What two things is Pasteur known for?

Pasteur is known for conclusively disapproving sponatenous generation with his e

xperiment swan neck duct where he proved that organism do not arrise from sponta
teous gerneation but from biogenesis.
Pasteur is also known for the technique of pasteurization in which a substance i
s heating enough so that most of the organisms that cause spoilage are killed, a
llowing for longer shelf life of the substance. Used in Alcohol and milk in the
present day.
Who is given credit for the first vaccination, and for what?
Edward Jenner is given credit for the first vaccination, after following an old
wives tale that persons infected with cow pox often didn't get small pox, experi
mentally Jenner infected a boy with cow pox and observed that he didn't get smal
l pox.
What is a genus? What is a species?
Species is a made up of a group of individuals that breed together. A genus is a
closly related group of species that do not breed together.
What is a prokaryote and what is a eukaryote?
Prokaryote is a cell without a nucleus.
Eukaryote is a cell with a nucleus.
What are the three domains into which we group all cell into? Which one(s) are p
rokaryotic?
The three domain system consists of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and
Archaea are prokaryotic.
------What is a bacteria or archea, or fungi? How does it differ from other type
s of microorganisms we will be studying?
What is a virus? How are they very unique from other microbes?
Viruses are acellular and replicate only when they are in a living cell. Will no
t survive if seperated from host.
What is cell theory?
All organisms are composted of cells, the cell is the structural unit of life, c
ells only arrise from prexisting cells.
What is chemotherapy?
It is the treatment of disease by chemicals.
-----What are the five branches of microbiology we are going to be studying?
What is an infectious disease? What is an emerging infectious disease?
An infectious disease is a clinically evident illness resulting from the presnce
of pathogenic microbial agentsincluding pahtongenic viruses pathogenic bacteria
fungi aprotozoa and parasites.
An emerging infectious disease is a infectious disease that is increasing in pre
valence, and threatenes to increase in tehe near future.
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science and practice of science of classification arranged throu
gh hieracrhial structure.
What is binomial nomenclature?
Binomial nomenclature is the scientific naming of species made up of two names,
its genus and species. where each speices recieves a latinized name.
What is an antibiotic?
Is a substances or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. It is
a chemotheraputic agent Used to treat bacterial infections.
How is an antibiotic different from synthetic drugs?
Antibiotic drugs are like Pennicillin produced from naturally occuring molds cal
led Penicillium chrysogenum, where as synthetic drugs, are produced by scientist
s in a labratory.
How did HIV evolve?
It is believed that HIV evolved from SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) which i
s found in chimpanzees and jumped species from primates to humans, perhaps thoug
h hunter gather who exchanged blood with primates.
What types of cells HIV infects?
HIV infects cells with a CD4+ receptor, these cells include macrophages, dendrit
ic cells, and helper T cells.
True or false during the course of HIV infection, the number of viruses actuall
y go down
False.
=========LECTURE 2============
Name four differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have no dna with nucleur membrane, where as eukaryote do. Eukaryotic
cells dvivide by mitoiss , prokaryotes dont. Prokaryotes have one chromosome, e
ukaryotes have more than one. The size of ribosomes in prokaryotes is 70s, where
it is 80s in the uekaryotic cell. Prokaryotes dont have membrane bound organism
s like mithochondria and lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryotes have m
embrane bound organelles.Prokayotic cells contain peptidoglycan, eukaryotic cell
s dont.
What are the scientific names for the main shapes of bacterial cells?
Coccus(spherical)bacillus(rod-like)spirillum(spiral) and filamentous.
What types of cell arrangements are frequently seen?
Frequently seen cell arrangements include diplococci, diplobacilli, staphylococc
i, steptococci, steptobacilli,
What are the following structures and what is their function? Flagella, endoflag
ella, pilli, capsule (glycocalyx), plasmids, endospores, cell wall, ribosomes?
Flagella: Appendages used to propel cells, motility.
Endoflagella: spiral flagella that arrise beneath the outter membraine of the ce
ll. Present in spirochetes giving them the spiral shape
Pilli: Hairlike appendages which are shorter and thinner than flagella They are
used not for motility but for attachment.
capsule (glycocalyx): Outside cell wall, sticky extracellular polysaccharides al
lows cell to attack. It prevents phagocytosis. Allowing some bacteria to avoid d
estruction.
plasmids: An extra chromosomal dna molecule seperate from the chromosomal DNA wh
ich is capable of replilcating independetly from the chromosomal DNA.
Endospores: Dormant cells that are transformed when conditions for pathogenic ba
cteria are no longer favorable, athey aresistent to radiation and heat and dryin
g can remain dormant for hundreds to hyears until favorable conditions appear.
CellWall: a rigid structure found in bacteria and fungi made up of chitin or pep
tidoglycan.
Ribosomes: the sites of protein synthesis in cells, If cell needs lots of protei
ns they must ifrst build lots of ribosomes.
What is chemotaxis or phototaxis?
Chemotaxis: Phenomenon when bacteria direct their movements according to certain
chemicals in teh environment.
Phototaxis: The movement of an organism in response to light stimuli>
What does the gram stain specifically differentiate between?
Gram staining is specifically used to differentiate between Gram positive and Gr
am negative bacteria.
What is a unique property of plasma membranes?
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, meaning they can allow certain subst
ances to cross, while preventing others, by simple diffusion, facilitated diffus
ion, where a transporter protein is used, osmoss, where movement across a membra
ne results if water moving from higher water concentrattion to an area of low wa
ter concentration. Osmotic pressure the presure needed to stop movement of water
. ACtive transport requires a transporter protein and ATP.
How do cells usually exchange gases?
cells exchange gas by simple diffusion
How do they usually bring in glucose?
A transport protein is used to cross the lipid bilayer membrane.
Why is osmotic pressure important for cells?
It maintains structure in plants, allowing it to maintain its upright structure,
in Isotonicity. In Hypertonicity the cell shrinks, and in Hypotonicity the cell
bursts, due to the inflow of water.
----What is cytoplasm?
Name all membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotes and their main function.
Membrane bound organelles include:
Nucleus: contains chormosomes
ER: transport network
Golgi Complex: membrane formations and secretion
Lysosome: contains digestive enzymes
vacuole: brings food into cells
Mitochondrion: cellular respiration
chloroplast: photosynthesis
Peroxisome: oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2.
What causes Lyme disease?
Lyme disease is caused by a species of spirochete bacteria called borrelia burgd
orgeri.
What is a vector? How do vectors usually transmit pathogens?
A vector is an insect or any living carrier that transmits an infectious agent.
Most pathogens become very problematic only when they do what?
Pathenogens become problematic when they are able to outgrow other organisms loc
ated in the normal flora