SCIENCE Reviewer

Respiration process of gas exchange between a body and the environment

-transport air into our lungs
-facilitates diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream
-picks up waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhale it
o Diffusion movement of molecules from a higher concentration
Nose, Mouth and Nasal Cavity
-where air entered, filtered, moisten and warmed
Pharynx
-passage way for both foo and air
Larynx
-voice box
Trachea
-tube which carries air from the throat through the lungs or cilia
Bronchi
-conducts air into the lungs and is responsible for the passage of
airway in the respiratory tract
Bronchioles
-split forming tertiary bronchi and these continue to divide and became
bronchioles
Alveoli
-exchange of gases
Diaphragm
-a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs
Mers Cov
Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus
Camel virus
Originated in bats
Spread to camels by the mid 1990s
Appear to have spread from camels to human in early 2010s
Affects the respiratory system (lungs and breathingtubes)
3 to 4 out of ten patient reported with mers have died
Developed severe acute respiratory
Symptoms
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breathe
Diarrhea
Nausea /vomiting
Circulation movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is
induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients
and oxygen to all the parts of the body and remove waste products as well
Functions of Circulatory System
Control the blood flow throughout the body
Regulate the temperature inside the body
Fight diseases

 William Harvey stated that the blood throughout the body circulates in
a definite path and is not surging back and forth
-Bodys transport system
Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries
-father of cardiovascular medicine
Open Circulatory System is observes among invertebrates while
Close Circulatory System is observed among vertebrate and few
invertebrates.
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries (red)
Vein (blue)
Capillaries
Heart weighs less than a pound
-has four chambers
-enclosed in a tough connective tissue sac
-with periodical cavity filled with fluids
-its wall is made up of cardiac muscle
Parts of the heart
Aorta carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to the
body
Superior Vena Cava bring poor oxygen blood from the upper
body to right atrium
Right Pulmonary Veins bring poor oxygen blood from the right
lung to the left atrium
Right Atrium accepts oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Right Ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Inferior Vena Cava brings oxygen poor blood from the lower
body to the right atrium
Left Atrium accepts oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Left Pulmonary Veins bring oxygen vein blood from the left
lung to the left atrium
Left Ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to the body
Septum muscular wall that separatesmthe two sides of the heart
Tricuspid Valve allows blood to go from top to bottom of the
heart but closes to prevent the blood from going back to the right
atrium when the right ventricle squeezes
Aortic valve prevents the blood from going back to the ventricle
Pulmonary Arteries carry oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Mitral Vavle prevents the blood from being pushed from the left
ventricle back to the left atrium

Blood Pressure force the heart exerts against the walls of arteries as it
pumps the blood out of the body
Diastic Pressure bottom number/ relaxes between beats
Systolic Pressure top number/ pressure as the heartbeats and forces

Red Blood cells erytrocytes/ transport oxygen/ 120 days/ haemoglobin

White Blood cells leukocytes
-the army of the circulatory system
-can live for year and keep nuclei
-guard against infection
Lymphocytes antitoxins and antibodies
Phagocytes eat
Sphygmomanometer
Platelets produces tiny fibrinogen fibres to form net
-bits of cell
Plasma straw coloured
-carries cells and platelets
Leaves main organ of photosynthesis (thigmotropism)
Blade thin flattened section used to collect sunlight
Petiole thin stalk that attaches the blade to the stem
Midrib main vein in the middle driving blade
Veins slender structures branching from the midrib
Veinlet tiny structure branching from the vein
Margin surrounding edge of the blade
Apex tip of the blade
Stipule leaflike structure below the petiole
Dermal Tissue of a Leaf
Leaf Epidermis irregular shaped cells that cover the top and bottom of
the leaf
Cuticle waxy and waterproof
-protects tissue and limits water loss
Vascular Tissue of a Leaf
Xylem connected to the vascular tissues of a stem
Phloem bundled in leaf veins
Ground Tissue of a Leaf
Mesophyll performs photosynthesis
Palaside Mesophyll underleaf upper epidermis
Spongy Mesophyll many air spaces
-layer of loose tissue ender the pasalide
mesophyll
Stomata small openings for gas exchange
Transpiration loss of water through leaves
-helps cool leaves on hot days
Gas Exchange and Homeostasis
Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata
-maintain homeostisis with in the leaf
State of equilibrium
Leaf Type
Simple leaf undivided leaf blade
Compound leaf has several leaflets
Palmately Compound
Pinnately Compound

Bipinnately Compound
Phyllotaxy
Alternate one leaf at a node
Opposite two leaves at a node on opposite sides
Whorled three or more leaves around a node
Venation arrangement of veins
Parallel Venation monocot
Netted Venatin dicot
Photosynthesis
Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen
Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
Carbon fixation
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Reduction
RuBP formation
Light Reaction
Light Absorption
Electric Transport Chain
Oxygen Reduction
ATP formation
Cellular Respiration general concept that everymanimal and human being
needs to breathe in
oxygen during respiration. An important process for
survival of living organisms.
Oxygen + Glucose Carbon dioxide +Water
Two types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration
Delivered to cells in bloodstream
Makes use of oxygen gas to break glucose in order to produce ATP
respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Can yield ATP molecules without oxygen

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis
sugar-breaking
Energy can easily produce
Cytoplasm
2 ATP
Krebs Cycle
matrix of mitochondrion
Hans Krebs
2 ATP
Electric Transport Chain

Respiratory chain
32 ATP
Fertilization process in sexual reproduction in which male and feamale
reproductive calle (gametes) unite to form zygote
Chromosome threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains
genetic information
Chromatid single strand of chromosome
Telomere protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or
from fusion with neighboring chromosomes
Centromere part of the chromosome that links sister chromatid
Haploid single set of genes (gametes)
Diploid two sets of genes (somatic)
Genetics branch of science that deals with the study of heredity and
variation
Gregor Mendel
Law of Mendelian