What impact can the implementation of carbon-neutral

architectural home design in the

Turks and Caicos exert on local people?

Candidate Name: Hollie Hastings

IB Category of Essay: World Studies
Supervisor Name: Darren Stokes

Abstract
In this essay I respond to the research question:
What impact can the implementation of carbon-neutral architectural home design in the Turks
and Caicos exert on local people?
I evaluate both short and long term effects.
The way I answer the research question is by examining the different methods by which energy
efficiency can be achieved in the country, considering the available energy resources I first
describe the theory of the topic, which then enables me to analyze it. Furthermore, I compare
what can be referred to as the average home in the Turks and Caicos with a Passive House (a
standard for a buildings energy efficiency to minimise its carbon footprint) to elaborate on environmentally friendly concepts of houses, and convey the positively considerable long term impact of implementing them. Moreover, I acknowledge that grasping local peoples awareness of
and interest in energy efficiency is critical to carbon-neutral conversion, so I assess the different
ways by which this can be done.
I then establish the relationship between short term capital costs and long term cost recovery of
carbon neutrality and discuss the current balance between aesthetics, costs and environmental
consciencearguably the general priorities of local homeowners. Lastly, I examine whose
overall responsibility the issue of energy efficiency should be.
These evaluations tie in to reach one main conclusion; in the short run, capital costs are considerably higher, however once these costs have been paid back, energy efficient conversions act
as an investment in the future both financially and ecologically; once payment for such costs
has been recovered, further future saving is drastic due to significant reductions of wasted
power from energy inefficiency. Therefore, although there are short term drawbacks, the overall
impact on the local people that energy efficiency has on households is very positive.
Word count: 299

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION.4
APPROACH TO THE QUESTION...5
THEORY...6
a. Available renewable energy resources..6
i. Solar energy: solar panels and photovoltaic cells6
ii. Wave energy..7
b. Building designs: Insulated glazing windows.....8
c. Building designs: LED lighting systems...9
d. Building designs: Adopting Passivhaus techniques..10
ANALYSIS.11
a. Short term capital costs vs long term cost recovery..11
b. How to get local people interested and aware..12
i. Financially
ii. Environmentally
c. Balance between aesthetics, costs and environmental conscience..12
d. Should this be a self-policing issue, governmental or should institutions make it
a responsibility?....13
CONCLUSIONS14
EVALUATION14
BIBLIOGRAPHY...15
APPENDICES...16

Introduction
The Turks and Caicos Islands is one of the smallest countries and because of its small size is
possibly why it has the fifth largest average power cost in the world.1 Temperatures year round
regularly exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit causing a wide scale demand for costly air conditioning
meaning power costs have created a common problem in the country a negative impact on
the average standard of living. Not only are local people and businesses, predominantly unknowingly, affected daily by poorly constructed buildings leading to such high electricity costs,
but the countrys carbon footprint, as well as its reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels are also
consequently increasing.
FortisTCI is the sole provider of power in the Country, currently serving 13,000 accounts2. It has
operated as a monopoly since the inception of their business approximately 30 years ago, when
the private company invested substantial capital on the basis of obtaining an infinite Agreement
with the Government. Consequently, the companys interests seem to primarily lie in profit as
opposed to improving social welfare. Also, due to the companys monopolistic nature, barriers to
entry in power generation markets are significantly high and due to this it is impossible for residents or business owners to generate their own power. The Agreement also means that consumers cannot use alternate methods, such as renewable energy, to power their homes at a
cheaper cost, reducing the amount of money they could potentially save, decreasing their general standard of living.
I shall be concentrating for the purpose of this essay primarily upon the effect of implementing
carbon-neutral architectural design on local people as opposed to businesses, to help me focus
on my research and stay within the scope of the question - What impact can the implementation of carbon-neutral architectural home design in the Turks and Caicos exert on local people?
Why I chose this topic
I became interested in carbon-neutral designs because I have witnessed firsthand the way that
a poorly constructed house can affect ones lifestyle in the Turks and Caicos; it has effected
mine also. Hence, formulating solutions to such problems is something I am interested in pursuing, not only in this essay but also at career level. Furthermore, I acknowledge that the topic
generally, to say the least, is of impending relevance worldwide, due to estimates claiming that
by 2040, we will have only 20% of the 1.3 trillion oil barrels we have today3; gas and coal are
also rapidly on the fall. Specific to the Turks and Caicos, however, the current standard of living
could be improved drastically in the long run by implementing energy efficient design, benefitting
local people, as well as providing the country with an environmentally friendly and sustainable
future, adhering to the Countrys claim to be Beautiful by Nature.

1 www.wikipedia.com Electricity Pricing - Global electricity price comparison

2 http://www.fortistci.com/about-fortistci Energy for Good
3 3 www.imeche.org Current oil supplies

Approach to the question

In assessing the short and long term impact of implementing carbon-neutral architectural home
design, I will outline the different methods by which energy efficiency in the Turks and Caicos
may be achieved. I will assess such methods based on convenience, availability, cost and designall of which affect local peoples willingness to reduce their homes carbon footprint. In
order to do so I will be acknowledging potential advantages and drawbacks of the particular
methods.
I will also be conducting a variety of both primary and secondary research to address the question. I will take the initiative to carry out interviews with a local Architect, a prospective Turks and
Caicos Islander Homeowner and the owner of Green Revolution TCI (a local supplier of energy
efficient technologies). This will be in order to consider the various viewpoints of those involved
with the implementation of energy efficiency.
I will also acquire data on the relative costs of putting these ideas into effect, assessing short
term capital costs versus the long term benefitsarguably the main focuses of prospective and
current homeowners (rather than environmental concerns). Moreover, I will examine, through
acquired data, ways by which local people can become both aware and interested in this investment in the future.
Furthermore, I will assess the balance between design, costs and environmental efforts and determine whether or not this should be a self-policing issue, governmental or if institutions such
as the RIBA should make it a responsibility, hence my contact with consumers, authorities and
firms that are concerned with this process.
My secondary sources will be Internet articles and pages, as well as textbooks; where I shall
derive some of the information of the theory.

Theory: Designing a solar passive home in a warm climate

The changes in the hot temperature around the year in the Turks and Caicos are negligible, as
shown in the graph below4. The blue line represents the highs of each month, and the red line
displays the lows.

Thus, the focus of the theory will be directed at achieving energy efficiency in warm climates.
Currently the power in the Country, supplied by FortisTCI, is generated by the burning of fossil
fuel diesel, because the firm is not legally obligated to use clean power. The Countrys heavy
reliance on this non-renewable (and hence unsustainable) energy source is dangerous for the
Countrys future (due to imminent oil shortages and increasing costs of oil) and also for local
consumers with regards to high electricity costs; this is largely due to FortisTCIs monopoly
along with transportation costs for the delivery of diesel. The following describes the alternate
methods that stand the highest chance to succeed to reduce power costs in Turks and Caicos,
as they generally require accessible materials and are relatively easy to implement. Additionally,
like all renewable energy resources, contributing to making houses more carbon-neutral. Carbon neutrality can be defined as achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured
amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset5; alternate wording
includes having a net zero carbon footprint. Sustainability (not limited to solely environmental)
can also be defined as the ability to be upheld persistently at a certain level.

4 http://caribya.com/ - Temperatures in the Turks and Caicos

5 www.wikipedia.com - Carbon neutrality

a. Renewable energy resources & methods

i.

Solar energy: solar panels and photovoltaic cells

Solar energy arguably has the largest potential for energy efficiency in Turks and Caicos, due to
average daily sunshine of about 12 hours.
One method of sustainably generating power through this type of energy is by use of solar panels. These panels can be used for lighting, heating, to heat water even swimming pools
(which are quite common). Some solar panels have photovoltaic cells, which are described in
Appendix 7; [the reason a description on these has been excluded is due to the cells considerably high costs (short and long term)].
To maximize the amount of usable sunshine, regular solar panels are typically located on house
roofs. The top layer of the panel is made of glass covering a black metal plate; radiation from
the sun penetrates this glass and is absorbed by the plate. The plate conducts heat to water inside the pipes in the bottom layer of the panel (due to metals being good conductors of heat),
essentially heating up the water which circulates around the house. Water circulation is typically
continuous, therefore once the water within the panel is heated, it flows out and colder water
flows in. The process involves no harmful emissions, beneficial in an ecological sense. The solar panels locally sold by Green Revolution TCI have lifespans of approximately thirty years6,
hence their sustainability. The main drawback, apart from considerable cost, is no sunlight (and
therefore no solar energy) available to be converted to energy at night. Furthermore, as some
other renewable energy, there is currently no means of storing solar energy in a cost effective
manner; therefore, their overall energy efficiency and long term impact is limited. Many people
also consider these panels unsightly.
I collected an invoice from a luxury apartment in Turks and Caicos7, for a family of three at the
Pinnacle complex. Designed with energy considerations, it consumes approximately 1811kWh
per month, totaling an average of 21,732kWh per year. A 4kWh solar panel generates an average of 3400kWh per year at a price equivalent to $10616.488. Hence, around 7 solar panels
would be needed to generate power for this apartment free of charge in the long run. Short term
capital costs for purchasing this amount of panels would be $74,315.36 making it expensive to
buy. With estimated savings at $7436.80/year, payback would take approximately 10 years and
is hard to justify.

6 5 http://greenrevolutionltd.com/Photovoltaic_Solar.html - Brief
7 Appendix 6
8 http://www/theecoexperts.co.uk/ How Much Electricity Does the Average Solar Panel System Generate?

ii. Wave energy

Another method by which electricity could be generated in the Country is by using wave energy.
Apparatus can be set up to generate electricity as follows.9

Above displays a simplified oscillating water column; it is set up so that initially it is half full of
water. Force from incoming waves pushes water up the column. This movement of water compresses the air at the top of the column to turn a turbine that operates a generator. These turbines are constructed so that when water falls back down the column air is pulled into the
chamber and turns the turbine, generating electricity. This is a realistic option for alternate power
generation in Turks and Caicos because it is reliable; wave strength is generally consistent
throughout the year, and unlike solar power, this power can be generated through the day and
the night.10
The main advantage, like most renewable electricity generating methods, is the degree of saving that would occur. Currently, consumers in the Turks and Caicos pay USD$0.41 per kWh of
electricity; last year it reached a high of $0.50/kWh. If apparatus as displayed above were implemented, this rate could be reduced to $0.04/kWh11 (on average), a mere tenth of the current
price.
Another method of renewable energy is from wind, using wind turbines (as successfully done in
nearby Jamaica). This will not be explored in depth due to Turks and Caicos being flat and at
sea level, with inconsistent wind patterns, unlike Jamaica which has more suitable conditions.

9 Pearson Baccalaureate Physics book, 2009 edition

10 Pearson Baccalaureate Physics book, 2009 edition
11 http://www.renewablegreenenergypower.com/ Wind Energy

b. Building designs - Insulated glazing windows

One way energy efficiency can be improved domestically is by investment in insulated windows.
In a double glazed window, two panes of glass are divided by a pocket of air, or gas (normally
argon)12, making them insulators. Below displays a local single glazed window on the right, and
the rarely used double glazed on the left.13

According to Pilkington brand over 25% of heat from homes and public buildings escapes
through a houses windows.14 Meaning over 25% of what households are paying for electricity
is wasted through poorly insulated windows.
Some energy is always wasted; particularly cooler circulated air from air conditioning 100%
can never be efficiently utilized. Another statement of Pilkingtons is the amount of unwanted
solar energy transferred into a house from outside (through single glazed windows) can be reduced by 75%. It is claimed that power bills can be reduced by up to 20% annually15 by double
glazing; reducing utility costs and the houses carbon footprint due to reduced power consumption. Costs paid by consumers to double glaze can take up to 5 years to earn back when
monthly saving is considered, sometimes it can take less time. From a quotation from Service
Magic, for a single glazed window: Fully sealed and double glazed panel 200mm x 400mm is
$35.45, and a single glazed similar windows is $22.06.16 Insulated windows are also useful for
reflecting solar heat gain, reducing temperature inside a house and reducing harmful solar radiation from entering. These windows also reduce circulating air, such as air conditioning, from
escaping.

12 http://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/article/ - Double glazing, 2015

13 Appendix 1 and 2 photographs taken firsthand
14 www.pilkington.com - Thermal Insulation glass, subsection overview, 2015
15 Pilkington
16 http://www.servicemagic.co.uk/resources/cost-guides/double-glazing-prices-and-costs/

c. Building designs - Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems

An LED can be defined as a diode that emits light. Advantages associated with the replacement
of incandescent light bulbs for LEDs are17 firstly, significant reduction of electricity required to
power household lighting. On average, a regular house with incandescent lighting requires 3285
kWh/year of power, whereas with LED it would be 329 kWh/year ; a 90% reduction in power
costs. This is primarily due to the fact that incandescent bulbs require more power per unit of
generated light than an LEDs doLEDs require 7 watts of power whereas incandescent bulbs
require 60 watts18.
Although LED lights are more expensive to buy, they are financially advantageous for local
homeowners in the long run. To power the typical incandescent light bulb, as described above,
and using current costs per year in the Turks and Caicos (+/-$0.50/kwhr), assuming 30 lights,
would be around USD$1642.50, whereas using LEDs the power costs could be reduced to a
mere $164.50.
Incandescent bulbs sold locally by Green Revolution TCI have a lifespan of approximately 1200
hours, whereas their LEDs run for about 50,000 hours. This suggests LEDs require less often
replacement and decreases waste due to less disposal of bulbs. Moreover replacement of bulbs
using LEDS is also more cost effective in the long term.
It is important to note, however, that LEDs are high short term capital cost. However with a only
a one year payback they are very attractive financially especially considering the later years of
free benefits.

17 Green Revolution LED Lighting Centre and Paul Chaplin (appendix 5)

18 Green Revolution

10

d. Building designs - Adopting Passivhaus methods

Passivhaus, otherwise known as Passive House, refers to a standard of buildings with especially low energy consumption; can be neutral or even carbon negative. One of the standards
main aims is to regulate comfortable temperatures and high air quality inside an energy efficient
house.
In order to achieve the standards aims, Passive Houses tend to have exceptionally high energy
efficiency through a combination of methods previously elaborated on, and additional ones.
These methods include firstly, [specific to warm climates], window shading. All windows, especially ones facing what may be the most intense heat (facing East and West), should use
shades to prevent overheating19. Window framing is kept to a minimum to reduce unnecessary
loss of cooler air circulating around a house as well as warm air from entering a house (unless
such frames are well insulated). Good window design provides natural lighting, reducing the
need for electrical lighting in the day. Aesthetics and capital cost driven use of poor quality windows in Turks and Caicos enable warm air to enter rooms and colder air from AC systems to
exit, wasting money and reducing comfortable high quality air.
Passivhaus requirements also include exceptional airtightness, in order to prevent fluctuations
of uncomfortable temperatures and unventilated air. Simultaneously, water damage is prevented
due to the airtightness being continuous. Passive Houses contain heat recovery ventilators,
which extract filtered air continuously, taking approximately 85%20 of the heat extracted from the
exhaust air. This can certainly be applied in Turks and Caicos.
Adopting such techniques in the Turks and Caicos can enable more buildings take advantage of
basic conditions such as shading, sunlight and air quality in order to optimize not only indoor
comfort but also general building efficiency to lower a houses carbon footprint and running
costs.

19 http://www.passivehouse-international.org
20 1Element passive house poster, 2014

11

Analysis
In order to analyze the essay title, the following factors must be considered.
a. Short term capital costs vs long term cost recovery
Short term capital costs and long term cost recovery are worthy of discussion when analyzing
the essay title because they are one of the main determinants of the implementations successif local people are convinced that the short term capital costs are too considerable, then
to them it is not worth acknowledging the long term cost recovery; hence the relationship between short term costs, long term costs and primary interest.
As previously explained, converting a standard house in the Turks and Caicos into a more carbon-neutral one comes with considerable short term costs. This is arguably due to the fact that
energy efficiency in the country lags significantly behind certain others21, perhaps due to its
small-scale size/population, lack of awareness, periods of stagnant development with regards to
this matter and government Laissez-Faire Policy. Regardless, however, converting can be seen
as an investment in the future, not only financially, but also ecologically.
The concept of payback, saving and gaining remains with all energy efficient replacements, not
solely what has been explained in the theory of LED lighting systems or insulated glazing windows. The law of demand in Economics states that as the price of a product increases, the demand for it decreases, ceteris paribus; this explains the current behavior of local people in the
Turks and Caicos, due to lack of awareness of the importance of this topic. People are reluctant
to spend thousands of extra dollars for double glazing their windows or installing solar power
because in the short run, its simply more money spent, leaving less money for other goods and
services such as luxuries like air conditioning to improve the interior comfort of the housethis
even effects the ability to purchase necessities, particularly for family households who have additional fees to cover with services such as private education and healthcare.
In Turks and Caicos there is nothing in the government building code regarding environmental
policies or energy efficient design. Furthermore, the Government would be reluctant to make
such impositions because with local people generally being unaware of the topic, it would most
likely be proven extremely politically unpopular. This is because most local people build their
own homes and would not be enthusiastic to pay more to meet certain requirements the Government would have implemented unless they understood the long term benefits. I believe the
Government do not see it as their obligation, but rather a choice in the free market economy.

21 Interview with Conrad Griffiths, Appendix 4

12

b. How to get local people interested and aware

Improving local awareness is critical for implementation of energy efficient policies. This may be
done through effective public relations campaigns, workshops and introducing the subject in
school curriculums.
With regards to getting local people interested, arguably the biggest issue, this may be achieved
on several levels through a two-pronged campaign. The first, financial. The second, environmental.
i. Financial
Firstly, this can be achieved through government incentives to help with capital expenditure on
energy efficient products and careful design of new buildings. This may be attained through
grants or subsidies to encourage local people to purchase environmentally friendly products.
Secondly, the government could offer tax incentives or exemptions on energy efficient products
and tax disincentives on non-efficient products.22 Alternately, progressive taxation could be enforced for electricity supply power, to enable those with lower incomes to pay lower tariffs and
vice versapeople who consume a lot could pay a much higher tariff than those who do not.
However, the main disadvantage of doing so would be that certain local people would not be
able to afford this tax, particularly families of lower socioeconomic class.23 Lastly, making clear
the long term benefits of environmentally friendly methods like LED installation and double
glazed windows.
ii. Environmental
Environmentally, the local peoples interest may be grasped by informing them that the increased use and reliance on fossil fuels has an adverse effect on the environment through
noise, air and smoke pollution and this can effect the health and economy due to the countrys
reliance on the tourism industry. Additionally, the government should have a department dedicated to energy efficiency. How can a country that claims to be Beautiful by Nature be completely reliant on fossil fuels?
c. Balance between aesthetics, costs and environmental conscience
It is critical to note that currently, aesthetics and initial costs are clearly prioritized over energy
efficiency in the Turks and Caicos, in general.24 Most citizens, spanning all social classes, seem
to prioritize aesthetics more than any other factor, and often consider energy efficient products
to be unattractive.25 These flaws in general personal priority could be addressed by having the

22 Conrad Griffiths, Appendix 4

23 Paul Chaplin, Appendix 5
24 James Hamilton and Conrad Griffiths Appendices 3 & 4
25 Paul Chaplin, Appendix 5

13

Government impose environmentally friendly design standards through building codes. These
imposed standards will benefit local people due to improvements in the average standard of living in the long term, as well as reduce the countrys carbon footprint. This would follow the policies adopted in the United Kingdom since 2006, such as increased insulation and mitigation of
direct solar gain26; there is a requirement regarding control of solar gain, including the consideration of building orientation, roof overhangs, shading, blinds/curtains, ventilation, or glazing
technologies.
d. Should this be a self-policing issue, Governmental or should institutions (RIBA/AIA/
LEED) make it a responsibility?
Whether the issue of energy efficiency should be self-policing, Governmental or if institutions
should make it a responsibility is debatable.
The easiest way to guarantee the implementation of carbon-neutral designs would seem to be
through Governmental legislation; governments could impose stricter requirements to meet
higher environmental standards, forcing people to take positive action. However, the main problem associated with this is that new legislation is expensive, it forces designers to change how
they build properties, and existing governmental building control departments may not have the
expertise or budgets to implement the policies. Alternately, if this is not the governments preferred option, they could introduce design guidelines instead of legislations, which may also
benefit the socioeconomic class who may be unable to afford a completely, or partial, carbonneutral house. Another option the government has is to negotiate with FortisTCI regarding the
extent to which houses can be energy efficient by providing cheaper power generated through
other energy resources such as previously explained solar, wave or perhaps even wind.
Although one could argue for the issue being self-policing, historically in the Turks and Caicos
there has been barely any attention paid to environmentally friendly design, indicating that there
would be no consideration for energy efficient design in the future. In other words, no action
would be taken if this issue were to remain self-policing, and the problem would continue to persist.
Lastly, although the idea of institutions such as the RIBA, AIA and LEED making it an Architects
responsibility to make energy efficient efforts seems suitable, it is out of their control to make
this mandatory. This is due to a number of factors, but arguably mainly because of the fact that
the institutions are an international bodyArchitects certified by them work all around the world
and have to abide by completely different Governments and building requirements27. Moreover,
designers often have to answer to the demands of their clients, who often do not prioritize energy efficiency and environmental concerns over how large and beautiful their home must be.
However, it could also be argued that the institutions are choosing to avoid their social responsibility and duties for the environmental well-being of the future to a certain extent.

26 James Hamilton
27 Paul Chaplin, Appendix 5

14

Conclusions
In responding to the question What impact can the implementation of carbon-neutral architectural home design in the Turks and Caicos exert on local people? I can deduce a variety of potential answers.
In the short term, costs to convert a standard home to a more carbon-neutral one are quite substantial. However, payback for doing so is relatively mere, and conversion can act as an investment due to immediate savings, not to mention a drastic reduction in the houses carbon footprint. Environmentally friendly houses also commonly use the process of continuous air ventilation, therefore interior comfort could be improved significantly, as can the owners standards of
living, which is arguably one of the greatest advantages of converting. Other advantages include
long term saving as well as a decrease in the reliance on fossil fuels and general pollution. Instead, reliance for power could be on renewable (i.e. unlimited) energy sources, such as solar
and wave technology, and efforts can be made by designers to increase energy efficiency with
high insulation, strategically placed and double glazed windows, LED replacement lights and
other methods previously described. Overall, the long term benefits seem to outweigh the short
term drawbacks, so the potential impact on local people of implementing carbon-neutral design
seems generally very positive in the long term.
Research and history have also clearly shown that if energy efficiency is not an obligation, people are not willing to make efforts. It also suggests that reasons for this include lack of awareness of the topic, and local people feeling as though it is not their obligation. Local Architects
and the Government may also feel this way, worsening the problem further.
Arising from this study is one main unresolved and new question: if grants and loans cannot be
handed out by the government to households who are unable to afford carbon-neutral conversion, how might the socioeconomic class of the Turks and Caicos be able to comply with potential guidelines or legislations? This could be further investigated.
Evaluation
A central assumption of this essay was that the local people are generally unaware of the importance of energy efficiency in everyday life; whilst this is true, it is possible that another reason
for virtually stagnant progress with regards to this topic is due to there being relatively few
aware people, and many people simply being unconcerned by it and believing it is not their issue to attend to even through they are paying substantial financial penalties through exorbitant
power bills.
The impact of businesses was not considered; the Turks and Caicos is one of the most tourismdriven countries in the world, and the monopolistic nature of FortisTCI effects businesses, which
in turn effects local people and tourists. The potential effect of converting the country into a
more carbon-neutral one on tourism can also be investigated further, because if short term costs
increase significantly for businesses, these costs will be handed down to consumers, including
both tourists and locals, making the country more competitive in the growing international
tourism marketplace.

15

Bibliography
Green Revolution Ltd and Paul Chaplin:
Website: http://www.greenrevolutionltd.com
Subsections: LED Lighting systems, Photovoltaic cells brief
Pilkington Company:
www.pilkington.com
Passivhaus & Passive House International:
http://www.passivehouse-international.org -
Pearson Baccalaureate IB Higher Level Physics book, 2009 Edition
Blink and Dorton IB Higher Level Economics book, Second Edition
1Element Passive House Poster, published in 2014 in the UK
FortisTCI:
http://www.fortistci.com/about-fortistci Energy for Good
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/diode - Diodes
http://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/article/ - Double glazing, 2015
Without Hot Air book by David JC Mackay
explainthatstuff.com - Diodes and LEDs, 2015
www.wikipedia.com - Carbon neutrality and Electricity Pricing - Global electricity price comparison
www.imeche.org Current oil supplies
Service Magic:
http://www.servicemagic.co.uk/resources/cost-guides/double-glazing-prices-and-costs/ Quotation on double glazed vs single glazed window

http://www/theecoexperts.co.uk/ How Much Electricity Does the Average Solar Panel System Generate?
http://caribya.com/ - Temperatures in the Turks and Caicos

16

Appendices
Appendix 1: Single glazed window in a house in Leeward, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos

Appendix 2: Double glazed window at an apartment at the Pinnacle, Grace Bay, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos

17

Appendix 3: Interview with James Hamilton, professional RIBA Architect in the Turks and
Caicos Islands

18

19

20

Appendix 4: Interview with prospective homeowner Conrad Griffiths, who is also a Queens
Council of the Turks and Caicos

21

22

Appendix 5: Interview with Paul Chaplin, Founder of Green Revolution TCI

23

24

Appendix 6: Invoice of a monthly power bill at a luxury apartment at the Pinnacle complex,
Turks and Caicos

The Pinnacle on Grace Bay

Invoice

Grace Bay Road

Providenciales
Turks and Caicos Islands

Date

Invoice #

09/01/2015

5792

Bill To
Garry & Josie Hastings

P.O. No.

Description

Terms

Qty

Rate

Strata Fees
Manager's suite usage 7-14 August (7 nights)
Cleaning fee Manager's Suite
11-Aug Change filter in fridge (time & parts)
Water Bill Aug - 5260 gals
KB Home Center - Kitchen Aid Garbage Disposal
Re-route water line to suit new A/C unit
August WIV
Electrical Bill August 2015 / 1811 kwh
Total Reimbursable Expenses

Amount
2,233.53
175.00
75.00
65.00

2,233.53
175.00
75.00
65.00

215.66
749.00
55.00
35.00
759.90

215.66
749.00
55.00
35.00
759.90
1,814.56

Total
Payments/Credits

Balance Due

25

Project

$4,363.09
$-4,363.09
$0.00

Appendix 7: Self-written description of how photovoltaic cells work

26