answer: The & operator means that the PL SQL block requires user input for a var
iable.The && operator means that the value of this variable should be the same a
s inputted by the user previously for this same variable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you pass a parameter to a cursor ?
Answer: Explicit cursors can take parameters, as the example below shows.A curso
r parameter can appear in a query wherever a constant can appear.
CURSOR c1 (median IN NUMBER) IS
SELECT job, ename FROM emp WHERE sal > median;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the various types of RollBack Segments ?
Answer: The types of Rollback sagments are as follows :
Public Available to all instances
Private Available to specific instance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you use %RowCount as a parameter to a cursor ?
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is the query below allowed :
Select sal, ename Into x From emp Where ename = KING (Where x is a record of N
umber(4) and Char(15))
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is the assignment given below allowed :
ABC = PQR (Where ABC and PQR are records)
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is this for loop allowed : For x in &Start..&End Loop
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How many rows will the following SQL return : Select * from emp Where rownum < 1
0;
Answer: 9 rows
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------How many rows will the following SQL return : Select * from emp Where rownum = 1
0;
Answer: No rows
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Which symbol preceeds the path to the table in the remote database ?
Answer: @
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Are views automatically updated when base tables are updated ?
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can a trigger written for a view ?
Answer: No
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------If all the values from a cursor have been fetched and another fetch is issued, t
he output will be : error, last record or first record ?
Answer: Last Record
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A table has the following data : [[5, Null, 10]].What will the average function
return ?
Answer: 7.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is Sysdate a system variable or a system function?
Answer: System Function
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Consider a sequence whose currval is 1 and gets incremented by 1 by using the ne
xtval reference we get the next number 2.Suppose at this point we issue an rollb
ack and again issue a nextval.What will the output be ?
Answer: 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Definition of relational DataBase by Dr.Codd (IBM)?
Answer: A Relational Database is a database where all data visible to the user i
s organized strictly as tables of data values and where all database operations
work on these tables.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is Multi Threaded Server (MTA) ?
Answer: In a Single Threaded Architecture (or a dedicated server configuration)
the database manager creates a separate process for each database user.But in MT
A the database manager can assign multiple users (multiple user processes) to a
single dispatcher (server process), a controlling process that queues request fo
r work thus reducing the databases memory requirement and resources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Which are initial RDBMS, Hierarchical & N/w database ?

Answer:
RDBMS - R system
Hierarchical - IMS
N/W - DBTG
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Difference between Oracle 6 and Oracle 7
Answer:
ORACLE 7
ORACLE 6
Cost based optimizer
Rule based optimizer
Shared SQL Area
SQL area allocated for each user
Multi Threaded Server
Single Threaded Server
Hash Clusters
Only B-Tree indexing
Roll back Size
Adjustment No provision
Truncate command
No provision
Distributed Database
Distributed Query
Table replication & snapshots
No provision
Client/Server Tech
No provision
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is Functional Dependency?
Answer: Given a relation R, attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on attrib
ute X of R if and only if each X-value has associated with it precisely one -Y v
alue in R
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is Auditing ?
Answer: The database has the ability to audit all actions that take place within
it. a) Login attempts, b) Object Accesss, c) Database Action Result of Greatest
(1,NULL) or Least(1,NULL) NULL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------While designing in client/server what are the 2 imp.things to be considered ?
Answer: Network Overhead (traffic), Speed and Load of client server
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the disadvantages of SQL ?
Answer: Disadvantages of SQL are :
Cannot drop a field
Cannot rename a field
Cannot manage memory
Procedural Language option not provided
Index on view or index on index not provided
View updation problem
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When to create indexes ?
Answer: To be created when table is queried for less than 2% or 4% to 25% of the
table rows.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------How can you avoid indexes ?

Answer: To make index access path unavailable Use FULL hint to optimizer for ful
l table scan Use INDEX or AND-EQUAL hint to optimizer to use one index or set to
indexes instead of another. Use an expression in the Where Clause of the SQL.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the result of the following SQL : Select 1 from dual UNION Select A fr
om dual;
Answer: Error
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can database trigger written on synonym of a table and if it can be then what wo
uld be the effect if original table is accessed.
Answer: Yes, database trigger would fire.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you alter synonym of view or view ?
Answer: No
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can you create index on view
Answer: No.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the difference between a view and a synonym ?
Answer: Synonym is just a second name of table used for multiple link of databas
e.View can be created with many tables, and with virtual columns and with condit
ions.But synonym can be on view.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What s the length of SQL integer ?
Answer: 32 bit length
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the difference between foreign key and reference key ?
Answer: Foreign key is the key i.e.attribute which refers to another table prima
ry key. Reference key is the primary key of table referred by another table.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can dual table be deleted, dropped or altered or updated or inserted ?
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------If content of dual is updated to some value computation takes place or not ?
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------If any other table same as dual is created would it act similar to dual?
Answer: Yes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For which relational operators in where clause, index is not used ?
Answer: <> , like %... is NOT functions, field +constant, field||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Assume that there are multiple databases running on one machine.How can you swit
ch from one to another ?
Answer: Changing the ORACLE_SID
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the advantages of Oracle ?
Answer: Portability : Oracle is ported to more platforms than any of its competi
tors, running on more than 100 hardware platforms and 20 networking protocols. M
arket Presence : Oracle is by far the largest RDBMS vendor and spends more on R
& D than most of its competitors earn in total revenue.This market clout means t
hat you are unlikely to be left in the lurch by Oracle and there are always lots
of third party interfaces available. Backup and Recovery : Oracle provides indu
strial strength support for on-line backup and recovery and good software fault
tolerence to disk failure.You can also do point-in-time recovery. Performance :
Speed of a tuned Oracle Database and application is quite good, even with larg
e databases.Oracle can manage > 100GB databases. Multiple database support : Ora
cle has a superior ability to manage multiple databases within the same transact
ion using a two-phase commit protocol.
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------What is a forward declaration ? What is its use ?
Answer: PL/SQL requires that you declare an identifier before using it.Therefore
, you must declare a subprogram before calling it.This declaration at the start
of a subprogram is called forward declaration.A forward declaration consists of
a subprogram specification terminated by a semicolon.
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------What are actual and formal parameters ?
Answer: Actual Parameters : Subprograms pass information using parameters.The va
riables or expressions referenced in the parameter list of a subprogram call are
actual parameters.For example, the following procedure call lists two actual pa
rameters named emp_num and amount:
Eg.raise_salary(emp_num, amount);Formal Parameters : The variables declared in a
subprogram specification and referenced in the subprogram body are formal param
eters.For example, the following procedure declares two formal parameters named
emp_id and increase:
Eg.PROCEDURE raise_salary (emp_id INTEGER, increase REAL) IS current_salary REAL
;
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------What are the types of Notation ?
Answer: Position, Named, Mixed and Restrictions.
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------
What all important parameters of the init.ora are supposed to be increased if yo

u want to increase the SGA size ?
Answer: In our case, db_block_buffers was changed from 60 to 1000 (std values ar
e 60, 550 & 3500) shared_pool_size was changed from 3.5MB to 9MB (std values are
3.5, 5 & 9MB) open_cursors was changed from 200 to 300 (std values are 200 & 30
0) db_block_size was changed from 2048 (2K) to 4096 (4K) {at the time of databas
e creation}. The initial SGA was around 4MB when the server RAM was 32MB and The
new SGA was around 13MB when the server RAM was increased to 128MB.
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------If I have an execute privilege on a procedure in another users schema, can I exe
cute his procedure even though I do not have privileges on the tables within the
procedure ?
Answer: Yes
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------What are various types of joins ?
Answer: Types of joins are:
Equijoins
Non-equijoins
self join
outer join
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------What is a package cursor ?
Answer: A package cursor is a cursor which you declare in the package specificat
ion without an SQL statement.The SQL statement for the cursor is attached dynami
cally at runtime from calling procedures.
----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-------------If you insert a row in a table, then create another table and then say Rollback.
In this case will the row be inserted ?
Answer: Yes.Because Create table is a DDL which commits automatically as soon as
it is executed.The DDL commits the transaction even if the create statement fai
ls internally (eg table already exists error) and not syntactically.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
What is the purpose of the PL/SQL language?
PL/SQL is an extension of SQL. SQL is non-procedural. PL/SQL is a procedural lan
guage designed by oracle to overcome the limitations that exist in SQL.
Say True or False. If False, explain why.
Routines written in PL/SQL can be called in Oracle call interface, Java, Pro*C/C
++, COBOL etc.
True.
PL/SQL does not have data types or variables.
False. PL/SQL has all features of a structured programming language including da
ta types, variables, subroutines, modules and procedural constructs.
State few notable characteristics of PL/SQL.
Block-structured language.
Stored procedures help better sharing of application.

Portable to all environments that support Oracle.
Integration with the Oracle data dictionary.
---Name few schema objects that can be created using PL/SQL?
Stored procedures and functions
Packages
Triggers
Cursors
------------State some features or programming constructs supported by PL/SQL?
Variables and constants
Embedded SQL support
Flow control
Cursor management
Exception handling
Stored procedures and packages
Triggers
----------------------------What are the three basic sections of a PL/SQL block?
Declaration section
Execution section
Exception section
--------------What is wrong in the following assignment statement?
balance = balance + 2000;
Use of wrong assignment operator. The correct syntax is: balance := balance + 20
00;
---------------Write a single statement that concatenates the words Hello and World and assign it i
n a variable named greeting.?
greeting := Hello || World;
---------------------------Which operator has the highest precedence among the following
AND, NOT, OR?
NOT

Which of the following operator has the lowest precedence among the following
**, OR, NULL ?
OR

What does the colon sign (: ) implies in the following statement?
:deficit := balance loan;
The colon (: )sign implies that the variable :deficit is an external variable.

What is the purpose of %type data type? Explain with example.
It assigns a variable the same data type used by the column, for which the varia
ble is created. For example,
dcode := dept.detpno%type;
The variable dcode is created with the same data type as that of the deptno colu
mn of the dept table.

What is the purpose of %rowtype data type? Explain with example.
It declares a composed variable that is equivalent to the row of a table. After
the variable is created, the fields of the table can be accessed, using the name
of this variable.
For example
emptype := emp%rowtype;
name := emptype.empname;

What is a PL/SQL package?
A package is a file that groups functions, cursors, stored procedures, and varia
bles in one place.

What is a trigger?
A trigger is a PL/SQL program that is stored in the database and executed immedi
ately before or after the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands.

What are the PL/SQL cursors?
Oracle uses workspaces to execute the SQL commands. In other words, when Oracle
processes a SQL command, it opens an area in the memory called Private SQL Area.
A cursor is an identifier for this area. It allows programmers to name this are
a and access its information.

PL/SQL engine is part of Oracle Server.
True.

The BEGIN declaration starts the variable declaration sections of a PL/SQL block
.
False. The BEGIN declaration starts the execution section.

The PL/SQL engine executes the procedural commands and passes the SQL commands f
or the Oracle server to process.
True.

PL/SQL supports the CREATE command.
False. PL/SQL doesnt support the data definition commands like CREATE.
What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT?

It returns the number of rows that are processed by a SQL statement.

What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%FOUND?
It returns the Boolean value TRUE if at least one row was processed.

What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%NOTFOUND?
It returns the Boolean value TRUE if no rows were processed.

Which command/commands allow iteration a use of loops in a PL/SQL block?
LOOP command, FOR.. LOOP command, WHILE command.

What is the difference in execution of triggers and stored procedures?
A trigger is automatically executed without any action required by the user, whe
reas, a stored procedure needs to be explicitly invoked.

What are the uses of triggers?
Basically triggers are used to create consistencies, access restriction and impl
ement securities to the database. Triggers are also used for
Creating validation mechanisms involving searches in multiple tables
Creating logs to register the use of a table
Update other tables as a result of inclusion or changes in the current table.

Triggers can be associated to a view.
True.

When a trigger is associated to a view, the base table triggers are normally dis
abled.
False. When a trigger is associated to a view, the base table triggers are norma
lly enabled.

A trigger can perform the role of a constraint, forcing an integrity rule.
True.

A trigger can execute the COMMIT, ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT commands.
A trigger cannot execute the COMMIT, ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT commands.

What is the use of a WHEN clause in a trigger?
A WHEN clause specifies the condition that must be true for the trigger to be tr
iggered.

Statement level triggers are triggered only once.
True.
What is the purpose of the optional argument [OR REPLACE] in a CREATE TRIGGER co
mmand?
The optional argument [OR REPLACE] in a CREATE TRIGGER command recreates an exi
sting trigger. Using this option allows changing the definition of an existing t
rigger without having to delete it first.

INSTEAD OF is a valid option only for triggers in a table.
False. INSTEAD OF is a valid option only for views. INSTEAD OF trigger cannot be
specified in a table.

Write a statement to disable a trigger named update_marks.
ALTER TRIGGER update_marks DISABLE;

Which command is used to delete a trigger?
DROP TRIGGER command.

Which command is used to delete a procedure?
DROP PROCEDURE command.
.

What is the difference between a function and a stored procedure?
A function returns a value and a stored procedure doesnt return a value.

How do you declare a userdefined exception?
User defined exceptions are declared under the DECLARE section, with the keyword
EXCEPTION. Syntax
<exception_name> EXCEPTION;

What do you understand by explicit cursors?
Explicit cursors are defined explicitly using the CURSOR statement, with a gener
al syntax
CURSOR cursor_name [(parameters)] IS query_expression;
It allows processing queries that return multiple rows.

What are the steps that need to be performed to use an explicit cursor? Discuss
briefly.
The steps that need to be performed on explicit cursor are
DECLARE assigns a name to the cursor and defines the structure of query within i
t.
OPEN executes the query, whereby the rows returned by the query are available fo
r fetching.
FETCH assigns values from the current row (cursor position) into specified varia
bles.
CLOSE releases the memory space.

PL/SQL packages usually have two parts. What are these two parts?
PL/SQL packages have two parts
Specification part where the interface to the application are defined.
Body part where the implementation of the specification are defined.

Which command(s) are used for creating PL/SQL packages?
CREATE PACKAGE command is used for creating the specification part. CREATE PACKA
GE BODY command is used for creating the body part.

How do you refer to the types, objects and subprograms declared within a packag
e?
The types, objects, and subprograms declared within a package are referred to u
sing the dot notation as
package_name.type_name
package_name.object_name
package_name.subprogram_name

PL/SQL allows subprogram overloading feature within a package.
true

Which command is used to delete a package?
The DROP PACKAGE command.

What is the difference between implicit and explicit cursors?
Oracle implicitly declares a cursor to all the DDL and DML commands that return
only one row. For queries returning multiple rows, an explicit cursor is created
.

The %NOTFOUND attribute returns true when the cursor is not created explicitly.
False. The %NOTFOUND attribute returns true when the last row of the cursor is p
rocessed and no other row is available.

The %ROWCOUNT attribute returns the total number of rows returned by the FETCH c
ommand.
True.

Oracle interview questions and answers
Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9
Oracle interview questions April 17, 2013 at 01:16 PM by Kshipra Singh
1. Explain: a.) Integrity Constraints
It can be called as a declarative way in order to define a business rule for a t
able s column
b.) Index
It can be called as an optional structure which is associated with a table for

direct access to the rows
Index can be created for one or more columns in a table
c.) Extent
It can be defined as a specific number of contiguous data blocks in single all

ocation.
It is used to store a specific type of information.
2. What is ANALYZE command used for?
ANALYZE command is used to perform various functions on index, table, or cluster
, as listed below:
It helps in dentifying migrated and chained rows of the table or cluster.
It helps in validating the structure of the object.
It helps in collecting the statistics about object used by the optimizer. They
are then stored in the data dictionary.
It helps in deleting statistics used by object from the data dictionary.
Oracle 11g dba interview questions and answers 50 questions
Test your Oracle skills:
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Transaction interview test (20 questions)
3. a.) List the types of joins used in writing SUBQUERIES.
Self join
Outer Join
Equijoin
b.) List the various Oracle database objects.

TABLES
VIEWS
INDEXES
SYNONYMS
SEQUENCES
TABLESPACES
4. a.) Explain i.)Rename ii.)Alias.
Rename It is a permanent name provided to a table or column.

Alias It is a temporary name provided to a table or column which gets over a
fter the execution of SQL statement.
b.) What is a view?
It is virtual table which is defined as a stored procedure based on one or mor

e tables.
5. a.) What are the varoius components of physical database structure of Oracle
database?
Oracle database comprises of three kinds of files:
Datafiles,
Redo log files,
Control files.
b.) List out the components of logical database structure of Oracle database.
Tablespaces
Database s schema objects.
6. a.) What do you mean by a tablespace?
These are the Logical Storage Units into which a database is divided.
It is used to group together the related logical structures.
b.) What is Control File used for?
Control File is used for:
Database recovery.
Whenever an instance of an ORACLE database begins, its control file is used to
identify the database and redo log files that must be opened for database opera
tion to go ahead.
7. a.) What is a synonym? What are its various types?
A synonym can be called as an alias for a table, view, sequence or program unit.
It is basically of two types:
Private Only the owner can access it.
Public Can be accessed by any database user.
b.) What are the uses of synonyms?
Mask the real name and owner of an object.

Provide public access to an object
Provide location transparency for tables, views or program units of a remote d
atabase.
Simplify the SQL statements for database users.
8.) What do you mean by a deadlock?
When two processes are waiting to update the rows of a table which are locked
by another process, the situation is called a deadlock.
The reasons for it to happen are:
lack of proper row lock commands.
Poor design of frontend application
It reduces the performance of the server severely.
These locks get automatically released automatically when a commit/rollback op
eration is performed or any process is killed externally.
9.) a.) What suggestions do you have to reduce the network traffic?
Following are some of the actions which can be taken to reduce the network traff
ic:
Use snapshots to replicate data.

Use remote procedure calls.
Replicate data in distributed environment.
b.) What are the various types of snapshots ?
There are two types of snapshots:
Simple snapshots Based on a query that does not contain GROUP BY clauses, CO
NNECT BY clauses, JOINs, subquery or snashot of operations.
Complex snapshots which contains atleast any one of the above.
10.) What is a sub query? What are its various types?
Sub Query also termed as Nested Query or Inner Query is used to get data from
multiple tables.
A sub query is added in the where clause of the main query.
There can be two types of subqueries:
a.) Correlated sub query
It can reference column in a table listed in the from list of the outer query
but is not as independent as a query. .
b.) NonCorrelated sub query
Results of this sub query are submitted to the main query or parent query.
It is independent like a query
11.) Will you be able to store pictures in the database?Explain.
Yes, pictures can be stored in the database using Long Raw Data type.
This datatype is used to store binary data for 2 gigabytes of length.
However, the table can have only one Long Raw data type.
12.) Explain: a.) Integrity constraint.
It is a declaration defined in a business rule for a table column.

Integrity constraint ensures the accuracy and consistency of data in a databas
e.
It is of three types namely Domain Integrity, Referential Integrity and Do
main Integrity.
b.) COALESCE function
This function is used to return the value which is set not to be null in the l
ist.
Incase all values in the list are null the coalesce function will return NULL.
Its representation:
Coalesce(value1, value2, value3,)
13.) Explain the following: a.) BLOB datatype.
It is a data type with varying length binary string, used to store two gigabyt
es memory.
For BLOB, the length needs to be specified in bytes.
b.) DML.
DML it is also termed as Data Manipulation Language (DML).

It is used to access and manipulate data in the existing objects.
DML statements are insert, select, update and delete.
14.) Differentiate between: a.) TRANSLATE and REPLACE.
Translate is used to substitute character by character.

Replace is used to substitute a single character with a word.
b.) What is Merge Statement used for?
Merge statement is used to select rows from one or more data source to updatin
g and insert into a table or a view.
15.) What are the various Oracle Database objects?
Various database objects are as follows:
Tables This is a set of elements organized in vertical and horizontal fashion.

Tablespaces This is a logical storage unit in Oracle.

Views It is virtual table derived from one or more tables.
Indexes This is a performance tuning method to process the records.
Synonyms This is a name for tables.
Sequences.
16. What is the purpose of Save Points in Oracle database?
Save Points are used to divide a transaction into smaller phases.

It enables rolling back part of a transaction.
Maximum 5 save points are allowed in Oracle Database.
Whenever an error is encountered, it is possible to rollback from the point wh
ere the SAVEPOINT has been saved.
17. a.) What is an ALERT?
It a window which appears on the screen overlaying a portion of the current di

splay.
b.) Differentiate between postdatabase commit and postform commit.
The postdatabase commit trigger is fired after oracle forms issue the commit
to finalized transactions.
The postform commit is fired during the post and commit transactions process,
after the database commit occurs.
18. Differentiate between preselect and prequery.
Once oracle forms construct the select statement to be issued Preselect is fi

red during the execute query and count query processing. All this happens before
the statement is actually issued.
The prequery trigger is fired just before oracle forms issue the select state
ment to the database.
19. What is hot backup and logical backup?
Hot backup
Backing up the archive log files when database is open is called Hot backup.
To do this, the ARCHIVELOG mode is enabled.
Following files are backed up All data files, Archive log, redo log files an
d control files.
Logical backup
Logical back ip is reading a set of database records and writing them into a f
ile.
An Export utility is required to take the backup while an Import utility is re
quired to recover from the backup.
20. What do you mean by Redo Log file mirroring ?
The process of having a copy of redo log files is called mirroring.

It is done by creating group of log files together. This ensures that LGWR aut
omatically writes them to all the members of the current online redo log group.
In case a group fails, the database automatically switches over to the next gr
oup. It diminishes the performance.
Interview Questions
Oracle interview questions Part 2
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| part 8 | part 9
What is implicit cursor in Oracle?
Latest answer: An implicit cursor is a cursor which is internally created by Ora
cle, It is created by Oracle for each individual SQL...........
Read answer
Can you pass a parameter to a cursor? Explain with an explain
Latest answer: Yes, explicit cursors can take parameters...........
Read answer
What is a package cursor?
Latest answer: In a package cursor, the SQL statement for the cursor is attached
dynamically at runtime from calling procedures............
Read answer
Explain why cursor variables are easier to use than cursors.
Latest answer: They are easier to define as there is no need to specify a query
statement, The query can also be specified dynamically at the opening time......
.....
Read answer
What is locking, advantages of locking and types of locking in oracle?
Latest answer: Locking protect table when several users are accessing the same t
able. Locking is a concurrency control technique in oracle. It helps in data int
egrity while allowing maximum..........
Read answer
What are transaction isolation levels supported by Oracle?
Latest answer: READ COMMITTED: If row locks are obtained by a certain transactio
n, then any other transaction that contains DML needs to wait until the row lock
s have been released by that particular transaction.............
Read answer
Explain how to view existing locks on the database.
Latest answer: A number of data locks need to be monitored, in order to maintain
a good performance level for all sessions, along with the time for which they l
ast............
Read answer
Explain how to lock and unlock a user account in Oracle.
Latest answer: SQL> ALTER USER user_name ACCOUNT LOCK; SQL> ALTER USER user_name
ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
Read answer
What are background processes in oracle?
Latest answer: Oracle uses background process to increase performance : Database
writer, DBWn, Log Writer, LGWR, Checkpoint, CKPT, System Monitor, SMON, Process
Monitor, PMON, Archiver, ARCn...........
Read answer
What is SQL*Loader?
Latest answer: It is a database tool that allows data to be loaded from external
files into database tables, It is available as part of the free Oracle 10g Expr
ession Edition..........
Read answer
What is a SQL*Loader Control File?
Latest answer: A SQL*Loader control file contains the following specification: l
ocation of the input data file, format of the input date file, target table wher
e the data should be loaded............
Read answer
Explain oracle memory structures.
Latest answer: Two memory area: System global area(SGA), Program Global Area(PGA
)..........
Read answer
What is Program Global Area (PGA)?
Latest answer: The PGA is a memory area that contains data and control informati
on for the Oracle server processes. This area consists of the following componen
ts:.............
Read answer
What is a shared pool?
Latest answer: It is the area in SGA that allows sharing of parsed SQL statement
s among concurrent users...........
Read answer
What is snapshot in oracle?
Latest answer: A recent copy of a table or a subset of rows or cols of a table i
s called as snapshot in oracle. A snapshot is more useful in distributed computi
ng environment. We can create..........
Read answer
What is a synonym?
Latest answer: Synonym simplifies the use of the table, the table for which syno
nym is created can be referred by synonym name............
Read answer
What is a schema?
Latest answer: Schema represents structure of the database. Database has two mai
n types of schemas partitioned : Physical schema: Describes the database design
at the physical level.............
Read answer
Explain how to list all indexes in your schema.
Latest answer: The list of all indexes in a schema can be obtained through the U
SER_INDEXES view with a SELECT statement:...........
Read answer
What are Schema Objects?
Latest answer: Schema objects are the logical database structure that represents
database s data. Schema objects include tables, views, sequences, synonyms, ind
exes, clusters, database............
Read answer
What is an Archiver?
Latest answer: Archiving is the process of removing of old data and unused data
from the main databases. This process keeps databases smaller, more manageable a
nd thus acquires.............
Read answer
What is a sequence in oracle?
Latest answer: A Sequence is a user created database object. A sequence can be s
hared by multiple users to generate unique integers. This object is used to crea
te a primary key value...............

Read answer
Difference between a hot backup and a cold backup
Latest answer: Cold Backup : In this type of backup, after the database is shut
down, DBA exits the SVRMGR utility and copies the log files, data files and cont
rol files onto a backup media...........
Read answer
How to retrieve 5th highest sal from emp table?
SELECT DISTINCT (emp1.sal) FROM EMP emp1 WHERE &N = (SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT (emp
2.sal))..........
Read answer
What is $FLEX$ and $PROFILES$? Where are they used?
$FLEX$ is used to get a value used in the previous value set. It is usually used
to retrieve the Flex value contained in an AOL value..........
Read answer
How to call a trigger inside a stored procedure?
A trigger cannot be called within a stored procedure. Triggers are executed auto
matically as a result of DML or DDl commands............
Read answer
What is WATER MARK IN oracle? Explain the significance of High water mark.
WATER MARK is a divided segment of used and free blocks. Blocks which are below
high WATER MARK i.e. used blocks, have at least once...........
Read answer
What is an object groups?
Object group is a container for a group of objects..........
Read answer
Difference between clustering and mirroring
Clustering means one than one database server configured for the same user conne
ction. When users connect, one of the servers responds..........
Read answer
Difference between paging and fragmentation
Paging is a concept occurring in memory, whereas, Fragmentation occurs on disk l
evel..........
Read answer
Can you explain how to insert an image in table in oracle?
Insert image into a table: Create the following table: create table pics_table (
bfile_id number,.........
Read answer
How to find out second largest value in the table?
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL IN (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP.........
Read answer
Disadvantage of user defined function in oracle.
Disadvantage of UDF in Oracle: Oracle does not support calling UDFs with Boolean
parameters or return types..........
Read answer
Explain the significance of cluster table or non cluster table.
A Cluster provides an alternate method of storing table data. It is made up of a
group of tables that share the same data.........
Read answer
What are the purposes of Import and Export utilities?
Latest answer: Import and Export utilities are helpful in following ways: They c
an be used for backup and recovery process, they can also be used while moving d
atabase between two different...............
Read answer
Difference between ARCHIVELOG mode and NOARCHIVELOG mode
Latest answer: There are two modes in which the hot backup works: ARCHIEVELOG mo
de, NOARCHIVELOG mode........
Read answer
What are the original Export and Import Utilities?
Latest answer: The import and export utilities of oracle provide a very simple w
ay to transfer data objects between Oracle databases. These may reside on hetero
geneous software and hardware............
Read answer
What are data pump Export and Import Modes?
Latest answer: Data pump export and import modes are used to determine the type
and portions of database to be exported and imported:...............
Read answer
What are SQLCODE and SQLERRM and why are they important for PL/SQL developers?
Latest answer: When a SQL statement raises an exception, Oracle captures the err
or codes by using the SQLCODE and SQLERRM globallydefined variables............
...
Read answer
Explain user defined exceptions in oracle.
Explain the concepts of Exception in Oracle. Explain its type.
Latest answer: Exceptions in oracle occur when unwanted situations happen during
the execution of a program. They can occur due to system error, user error or a
pplication error.............
Read answer
How exceptions are raised in oracle?
Latest answer: Internal exceptions are raised implicitly by the runtime system.
However, userdefined exceptions must be raised explicitly by RAISE statements.
...............
Read answer
What is tkprof and how is it used?
Latest answer: Tkprof is a performance diagnosing utility available to DBAs. It
formats a trace file into a more readable format for performance analysis. So th
at the DBA can identify and resolve...............
Read answer
What is Oracle Server Autotrace?
Latest answer: The Autotrace feature of Oracle server generates two statement ex
ecution reports which are useful for performance tuning. They are: Statement exe
cution path..............
Read answer
Explain the different types of queries in Oracle.
Latest answer: Session Queries are implicitly constructed and executed by a Sess
ion based on input parameters.Input parameters are used to perform the most comm
on data source actions on objects............
Read answer
What is SQL*Plus?
Latest answer: SQL*Plus is an interactive and batch query tool, it gets installe
d with every Oracle Database Server or Client installation.............
Read answer
Explain how to change SQL*Plus system settings.
Latest answer: The SET command can be used to change the settings in the SQl*PLU
S environment : SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF: Turns off the autocommit feature, SET FEEDB
ACK OFF............
Read answer
What are SQL*Plus Environment variables?
Latest answer: The behaviour of SQL PLUS depends on some environmental variables
predefined in the OS: ORACLE_HOME: This variable stores the home directory wher
e the Oracle client.............
Read answer
What is Output Spooling in SQL*Plus?
Latest answer: The spooling feature facilitates copying of all the contents of t
he command line SQL*Plus to a specified file. This feature is called Spooling...
.........
Read answer
What is Input Buffer in SQL*Plus?
Latest answer: Input buffer feature of the commandline SQL*Plus tool allows a r
evision of multipleline command and rerunning it with a couple of simple comman
ds. The last SQL statement is...........
Read answer
What is a subquery in Oracle?
Latest answer: When a query needs to be run which has a condition that needs to
be a result of another query then, the query in the condition part of the main o
ne is called a subquery...............
Read answer
What is Data Block?
Latest answer: Data blocks are also called logical blocks, Oracle blocks, or pag
es. At the finest level of granularity, Oracle stores data in data blocks.......
.....
Read answer
Explain the difference between a data block, an extent and a segment.
Latest answer: A data block is the smallest unit of logical storage for a databa
se object. As objects grow they take chunks of additional storage that are compo
sed of contiguous data blocks.............
Read answer
What are the uses of Rollback Segment?
Latest answer: Rollback segments undo changes when a transaction is rolled back,
they also ensure that transactions leave the uncommitted changes unnoticed.....
.........
Read answer
What is Rollback Segment in oracle?
Latest answer: Rollback Segment in oracle is used to store "undo" information te
mporarily.........
Read answer
What are the different types of Segments?
Latest answer: Data Segment, Index Segment, Rollback Segment, and Temporary Segm
ent...........
Read answer
Explain difference between SQL and PL/SQL.
Latest answer: PL/SQL is a transaction processing language that offers the follo
wing advantages:
support for SQL SQL is flexible, powerful and easy to learn.
support for objectoriented programming...............
Read answer
<<Previous Next>>
Part 1 | Part 2 | P
Interview Questions
Oracle interview questions Part 3
<<Previous Next>> Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | part 5 | part 6 | part 7
| part 8 | part 9
Write a PL/SQL program for a function returning total tax collected from a parti
cular place.
Latest answer: PL/SQL program
Create of Replace Function TaxAmt

Place varchar2,
Return Number is............
Read answer
What are the types PL/SQL code blocks?
Latest answer: Anonymous Block, Stored Program Unit, Trigger...........
Read answer
Advantages of PL/SQL
Latest answer: Support SQL data manipulation, provide facilities like conditiona
l checking, branching and looping.............
Read answer
What is WebDB?
Latest answer: WebDB is a tool written in PL/SQL, used to develop HTML based app
lication that can easily interact with Oracle data...................
Read answer
What is Nested Table?
Latest answer: Nested Table is a table inside a table. It can have several rows
for each row of its parent table............
Read answer
What is clusters?
Latest answer: Clusters group together tables that share common columns. These t
ables are often used together.........
Read answer
Explain how to add a new column to an existing Table in Oracle.
Latest answer: Use the ALTER TABLE command to do this ALTER TABLE employee ADD (
department VARCHAR2);.........
Read answer
How many types of Tables supported by Oracle? Explain them
Latest answer: Ordinary (heaporganized) table, Clustered table, Indexorganized
table, Partitioned table...........
Read answer
Explain how to view all columns in an Existing Table.
Latest answer: Use the command DESC and the table name to view the information a
bout the columns..........
Read answer
Explain how to recover a dropped Table in Oracle.
Latest answer: select * from recyclebin where original_name = table_name ;
Then u can use
flashback table table_name to before drop;.....................
Read answer
What is an Oracle Recycle Bin?

Latest answer: The tables that have been dropped can be retrieved back using the
reycle bin feature of Oracle, they can be recovered back by the Flashback Drop
action............
Read answer
What is an External Table?
Latest answer: A table with its data stored outside the database as an OS file i
s an external table...........
Read answer
Describe how to load data through External Tables.
Latest answer: Create an external table with columns matching data fields in the
external file...........
Read answer
What is the role of Archiver [ARCn]?
ARCn is an oracle background process responsible for copying the entirely filled
online redo log file to the archive log.........
Read answer
Structural difference between bitmap and btree index in oracle.
Btree It is made of branch nodes and leaf nodes. Branch nodes holds prefix key v
alue along with the link to the leaf node. The leaf node in turn........
Read answer
Can you explain how to convert oracle table data into excel sheet?
There are 2 ways to do so: 1. Simply use the migration wizard shipped with Oracl
e.........
Read answer
When should we go for hash partitioning?
Scenarios for choosing hash partitioning: Not enough knowledge about how much da
ta maps into a give range...........
Read answer
What is Materialized view? What is a snapshot? What are the similarities and dif
ferences between Materialized views and snapshots?
A materialized view is a database object that contains the results of a query. A
snapshot is similar to materialized view..........
Read answer
What are the advantages of running a database in NO archive log mode?
1. Less disk space is consumed 2. Causes database to freeze if disk gets full...
.....
Read answer
What are the advantages of running a database in archive log mode?
It makes it possible to recover database even in case of disk failure...........
.
Read answer
What is dba_segment in oracle?
DBA_SEGMENTS tells about the space allocated for all segments in the database fo
r storage.........
Read answer
) What is oracle database ?
Oracle Database is a relational database management system (RDBMS) which is used
to store and retrieve the large amounts of data. Oracle Database had physical a
nd logical structures. Logical structures and physical structures are separated
from each other
2) What is schema?
A user account and its associated data including tables, views, indexes, cluster
s, sequences,procedures, functions, triggers,packages and database links is know
n as Oracle schema. System, SCOTT etc are default schema s. We can create a new
Schema/User. But we can t drop default database schema s.
3) What is a Tablespace?
Oracle use Tablespace for logical data Storage. Physically, data will get stored
in Datafiles. Datafiles will be connected to tablespace. A tablespace can have
multiple datafiles. A tablespace can have objects from different schema s and a
schema can have multiple tablespace s. Database creates "SYSTEM tablespace" by d
efault during database creation. It contains read only data dictionary tables wh
ich contains the information about the database.
Also Read Basic to Advanced Oracle SQL Query Interview Question and Answers
4) What is a
Control file
redo files,
ile database
Control File ?
is a binary file which stores Database name, associated data files,
DB creation time and current log sequence number. Without control f
cannot be started and can hamper data recovery.
5) Define data blocks ?

Data Blocks are the base unit of logical database space. Each data block represe
nts a specific number of bytes of database space on a disk
6) What is an Extent ?
Extent is a collection of Continuous data blocks, which is used for storing a sp
ecific type of information.
Are you looking for frequently asked Database Interview Questions and Answers? C
lick here
7) What is a Segment ?
A segment is a collection of extends which is used for storing a specific data s
tructure and resides in the same tablespace.
8) What is Rollback Segment ?
Database contain one or more Rollback Segments to roll back transactions and dat
a recovery.
9) What are the different type of Segments ?

Data Segment(for storing User Data), Index Segment (for storing index), Rollback
Segment and Temporary Segment.
10) What is a Redo Log ?
Redo Log files is a collection of 2 or more preallocated files, which is used i
n data recovery. When ever a change is made to the database, change info gets st
ored in redo files. In case of a database crash, we can used redo files for data
recovery.
11) What is a table Cluster ?
Table Cluster is a group of related tables that share common columns are store r
elated data in the same block.

Write a PL/SQL program for a trigger.
PL/SQL program for tracking operation on a emp table.
Create or Replace Trigger EmpTracking
Before Insert or Delete or Update on Emp
For each row
Declare
Begin
If Inserting then
/*Can perform operations just before record is inserted into the
emp table*/
Else if Updating then
/*Can perform operations just before record is about to be updated
*/
Else if Deleting then
/*Can perform operations just before record is about to be delete
d*/
End If
End EmpTracking

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Disadvantages of trigger in oracle?

select to_char(PADATEOFJOININGD,'YYYY'), count(*)

select count(*), count(decode(to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy'), 1995,1)),

HAVING to_char(hiredate,yyyy) IN (1995,1996,1997,1998);

Nov 24th, 2008

data into distinct, unique sets is called normalizatio

Eliminate repeating groups in individual tables.

Student# Advisor Adv-Room

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[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]

Jul 24th, 2015

Dual is a virtual table ...it do not eists .

even we can create this type of table for ur own purpose......

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Feb 2nd, 2008

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SELECT empno, sal

Jan 23rd, 2007

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Jan 3rd, 2009

table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.

send me the differences bet unique key & primary key

key : no repeated twise a value in a columns along with zero

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ROWNUM: Sequential number of rows in the resultset object.

May 2nd, 2007

key an dunique key is by default clustered index is c

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a table whose values uniquely identify the

It used to form a relation between tables

Unique key accepts null and non-unique records,

4.constraints can create on table,view and define on variables also(default,not

r,but it allows null values.

try this code.

select job_id,salary,department_id,avg(salary) "Average Salary"

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FROM <table name>

then you can use.

Oct 25th, 2011

Feb 18th, 2012

May 16th, 2006

hope it clarifies the doubt!

Aug 3rd, 2006

The length parameter specifies the maximum length of the strings.

CREATE TABLE avnish

Address field takes the 30 bytes space and that is fixed

name1 for Name field then it will occupy only 5 bytes,

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10 where as using varchar declare ename varchar2(10) , it will give output as 4

SQL> SELECT * FROM temp;

SQL> SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM temp;

SQL> SELECT length(name) FROM temp;

SQL> CREATE TABLE temp2 (name char(10));

SQL> INSERT INTO temp2 VALUES( anand );

SQL> SELECT length(name) FROM temp2;

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"varchar" allocates memory in dynamic fashion where as "varchar2" also allocates

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Final Answer : 1000 columns/table.

CREATE SYNONYM synonym_name FOR table_name