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1. Introduction:
When the jet of water is directed to hit the vane of any particular shape,
the force is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction. The amount of
force exerted depends on the diameter of jet, shape of vane, fluid density, and
flow rate of water. More importantly, it also depends on whether the vane is
moving or stationary. In our present case, we are concerned about the force
exerted on the stationary vanes. The following are the theoretical formulae for
different shapes of vane, based on flow rate.
Hemi - spherical
Flat Plate
Inclined - Plate
= 450
Where,
g = 9.81 m/s2
A = Area of Jet in m2
= Angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet, in degree
Page 1
1.1 Description:
It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump tank,
mono block pump set, Jet / Vane Chamber, Rota meter for flow rate
measurement and digital force indicator. The water is drawn from the sump
tank by mono block centrifugal pump and delivers it vertically to the nozzle
through rotameter.
The rotameter is a direct flow rate indicating instrument which gives the
discharge in LPM (liters per minute) which is determined by the top - position
of the float. The flow control valve is also provided for controlling the flow
into the nozzle. The water is issued out of nozzle as jet. The jet is made to
strike the vane, the force of which is transferred directly to the force indicator.
The force is read in Kgf. The provision is made to change the vane of different
shapes.
2. Specifications:
Vane shapes
Material
: Gun metal.
Jet Diameter
: 6, 8 & 10 mm.
Measurement
Type
Jet Chamber
Pressure Guage
: 0-2 Kg/cm2
Page 2
3. Objective:
To determine the Co-efficient of impact Jet - Vane combination by
comparing the actual force with the theoretical force for stationary vanes of
different shapes, Viz., Circular flat plate, Inclined Plate and Hemi-spherical
vanes made of gun metal.
3.1 Operating Procedure:
1.
Fix the nozzle and the vane of required shape in position and set the
force indicator to show zero.
2.
3.
4.
Open the delivery valve and adjust the flow rate of water as read on
the rotameter.
5.
6.
Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate, force and
pressure and tabulate the results.
7.
Switch OFF the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery
valve.
8.
Repeat the experiment at different flow rates with same jet and vane.
9.
Change the vane and jet and carryout the experiment with different flow
rates.
Page 3
Observation:
Sl.No
Diameter of
the jet
d
Mm
Type of vane
Actual Force
Fa
Kg
Pressure
Kg/cm2
FLAT
6, 8 & 10
INCLINED
= 45
HEMI-SPHERE
Page 4
4. Formulae:
2
= 9.81 m/s
Density of water
= 1000 Kg/m
i)
Discharge (Q):
Where,
60 & 1000 are conversion factors to m3/s
Q = Rota meter reading in LPM
ii)
Velocity (V):
Where,
A = Area of jet considered,
= d2 / 4 m2
iii)
Where,
= 450
INDLAB Equipments Pvt Ltd
Page 5
iv)
Co-efficient of Impact:
Where,
F = Actual force, obtained directly from Scale
A
Page 6
Table of Calculation:
Model
Flat plate
HemiSphere
Inclined
-plate
Flat plate
HemiSphere
Jet
Dia
6.00
6.00
6.00
8.00
8.00
LPM,
Q
27.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
27.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
28.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
33.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
Actual Pressure
Force In
Kg, FA
0.40
0.36
0.25
0.14
0.07
0.03
0.49
0.46
0.32
0.20
0.10
0.02
0.37
0.31
0.21
0.13
0.06
0.02
0.39
0.29
0.20
0.12
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.44
0.38
0.27
0.17
0.09
0.03
0.00
1.4
1.25
0.55
0.5
0.3
0.15
1.35
1.25
0.55
0.5
0.3
0.25
1.5
1.3
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.15
0.95
0.7
0.55
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.75
0.55
0.4
0.25
0.15
0.1
QD
Area, A
Velocit
y, V
4.50E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
4.50E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
4.67E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
5.50E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
2.83E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
15.92
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
15.92
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
16.51
14.74
11.80
8.85
5.90
2.95
11.61
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66
10.95
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66
Ft1
Ft2
Ft3
1.461
1.252
0.802
0.451
0.200
0.050
0.730
0.626
0.401
0.225
0.100
0.025
0.680
0.542
0.347
0.195
0.087
0.022
1.381
1.014
0.705
0.451
0.254
0.113
0.028
0.614
0.507
0.352
0.225
0.127
0.056
0.014
Page 7
CoEfficient
of
Impact,
CI
0.274
0.287
0.312
0.310
0.349
0.599
0.671
0.735
0.798
0.887
0.998
0.798
0.544
0.572
0.605
0.666
0.691
0.922
0.282
0.286
0.284
0.266
0.276
0.266
0.000
0.717
0.749
0.766
0.754
0.710
0.532
0.000
Inclined
plate
Flat
plate
HemiSphere
8.00
10.00
10.00
Inclined
10.00
plate
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
37.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
37.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
0.32
0.25
0.18
0.12
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.28
0.21
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.32
0.24
0.16
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.17
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.9
0.75
0.55
0.4
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.67E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.17E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
8.33E-05
6.17E-04
5.83E-04
5.00E-04
4.17E-04
3.33E-04
2.50E-04
1.67E-04
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
5.02E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
7.85E-05
11.61
9.95
8.29
6.63
4.98
3.32
1.66
8.49
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12
1.06
7.86
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12
1.06
7.86
7.43
6.37
5.31
4.25
3.18
2.12
0.598
0.439
0.305
0.195
0.110
0.049
0.012
1.154
0.884
0.649
0.451
0.289
0.162
0.072
0.018
0.494
0.442
0.325
0.225
0.144
0.081
0.036
0.009
0.428
0.383
0.281
0.195
0.125
0.070
0.031
5. Guidance of Calculation:
i)
Discharge (Q):
Page 8
0.535
0.569
0.590
0.615
0.455
0.410
0.000
0.243
0.238
0.231
0.222
0.208
0.123
0.000
0.000
0.709
0.724
0.739
0.710
0.693
0.616
0.000
0.000
0.444
0.444
0.462
0.410
0.320
0.142
0.000
Velocity (V):
= 8.85 m3/s
Where,
A = Area of jet considered,
= d2 / 4 m2 = 2.827 x 10-5
iii)
= 0.225
Flat Inclined Vane:
Page 9
= 0.159 kg
Where,
= 450
= 0.451kg
iv)
Co-efficient of Impact :
= 0.88
Where,
F = Actual force, obtained directly from indicator = 0.20 kg
A
Page 10