All- Day (Or Energy) Efficiency,

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The transformer in a power plant usually operates near its full capacity and is
taken out of circuit when it is not required. Such transformers are called power
transformers, and they are usually designed for maximum efficiency occurring near
the rated output. A transformer connected to the utility that supplies power to your
house and the locality is called a distribution transformer. Such transformers are
connected to the power system for 24 hours a day and operate well below the rated
power output for most of the time. It is therefore desirable to design a distribution
transformer for maximum efficiency occurring at the average output power.
A figure of merit that will be more appropriate to represent the efficiency
performance of a distribution transformer is the "all-day" or "energy" efficiency of
the transformer. This is defined as follows:

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energy output over 24 hours

*100
energy input over 24 hours

(3.26)

energy output over 24 hours

energy output over 24 hours Losses over 24 hours

If the load cycle of the transformer is known, the all day effeciency can be
deteremined.
Example 3.11 A 50 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer has a core loss P, = 200 W at
rated voltage and a copper loss Pcu = 500 W at full load. It has the following load
cycle.
%Load

0.0

50%

75%

100%

110%

0.8Lag

0.9Lag

%
Power Factor

Hours

6
6
6
3
Determine the all-day efficiency of the transformer.

Solution
Energy output 24 hours is
0.5*50*6+0.75*50*0.8*6+1*50*0.9*3+1.1*50*1*3=630 kWh
Energy losses over 24 hours:
Core loss =0.2*24=4.8 kWh
Copper losses =

0.5 2 * 0.5 * 6 0.752 * 0.5 * 6 12 * 0.5 * 3 1.12 * 0.5 * 3

=5.76 kWh
Total energy loss=4.8+5.76=10.56 kWh

AD
Then,

630
*100 98.35%
630 10.56

Regulation of a Transformer
(1) When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, then the
secondary terminal voltage drops because of its internal resistance and leakage
reactance.
Let.

V2 o

Secondary terminal voltage at no-load

E2 E1 / a V1 / a
Because at no-load the impedance drop is negligible.

V2

Secondary

terminal voltage on full-load.

The change in secondary terminal voltage from no-load to full-lead is

V2 o V2

. This change divided by

V20

is known as regulation down. if this

change is divided by

V2

i.e. full-load secondary terminal voltage, then it is called

regulation up.

% reg

%reg

%reg

Vno load Vload

*100
Vload

V2 no load V2 load
*100
V2 load
V1 V2 load
V V2 load
*100 1
*100
V2 load
V2 load

(3.27)

(3.28)

(3.29)

As the transformer is loaded, the secondary terminal voltage falls (for a lagging
power factor). Hence, to keep the output voltage constant, the primary voltage must
be increased. The rise in primary voltage required to maintain rated output voltage
from no-load to full-load at a given power factor expressed as percentage of rated
primary voltage gives the regulation of the transformer.
Vector diagram for the voltage drop in the transformer for different load power
factor is shown in Fig.3.18. It is clear that the only way to get

V1

less than

V2

is

when the power factor is leading which means the load has capacitive reactance

(i.e. the drop on

negative).

Z eq1

will be negative, which means the regulation may be

V1

V2

I 2

I 2 Z eq1
I 2 Req1

(a)

V1

I 2 X eq1

I 2 Z eq1

I 2

I 2 Req1

V2

V1
I 2

I 2 X eq1

(b)

I 2 X eq1

I 2 Z eq1

I 2 Req1

V2

(c)

Fig.3.18 Vector diagram for transformer for different power factor (a) lagging
PF (b) Unity PF (c) Leading PF.

Example 3.12 A 250/500 V, transformer gave the following test results

Short-circuit test : with low-voltage winding shorted.
short-circuited

20 V ; 12 A, 100 W

Open-circuit test : 250 V, 1 A, 80 W on low-voltage side.

Determine the circuit constants, insert these on the equivalent circuit diagram
and calculate applied voltage, voltage regulation and efficiency when the output is
5 A at 500 volt and 0.8 power factor lagging.
Solution
Open circuit test

cos o

Poc
80

0.32
Voc I oc 250 *1

I c1 I o cos o 1 * 0.32 0.32 A

I m1 I o2 I c2 12 0.322 0.95 A

Rc1

V1oc 250

781.3
Ic
0.32

X m1

V1oc 250

263.8
I m 0.95

Short circuit test

As the primary is short-circuited, all values refer to secondary winding. So we

can obtain

Req 2 and X eq 2

and then refer them to primary to get

Req1 and X eq1

as explained before in Example 3.5 or we can modify the short circuit data to the

primary and then we can calculate

method to compare the results.

Req1 and X eq1

directly. Here will use the two

First method

Req 2

Psc 100

0.694
I 22sc 122

Z eq 2

Vsc 20

1.667
12
I 2 sc

Then,
As

X eq 2 Z eq2 2 Req2 2 1.6672 0.6942 1.518

Rc and X m

refer to primary, hence we will transfer these values

Req 2 , X eq 2 , and Z eq 2

to primary with the help of transformation ratio.

Then

Req1 a 2 * Req 2 0.52 * 0.694 0.174

X eq1 a 2 * X eq 2 0.52 *1.518 0.38

Z eq1 a 2 * Z eq 2 0.52 *1.667 0.417
Second method
Short-circuited results refeard to secondery are 20 V, 12 A, 100 W Then,
Short-circuited results refeard to primary are 10 V, 24 A, 100 W

Req1
Then

Z eq1

Psc 100
2 0.174
2
I1sc 24

V1sc 10

0.417
I1sc 24

Then,

X eq1 Z eq2 1 Req2 1 04172 0.1742 0.38

Applied voltage

V1 o V2 0o I 2 o * Z eq1
Then,

V1 o 250 0o 10 cos 1 0.8 * 0.174 j 0.38

V1 o 250 0 o 10 36.24o * 0.418 65.4o

V1 o 250 0o 4.18 29.16o

V1 o 250 0o 3.65 j 2.04 253.65 j 2.04

253.7 0.47 o V

Voltage regulation

%reg

V1 V2 load
*100
V2 load

V2 load 250 00
%reg

253.7 250
*100 1.48%
250

Effeciency

V2 * I 2 * cos
*100
V2 * I 2 * cos Pcu Piron

250 *10 * 0.8

*100 95.356%
250 *10 * 0.8 102 * 0.174 80