Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Overview
1. Basics
2012-04-18
2. Materials
2012-04-25
3. Components
2012-05-02
4. Paraxial optics
2012-05-09
2012-05-16
6. Photometry
2012-05-23
7. Geometrical aberrations
2012-05-30
2012-06-06
2012-06-13
2012-06-20
2012-06-27
2012-07-04
2012-07-11
2012-07-18
2012-04-18
Content
Field-Aperture-Diagram
w
photographic
Biogon
40
lithography
Braat 1987
36
32
Triplet
Distagon
28
Aperture dominated:
Disk lenses, microscopy,
Collimator
Field dominated:
Projection lenses,
camera lenses,
Photographic lenses
24
Sonnar
20
projection
16
12
double
Gauss
split
triplet
projection
projection
Gauss
lithography
2003
diode
collimator
achromat
0.2
0.4
micro
100x0.9
micro
40x0.6
micro
10x0.4
constant
etendue
Petzval
disc
0.6
0.8
microscopy
collimator
focussing
NA
3. Binocular
5. Relay optics
6. Scan-objective lens
8. Projector lens
9. Telescope
M1
M2
M3
image
free formed
surface
free formed
surface
field angle 14
eye
eyepiece
tube
system
zoom
system
common
objective
lens
object
plane
stereo
angle
common
axis
f = 113
f = 166
Achromate
Achromate:
- Axial colour correction by cementing two
different glasses
- Bending: correction of spherical aberration at the
full aperture
- Aplanatic coma correction possible be clever
choice of materials
Crown in
front
Flint in
front
solution 1
solution 2
Advantage of cementing:
solid state setup is stable at sensitive middle surface with large curvature
Disadvantage:
loss of one degree of freedom
Different possible realization
forms in practice
Idea:
1. Two thin lenses close together with different materials
2. Total power
F = F1 + F2
F1
F1 =
F2
=0
1 2
1
F2 =
1 1
2
Properties:
1. One positive and one negative lens necessary
2. Two different sequences of plus (crown) / minus (flint)
3. Large -difference relaxes the bendings
4. Achromatic correction indipendent from bending
5. Bending corrects spherical aberration at the margin
6. Aplanatic coma correction for special glass choices
7. Further optimization of materials reduces the spherical zonal aberration
Achromate: Correction
Cemented achromate:
6 degrees of freedom:
3 radii, 2 indices, ratio 1/2
Correction of spherical aberration:
diverging cemented surface with positive
spherical contribution for nneg > npos
s'
rim
case with
one solution
and coma
correction
flint
negative lens
crown
positive lens
Achromat
Achromate
Achromate
Longitudinal aberration
Transverse aberration
Spot diagram
486 nm
y'
= 486 nm
axis
rp
1
= 656 nm
sinu'
= 587 nm
1.4
486 nm
587 nm
656 nm
2
0
0.1
0.2
s'
[mm]
587 nm
656 nm
Achromate
Collimation
D
G =
f
Diffraction part:
D =
2 z
sin u
f
divergence G/2
source
Collimator Optics
0.1
Monochromatic doublet
Correction only spherical and coma:
Seidel surface contributions
Limiting : astigmatism and curvature
spherical
0
-0.1
5
coma
0
-5
2
astigmatism
0
-2
curvature
0
-2
distortion
2
0
-2
-4
sum
Collimator Optics
b) NA = 0.187
Wrms
0.2
NA = 0.124
NA = 0.187
NA = 0.277
0.15
c) NA = 0.277
0.1
diffraction limit
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
w []
Upright-Microscope
film plane
Sub-systems:
1. Detection / Imaging path
photo
camera
eyepiece
intermediate
image
binocular
beamsplitter
tube lens
collector
2. Illumination
2.1 lamps with collector and filters
lamp
objective
lens
object
condensor
collector
lamp
spherical
-0.5
for 100x/0.90
No field flattening group
0.02
coma
0
-0.02
4
2
0
-2
-4
5
curvature
0
-5
2
distortion
0
-2
0.02
axial
chromatic
0
-0.02
1
lateral
chromatic
0
-1
sum
10
13
11
1
DS
3. Completely flat
1
not
plane
0.8
plane
diffraction
limit
0.6
0.4
semi
plane
0.2
0
0
0.5
0.707
rel.
field
a)
single
meniscus
lense
Goal:
- reduction of Petzval sum
- keeping astigmatism corrected
b)
two
meniscus
lenses
c)
symmetrical
triplet
d)
achromatized
meniscus lens
e)
two
meniscus
lenses
achromatized
f)
modIfied
achromatized
triplet solution
mechanical
setup
Classification
Special
Quasi-Symmetrical Angle
Topogon
Fish Eye
Telecentric I
Metrogon
Telecentric II
Compact
Pleon
Super-Angulon
Hypergon
Telephoto
Panoramic
Lens
Pleogon
Hologon
SLR
Flektogon
Distagon
Catadioptric
Plastic
Aspheric I
Plastic Aspheric
II
IR Camera Lens
UV Lens
Biogon
Triplets
Vivitar
Retrofocus II
Singlets
Less Symmetrical
Landscape
Ernostar II
Ernostar
Triplet
Pentac
Heliar
Hektor
Achromatic
Landscape
Inverse Triplet
Sonnar
Petzval
Symmetrical Doublets
Petzval
Projection
Petzval, Portrait
Dagor
Rapid
Rectilinear
Aplanat
Quadruplets
Double Gauss
Biotar / Planar
Petzval,Portrait flat
Ultran
Double Gauss II
Noctilux
Kino-Plasmat
Celor
Dagor
reversed
Periskop
Quasi-Symmetrical Doublets
Orthostigmatic
Tessar
Plasmat
R-Biotar
Unar
Protar
Antiplanet
Angulon
Photographic Lenses
Tessar
Distagon
Double Gauss
Tele system
Super Angulon
Wide angle
Fish-eye
Retrofocus Lenses
Example lens 2
Distagon
Fish-Eye-Lens
Nikon 210
Pleon
(air reconnaissance)
Distance t increased
First lens fixed
changed
distance
t
moved
lens
changed focal
length f
Distance t increased
Image plane fixed
image
plane
System layout
f1
f2
f = 50 mm
t2
f = 67 mm
f = 100 mm
f = 133 mm
f = 200 mm
f3
f4
Seidel
spherical aberration
surface
contrib.
coma
0.1
0.1
0.5
-0.1
-0.1
-0.5
lens 1
-0.2
1
0.2
-0.1
-0.1
-0.5
5 -0.2 1
0.2
-0.1
-0.1
-0.5
5 -0.2 1
0.2
-0.1
-0.1
0.5
5 -0.2 1
0
-5
5
5
0
-5
5
0.5
0.1
-5
0.1
sum
5
0.5
lens 3
-5
0.1
0.1
-5
5
0.5
lens 2
-5
0.1
0.1
lateral chromatical
axial chromatical
distortion
0.2
5
0
-5
-5
1
Zoom Lens
group 1
Zoom lens
Three moving groups
group 2
group 3
e)
f' = 203 mm
w = 5.64
F# = 16.6
d)
f' = 160 mm
w = 7.13
F# = 13.7
c)
f' = 120 mm
w = 9.46
F# = 10.9
b)
f' = 85 mm
w = 13.24
F# = 8.5
a)
f' = 72 mm
w = 15.52
F# = 7.7
Kepler typ:
- internal focus
Telescope
pupil
a) Kepler/Fraunhofer
intermediate
focus
->0
Eyepiece
Eye pupil
telescope focal length f T
Galilei typ:
- no internal focus
Telescope
pupil
eyepiece focal
length f E
b) Galilei
Eye pupil
telescope focal length f
eyepiece focal
length f E
Catadioptric Telescopes
M1
L1
Maksutov compact
L2
M2
L3
L4, L5
M1
Klevtsov
M2
L1, L2
Astronomical Telescope
Primary and
secondary mirror
Telecentric Systems
Typical :
system layout with two groups
Telecentricity error due to vignetting
Telecentricity forces large diameters
486 nm
587 nm
656 nm
wtele []
0.9
axis
0.8
chief
ray
0.7
0.6
0.5
centre ray
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
y'/y'max
1. relay
Different subsystems:
3. relay
2. relay
Wrms [
]
0.5
0.4
486 nm
587 nm
656 nm
0.3
0.2
0.1
diffraction limit
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
y'
[mm]
Examples
Ref: T. Steinich
a)
=5
b)
=5
c)
=4
d)
= 50
adjustment
e)
=4
Comparison:
Kepler:
- internal focus
- large overall length
coma
Galilei:
- shorter length
- better correction
-0.01
2
astigmatism 0
-2
2
curvature
0
-2
1
distortion
0
-1
sum
459 nm
15
30
20
15
20
30
550 nm
632 nm
Optical Illusion
Distortion corrected
General problems with eyepieces:
- remote eye pupil
- typical eye relief 22 mm
ASTIGMATIC
FIELD CURVES
DISTORTION
1.000
8.000
8.000
0.750
6.000
6.000
0.500
4.000
4.000
0.250
2.000
2.000
18
10
0
-1.000
0.000
DIOPTER
1.000
-3.000
0.000
3.000
DIOPTER
tan
-20.00
0.00
Distortion (%)
sag
20.00
20 arcmin
LONGITUDINAL
SPHERICAl ABER.
Scan System
Non-telecentric
a) standard distortion
y/ymax
c) wave aberration
b) f-
-distortion
y/ymax
Wrms [
]
0.1
0.08
Monochromatic
0.06
F--corrected
0.5
0.5
0.04
0.02
-10%
10% -0.2%
0.2%
15
30
10
15
20
24
28
30.4
Lithographic Lenses
System with
1. Illumination (horizonthal)
2. Mask projection (vertical)
reticle
1. relay group
intermediate
image
stop
reticle
mask
mirror
with relay
group
2. relay group
wafer
Lithographic Optics
50
A possible classification of optical systems is a sorting into field size and aperture size
Aperture, field size and width of wavelength range are responsable for complexity
Achromate: chromatical and spherical correction
Achromate: additional degree of freedom allows for coma correction or reduction of
spherochromatism
Achromate: different realization options possible
There exist quite different types of optical systems with individual specific problems
Outlook
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