Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

1. Introduction:
When the jet of water is directed to hit the vane of any particular shape,
the force is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction. The amount of
force exerted depends on the diameter of jet, shape of vane, fluid density, and
flow rate of water. More importantly, it also depends on whether the vane is
moving or stationary. In our present case, we are concerned about the force
exerted on the stationary vanes. The following are the theoretical formulae for
different shapes of vane, based on flow rate.
Hemi - spherical

Flat Plate

Inclined - Plate

= 450

Where,
g = 9.81 m/s2
A = Area of Jet in m2

= Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3

V = Velocity of Jet in m/s

= Angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet, in degree

Ft = the theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of jet.

Fa = Actual force developed as indicated by the digital force indicator.
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1.1 Description:
It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump tank,
mono block pump set, Jet / Vane Chamber, Rota meter for flow rate
measurement and digital force indicator. The water is drawn from the sump
tank by mono block centrifugal pump and delivers it vertically to the nozzle
through rotameter.
The rotameter is a direct flow rate indicating instrument which gives the
discharge in LPM (liters per minute) which is determined by the top - position
of the float. The flow control valve is also provided for controlling the flow
into the nozzle. The water is issued out of nozzle as jet. The jet is made to
strike the vane, the force of which is transferred directly to the force indicator.
The force is read in Kgf. The provision is made to change the vane of different
shapes.
2. Specifications:
Vane shapes

: Circular flat, Hemispherical & Inclined.

Material

: Gun metal.

Jet Diameter

: 6, 8 & 10 mm.

Measurement

: Flow rate of water by Rotameter. Jet force by digital

force indicator.

Type

: Re-circulating with sump & jet Chamber made of

Stainless steel

Jet Chamber

:Fixed with toughened glass windows with leak proof

rubber gasket.

Pressure Guage

: 0-2 Kg/cm2

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3. Objective:
To determine the Co-efficient of impact Jet - Vane combination by
comparing the actual force with the theoretical force for stationary vanes of
different shapes, Viz., Circular flat plate, Inclined Plate and Hemi-spherical
vanes made of gun metal.
3.1 Operating Procedure:
1.

Fix the nozzle and the vane of required shape in position and set the
force indicator to show zero.

2.

Close the front transparent cover tightly.

3.

Keep the delivery valve closed and switch ON the pump.

4.

Open the delivery valve and adjust the flow rate of water as read on
the rotameter.

5.

Observe the force as indicated on force indicator.

6.

Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate, force and
pressure and tabulate the results.

7.

Switch OFF the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery
valve.

8.

Repeat the experiment at different flow rates with same jet and vane.

9.

Change the vane and jet and carryout the experiment with different flow
rates.

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Observation:

Sl.No

Diameter of
the jet
d
Mm

Type of vane

Water flow rate

Q
LPM

Actual Force
Fa
Kg

Pressure
Kg/cm2

FLAT

6, 8 & 10

INCLINED
= 45

HEMI-SPHERE

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4. Formulae:
2

Acceleration due to Gravity

= 9.81 m/s

Density of water

= 1000 Kg/m

i)

Discharge (Q):

Where,
60 & 1000 are conversion factors to m3/s
Q = Rota meter reading in LPM

ii)

Velocity (V):

Where,
A = Area of jet considered,
= d2 / 4 m2

iii)

Theoretical force (Ft):

Flat Vane:

Flat Inclined Vane:

Where,
= 450
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Hemispherical or Curved Vane:

iv)

Co-efficient of Impact:

Where,
F = Actual force, obtained directly from Scale
A

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Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Table of Calculation:

Model

Flat plate

HemiSphere

Inclined
-plate

Flat plate

HemiSphere

Jet
Dia

6.00

6.00

6.00

8.00

8.00

LPM,
Q

27.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
27.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
28.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
33.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0

Actual Pressure
Force In
Kg, FA
0.40
0.36
0.25
0.14
0.07
0.03
0.49
0.46
0.32
0.20
0.10
0.02
0.37
0.31
0.21
0.13
0.06
0.02
0.39
0.29
0.20
0.12
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.44
0.38
0.27
0.17
0.09
0.03
0.00

1.4
1.25
0.55
0.5
0.3
0.15
1.35
1.25
0.55
0.5
0.3
0.25
1.5
1.3
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.15
0.95
0.7
0.55
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.75
0.55
0.4
0.25
0.15
0.1

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QD

Area, A

Velocit
y, V

4.50E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
4.50E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
4.67E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
5.50E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05

2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05

15.92
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
15.92
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
16.51
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
11.61
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66
10.95
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66

Ft1

Ft2

Ft3

1.461
1.252
0.802
0.451
0.200
0.050
0.730
0.626
0.401
0.225
0.100
0.025
0.680
0.542
0.347
0.195
0.087
0.022
1.381
1.014
0.705
0.451
0.254
0.113
0.028
0.614
0.507
0.352
0.225
0.127
0.056
0.014
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CoEfficient
of
Impact,
CI

0.274
0.287
0.312
0.310
0.349
0.599
0.671
0.735
0.798
0.887
0.998
0.798
0.544
0.572
0.605
0.666
0.691
0.922
0.282
0.286
0.284
0.266
0.276
0.266
0.000
0.717
0.749
0.766
0.754
0.710
0.532
0.000

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Inclined
plate

Flat
plate

HemiSphere

8.00

10.00

10.00

Inclined
10.00
plate

35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
37.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
37.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0

0.32
0.25
0.18
0.12
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.28
0.21
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.32
0.24
0.16
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.17
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.00

0.9
0.75
0.55
0.4
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1

5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.67E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.17E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.17E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04

5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05

11.61
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66
8.49
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12
1.06
7.86
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12
1.06
7.86
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12

0.598
0.439
0.305
0.195
0.110
0.049
0.012
1.154
0.884
0.649
0.451
0.289
0.162
0.072
0.018
0.494
0.442
0.325
0.225
0.144
0.081
0.036
0.009
0.428
0.383
0.281
0.195
0.125
0.070
0.031

5. Guidance of Calculation:
i)

Discharge (Q):

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0.535
0.569
0.590
0.615
0.455
0.410
0.000
0.243
0.238
0.231
0.222
0.208
0.123
0.000
0.000
0.709
0.724
0.739
0.710
0.693
0.616
0.000
0.000
0.444
0.444
0.462
0.410
0.320
0.142
0.000

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

= 2.5 x10-4 m3/s

Where,
60 & 1000 are conversion factors to m3/s
Q = Rota meter reading in LPM
ii)

Velocity (V):

= 8.85 m3/s
Where,
A = Area of jet considered,
= d2 / 4 m2 = 2.827 x 10-5

iii)

Theoretical force (Ft):

Flat Vane:

= 0.225
Flat Inclined Vane:

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= 0.159 kg
Where,
= 450

Hemispherical or Curved Vane:

= 0.451kg
iv)

Co-efficient of Impact :

= 0.88
Where,
F = Actual force, obtained directly from indicator = 0.20 kg
A

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