IS4998(PART1):1992

chimney.TheenhancementinwindLoadswillbe
duetoanincreaseinthevalueofCD.Thevalueof
C,foreachchimneylocatedwithinadistanceof3
timestheeffectivediameter,maybecalculatedby
assumingthevalueofCDtobeincreasinglinearly
from0.8(foraspacingof3effectivediameters)to
avalueof2O(forahypothetical spacingof1
effective diameter which implies that the two
chimneystoucheachotheriftheyarecylindrical
andidentical).ThesevaluesofCDapplyuptothe
height of the nearest interfering chimney, if the
chimneysareofunequalheight.Itispermissibleto
obtainmoreaccuratevaluesofCnbycarryingout
properlyconductedmodeltestsinwindtunnels.

A-1.2 Unsteady Forces on a Single Chimney

Tanks elevated on staging or towers are generally
provided for water storage and supply. The
capacity and height to the bottom are determined
from a consideration of the service of the tank.
Design a circular elevated water tank for a capacity
of 2, 50,000 litres. The height of the tank bottom
above the ground level is8.7m. The tank is
supported over eight columns and is situated at the
railway station in Allahabad.solution-1. Size of
tank-250m3. Assume hemispherical bottom and the
height of cylindrical shell to be 0.8times the
diameter of tank as shown in fig1.1
/4D20.8D+1/24/3

(D/2)3 is equal to 250

and D is equal to 6.55m. Hence height, H is equal

to 0.8D=5.24m. Now thickness of plates- lets us
provide 16mm power driven rivets for making the
connections. Also let the efficiency of the joints
be75%. Now thickness of shell plates t is equal to
whd/2at=9.8110-65.241036.55103/20.75
(0.80.6250) =1.87mm. Add 1.5mm to account
for corrosion .now t=1.87+1.5=3.37mm6mm. so
provide 6mm thick plates in the cylindrical shell of
the tank. Thickness of suspended bottom platesh=(5.24+6.55/2)=8.515m. and t= whD/4at= only
change 5.24 equal to 8.54 and result is 1.52mm.
and add 1.5mm to account for corrosion. As
t=1.52+1.5=3.02mm6mm. so provide 6mm thick
plate in the hemispherical bottom of the tank.
Conical roof- provides 5mm thick plates for the
conical roof. The pitch of the roof may be kept 1 in
4. Connections-power driven 16mm (gross
diameter=17.5mm) field driven rivets and double
riveted lap joints have been used all through.
Cylindrical shell plates- hoop stress per linear
vertical
height
F1=whd/2=9.81106
3
3
5.2410 6.5510 /2=168.35N/mm.
Now
strength of the rivets in single shear is equal to
/417.520.890=17318.03N and strength of
rivet in bearing= 17.5*6*0.8*270=22680N. Now
rivet value, Rv=17318.03N and pitch of
rivets=2*17318.3/168.35=205.74mm not greater
than 60mm (10t=10*6=60mm). Rivets for
horizontal joints are provided at the same pitch as
that for vertical joints.
4
A-1.2.1 Hemispherical bottom plates- hoop stress
per unit length in the radial joints, F 2= whD/4 use

8.515 instead of 5.24 as earlier and result is

136.78N/mm. Since the force F2 is less than F1,
rivets for making connections of hemispherical
bottom plates are provided at a pitch of 60mm
(same as calculated for the cylindrical portion of
the tank) for radial as well as horizontal joints.
Cylindrical shells with hemispherical bottom shellthere are no inclined or compressive stresses on the
hemispherical portion and therefore connection of
the two shells need not be designed again. Hence,
provide 16mm power driven field rivets at a pitch
of 60mm power driven field rivets at a pitch of
60mm and double riveted lap join. Circular girderweight of water, W1=10*250=2500KN=2500*103
and
self
weight
of
tank,
W2=
{*6.55*103*5.24*103*6+1/2*4*{6.55*103/2}2*
6] *7.9*10-5=83052.77N and self weight of conical
roof,
W3=
/2*6.55*103[{6.55*103/2}2+{6.55*103/4}2]*5*7
.9*10-5=14880.74N. When the height to top
diameter ratio of the chimney exceeds about 20,
the possibility of second and higher modes of
oscillations being excited due to vortex excitation
can be expected. Since the dynamic stresses due to
higher modes of oscillations can be much higher
than that due to the first mode of oscillation, it is
important that the design be check-ked for higher
modes of oscillations, if found necessary. The self
weight of the tank and that of the conical roof may
be increased by20% to account for additional
weight of overlap of plates and connectors.
W4=1.2(W1+W3)=1.2(83052.77+14880.74)=11752
0.21N. Assume self weight of girder as 1500N/m
and
total
self
weight
of
girder=1500**6.55=30866.14N and total weight
of
girder
is
equal
to
W=2500*103+117520.21+30866.14=2648386.35N
is approx. Equal to 2650.0*103KN.

A-1.2.2 for circular girder supported over eight

columns- maximum bending moment at supports-=
-0.00827WR=-0.00827*2650*103*6.55/2=71773.26 Nm and maximum torsion(at 9degree 33
minutes)= 0.00063WR= 0.00063*2650*103*6.55/2
is equal to 5467.6Nm. Maximum shear force at
supports is 2650103/16=165625N and section
modulus, Zreq=71773.26*103/0.66*250=434989.8
mm3. Because of the relatively small thick-ness of
the chimney at the top compared to its diameter,
possibilities of covalling oscilla-tions will have to
be examined if the diameter of the chimney
exceeds 75 times the wall thickness at the top. Lets
us try a girder section as shown in Fig1.2. The
section has been built-up by using 1m depth of
cylindrical shell of the tank and 2ISA 150*150*18.

IS 4998 ( Part 1 ) : 1992

Calculated by the formula:

IXX=
610003/12+21048.9104+25079(5002
43.8) = 26350.45104 mm4
Section modulus, ZProv=I/y=263504.5104/500=
5270090>438310 which is alright.
Torsional constant, J=1/3bt

=2{1/3150183+1/3(150-18)183}+1/3*1000
63 =1168416mm4. Shear stress due to
torsion=T/J*max=5467.6*103/1168416*(18+6) =
112.30 N/mm2
A-6.1 AERODYNAMIC INTERFERENCEOF
TWO OR MORE CHIMNEYS
= equivalent aspect ratio = H/d
Ci c. =RMS lift coefficient to be taken as o-12
L= correlation length in diameters, which may be
taken as 1.0 in the absence of field data
01=CLd4zezeiH1 (L/2t) 1/2
Where
Zei = height in m at which d%&/J t is a
maximum in the it mode of vibration
The values of a do not exactly match the
variation of & factors of IS 875 ( Part 3 ) : 1987.
However, they have been chosen to be slightly
conservative and should be used only in A-5.3(b)
and nowhere else. Calculations should begin by
first taking zei = H and progressively decreasing
z till a maximum in qoi is observed for each
mode. However, if Vcr for any mode is more than
the maximum wind speed expected at site for ze=
H for the first mode of vibration itself, the
chimney will not experience any significant
across-wind load in that mode. For very tall
chimneys roi may not show a maximum, either in
first or the second mode at speeds less than the
maximum expected at site. In that case, the value
of ze shall be taken as the value at which the
calculated Vcr equals the maximum expected
velocity V, at ze. Now shear stress due to shear2
force= 165625/2*5079+1000*6=10.2503N/mm
and total shear
stress=112.30+10.2503 equals to
122.55N/mm2>100N/mm2(0.4*250).

magnification factor obtained from Fig. 1 indicates

a measure of the seriousness of the increased
amplitude of oscillations due to aerodynamic
interference, although the actual magnification at
full scale Reynolds Numbers, of the order of lo,
are 1ikeIy to be lower.

A-6.3 When two or more nominally identical

chimneys are located within 20 times their

diameter at 2/3rd height, adverse aerodynamic
interference between them can be expected. Figure
1 is to be used as a guide for assessing this
aerodynamic interference. This figure gives the
magnification factor by which the amplitude of
transverse oscillations may increase, as a function
of spacing and chimney taper and has been
obtained by model experiments at Reynolds
numbers of about lo6 with laminar boundary layer
separation. A single isolated chimney will
experience unsteady wind forces due to two main
causes, namely ( i ) periodic vortex shedding, and (
ii ) unsteady force caused by atmospheric
turbulence and/or wake from structures of
comparable height. It may be assumed that every
chimney with a height more than 3 times its
effective diameter, will shed vortices of opposesite sign alternately from opposite sides. The
periodic vortex shedding is very marked at subcritical Reynolds numbers. When the surface of
the chimney is even slightly rough, distinct
periodic forcing is not present in the critical
Reynolds number range from 3 x lo5 to 2x 106.
The alternate shedding of vortices from the two
sides of the chimney will result in periodic forces
both in the direction of wind and perpendicular to
it. The force that is generated in the direction of
wind is called, Oscillatory Drag Force and the
force that is generated perpendicular to the
direction of wind is called, Oscillatory lift force.
Now the torsional constant=2
{1/3200183+
(200-18)} +1/31800 63= 3030048mm4. Shear
stress
due
to
torsion
is
equal
to
5467.6*103/3030048(18+6)=43.30N/mm2.
and
shear
stress
due
to
shear 2force
is
165625.0/2*6881+1800*6=6.743N/mm and2 total
shear 2 stress =43.30+6.743=50.04N/mm <100
N/mm (0.4*250) which is all right. Because of the
relatively small thick-nests of the chimney at the
top compared to its diameter, possibilities of
coaling oscillations will have to be examined if
the diameter of the chimney exceeds 75 times the
wall
thickness
at
the
top.
bending
2
stress,at=71773.26*103/141873.26=5.059N/mm
.h
6
oop stress,
at=Whd/2t=9.8110
5.24103
3
2
6.55*10 /2*0.75*6=37.41N/mm .

A-7.1 When identical chimneys are spaced at less

than 20 times the diameter at 2/3rd height, the

amplitudes of oscillation of the downstream
chimneys are found to be magnified due to
aerodynamic interference. Maximum principal
tress, 21= 37.41+5.059/2+
{37.41+5.059/2}2+
(50.04) = 75.59N/mm2< 165N/mm2(0.6250),
which is all right.Since the dynamic stresses due to
higher modes of oscillations can be much higher
than that due to the first mode of oscillation, it is
important that the design be check-ked for higher
modes of oscillations, if found necessary.

Hence, the section needs a revision. The next trial

section is shown in Fig1.3.
3
Ixx=61800
/12+22588.7104+26881(90056.1)2=1276861.9104mm4

ZProv=
1276861.9104/900=14187354mm3>
434989.80mm3 which is all right.

8
A-6.2 When chimneys in a cluster are of different
sizes, the magnification factors shall be established
by model tests or on the basis of observations on
closely spaced dissimilar chimneys. Such
interference in dissimilar chimneys need not be
considered if the smaller chimney is at a distance
of more than 20 times the diameter at 2/3rd height
of the nearest larger chimney. For a given
configuration of identical chimneys, the