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Volume 6, Issue 10, Oct 2015, pp. 176-186, Article ID: IJCIET_06_10_015
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication
1. INTRODUCTION
In the 2014 plans have been initiated for removing the inclined building in the city of
Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The dimension of inclined building is about 16m long, 14m
wide and 41m height as shown in figure 1. In the neighborhood of the construction
site a number of buildings exist, mainly built between 1985 and 2012. Due to possible
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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
Once the exterior orientation parameters have been computed, different kinds of
3D measurements are possible (points, segments and/or straight lines, planar
geometric shapes, solids, etc.). Generally, a rough approximation of accuracy
achievable with photogrammetric measurements can be derived directly from
uncertainty in marking the imaged geometric primitives.
Figure 2 illustrates the model presented for reconstruction of a light rays uses two
sets of coordinates, where (x, y) represents the position of an observed point
projection in a photograph.
(1)
Where:
L1, L2, L3L11 are the transformation parameters
X, Y and Z are the object space coordinates
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x x ( k1 r 2 k2 r 4 k3 r 6 ) p1 ( r 2 2x 2 ) 2 p2 x y
y y ( k1 r 2 k2 r 4 k3 r 6 ) 2 p1 x y 2 p2 ( r 2 2 y )
(2)
Where:
x- = x xo
y- = y yo
r2 = (x xo)2 + (y yo)2
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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
In 2014, as part of remove the inclined building in the city of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt,
many observations were carried using close range photogrammetry and precise
terrestrial surveying techniques to determine the displacements.
In close range photogrammetry techniques, A professional software for 3D
modeling and measurement (PhotoModeler software) was used to collect the image
data from the test specimens. Before the image acquisition, 12 photographs of the
calibration grid, which provided by the software supposed to be taken from twelve
different positions and angles, and then be imported to the software to finish the
calibration process.[10]
A normal 14.2 mega pixels Digital Camera Nikon D 3100 (Figure 4) was used in
this application for the image acquisition [7]. When processing the photographs, some
selected points need to be marked and then be cross-reference in photographs taken
from various angles. Compared to the conventional photogrammetric procedures,
PhotoModeler allows even greater reduction of time and costs for the production of
models, since it does not require positioning and measuring of targets and stereoscopy
to produce suitable photographic documents.[5]
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Therefore, when for taking photographs after the calibration process, each selected
point must be visible at least in two photographs that have been taken at an angle
larger than 45 degrees to the object. And it is well acknowledged that more
photographs with the same points make more accurate results. Ideal lighting
conditions had been arranged for a uniform light scene during the image acquisition
process, thus for not producing hard shadows which make points difficult to mark and
reference.[4]
All photographs were well focused. Once a good number of points have been
marked, they need to be cross-referenced. The points in the proposed order are
supposed to be selected in the second photograph, following the prompts in the first
photograph. After the referencing of all points needed, the model can be processed
into a 3D model, where the surfaces can be added between points or lines. When the
surfaces exist in the model, the textures could be mapped onto the surfaces to make
the model looks exactly the same as the reality. [4]
The final photogrammetric model is able to be exported into many different
formatted files and to be used in various engineering programs. For instance, it can be
exported as a .dxf file which can be used in AutoCAD, or a .igs file which will be
used in ANSYS, in which the processing and post processing would be
performed.[10]
In precise terrestrial surveying techniques, the five remote altimetric origin
benchmarks were connected to the ten height monitoring marks on the outer walls of
the building under monitoring by means of precise geometric levelling, and then 24
marks along the inner walls of the building under monitoring. Typical precisions were
estimated to be some tenths of mm.
The geometric levelling was conducted with a Sokkia power level SDL 30 and
provides a reading by estimation to 2 decimals when measuring mode is tracking. The
Sokkia power level SDL 30 used is shown in Figure 5.[9] The trigonometric levelling
was conducted with a Sokkia Reflector less Total Station (SET330RK) as shown in
Figure 6. The observations with the Sokkia Reflector less Total Station provided all
automatic determinations with a submillimetre accurate.[8]
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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
All of the 136 visible horizontal directions with the theodolite mode were
measuring the angles in two faces), also all of the 136 visible zenith angles with the
theodolite mode (in two faces).
5. ASSESSMENT OF ACCURACY
There are two different methods can be used to evaluate accuracy: one can evaluate
accurately by using check measurements and determining from these check
measurements the value of appropriate accuracy criteria; and one can use accuracy
predictors. In this study, check measurements will be used to evaluate the accuracy.
In this study, we consider checking points in the studied object that is points
whose true coordinates Xit, Yit and Zit are known by using a precise terrestrial
surveying technique before any remove of inclined building work. Then Xic, Yic and
Zic are the coordinates of the check points after removing the four floors of the
inclined building by two techniques (close range Photogrammetry technique and
precise terrestrial surveying technique), an estimation of the MRXYZ spatial residual
is[6]:
MRXYZ
MRX (Yic X it )2
The Y-direction:
MRY
The Z-direction:
(Yic X it )2
6. THE RESULTS
The deformation result of the 3-D point positioning of the monitoring mark with both
techniques (close range Photogrammetry technique and precise terrestrial surveying
technique) after removing the four floors of the inclined building as shown in Figure 7
and summarized in table 1.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
There have not been significant displacements except for the points (13, 14, 15 and
16 at the neighboring building in the north direction of inclined building) in the
which have subsided a detectable amount of 4 mm
In the X, Y and Z direction, the best accuracy has been obtained, when the precise
terrestrial surveying technique is used
According to the obtained results, The average accuracy of the photogrammetric
measurement technique amount 1 mm but the average measuring accuracy of the
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Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
terrestrial surveying technique amounts to 0.1mm for precise leveling and also 0.1mm
for 3-D point determinations using the theodolite system.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The close range Photogrammetry technique and precise terrestrial surveying
technique have been used in a precise three-dimensional monitoring of the building
and the obtained accuracy is discussed and presented. From all of the above
discussions, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The close range Photogrammetry technique is easier to implement and faster than the
precise terrestrial surveying technique.
The close range Photogrammetry technique has a great reduction of time and cost
than the precise terrestrial surveying technique.
The accuracy of the precise terrestrial surveying technique can be given good results
in comparison with The close range Photogrammetry technique.
Based on the experimental results, it can be seen that the numeric results show the
stability for most of the benchmarks. The initial results, however, also show a possible
instability of points 13, 14, 15 and 16 in the neighboring building in the north
direction of inclined building. Future campaigns will have to confirm or disprove
these. Seasonal displacements were observed with a high level of confidence for
points (13, 14, 15 and 16) at locations where some structure weakness is suspected.
Additional measurement campaigns are suggested for the next years in order to obtain
a more reliable monitoring modelisation.
REFERENCES
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[12]
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[15]
https://www.scribd.com/doc/205256016/Manual-Sokkia-Series-30rk-Set230rkRk3-Set330rk-Rk3-Set530rk-Rk3-Set630rk-En, 2015
http://us.sokkia.com/products/levels-accessories/automatic-levels/sdl30-digitallevel
PhotoModeler, 2015. Eos Systems Inc., www.photomodeler.com/index.htm.
S. Baselga, P. Garrigues, J. L. Bern, A. B. Anquela and A. Martn, 2011.
"Deformation Monitoring in Historic Buildings: A Case Study" Survey Review,
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Hossam El-Din Fawzy. The Accuracy of Mobile Phone Camera Instead of High
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Hossam El-Din Fawzy. Comparison between the Genetic Algorithms
Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization for Design the Close Range
Photogrammetry Network. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 6(6), 2015, pp. 147 - 157.
Mr. Vineeth Raphael and Mrs. Jenifer Priyanka. Role of Building Information
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Rasheed Saleem Abed. Experience on Using Total Station Surveying For
Mapping and Contouring. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
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