MEASURED MAGNETIC FIELD of EARTH by ROTATING COILS

Dwi Maryanti Putri* , Meili Yanti , Nurul Muthmainnah Herman

Laboratorium Fisika Modern Jurusan Fisika FMIPA
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Abstract. Have performed experiments on measuring magnetic field of earth by rotating coils The purpose
of this lab is to determine the components of Earth's magnetic field and determine the angle of inclination of the
earth's magnetic field . The magnetic field is the area immediately surrounding the magnet is still affected by the
magnet. Inclination angle is the angle formed by the Earth's magnetic field with the Earth's rotation axis. Data
collected by the scientific method which in this experiment determine how Large component of the magnetic field
obtained in the direction of the x-axis rotation of 0,002711 tesla. Direction of the y-axis rotation of 0,002436 tesla
and direction of z-axis 0,000838 tesla The angle of inclination of the Earth's magnetic field direction obtained at
12,95 o. Besed on the data obtained it can be concluded that the value of each axis of the magnetic field observed
in the different.

KEYWORDS: magnetic field, inclination angle, Earth Magnets.

INTROCUCTION

energy nuclear, generally in the form of protons

and electrons.

One of the defense mechanisms of the

Research shows irregularities of the

earth of radiation attacks and the waste of space

earth's magnetic field due to the mineral

is the presence of Earth's magnetic field. The

constituent is no magnetic rocks such as

Earth's magnetic field to form two magnetic

Magnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), ilmenite

poles. North pole of the earth magnetic field

(FeTiO3) and Pyrrhotit (Fe2-XS). The atoms in

contained in the geographic south pole of the

a mineral are arranged geometrically in which

Earth while the Earth's magnetic field south pole

the individual and the range of the electron orbit

is at the north pole of the earth. However, no

is directed through a certain small zone a few

precise compass facing north because there are

microns in diameter and are known as magnetic

differences in the geography of the earth lies the

domains, causing the magnetic minerals. The

northern axis of the earth with the axis of the

power of magnetism depends on the proportion

magnetic south pole. The angle formed by the

of the range of the electrons in the same direction

irregularities of the earth's magnetic field with

or reverse each other. Magnetite and pyrrhotit

the geographical direction of the earth is also

have strong magnetism because the electrons in

called the angle of inclination.

the same direction, while hematite and ilmenite

The existence of Earth's magnetic field

strength is weak because of the surrounding

is used by humans in terms that facilitate human

electrons

tend

to

reverse

direction.

At

navigation in determining direction. Magnetic

temperatures above the Curie temperature /

field whose origin is still not fully understood by

critical temperature (55oC-600oC) motions of

scientists, capable of capturing particles of high

atoms are so large that there is no magnetic

domeinnya and the resulting properties of

In 1927, Jacob Clay serorang Dutch

magnetism is lost. When the temperature drops

scientists have found evidence that the primary

below the critical temperature, the direction is

cosmic radiation influenced by the Earth's

set again by the influence of the earth's magnetic

magnetic field. In air travel to Indonesia, he

field.

found that the intensity of cosmic radiation is

reduced when approaching the equator of the
THEORI

Earth's magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field

Scientists are of the opinion that the

emanating from the earth extends to far into

magnetic field generated by an electric current

space. The magnetic field forming an invisible

due to the iron-nickel core of the planet, and the

shield called the magnetosphere. This shield

current generated due to the rotation of the

protects us from cosmic radiation and the

planet. This explanation is nothing more than a

enormity of the dangers that come from the sun.

theory that it can not explain why the planet

These hazards include storm the sun (in the form

Jupiter which has a nickel-iron core at most, and

of a continuous stream of electrically charged

in the interior may consist of metallic hydrogen,

particles), the explosion of the Sun (which is

also has a magnetic field. Then the core of the

within a few minutes can release energy

Sun is made up of super-hot plasma composed

equivalent to billions of hydrogen bombs), and

mostly of hydrogen and helium, also has a

coronal mass hurling / Coronal Mass Ejections.

magnetic field. [1]

Regional Earth's magnetic field that traps

In 1830 to 1842, Karl Frederick Gauss

particles high-speed nuclear particles form a belt

conduct detailed observations of the Earth's

that was first discovered by a team of American

magnetic field. He concluded that the source of

scientists led by James S. van Allen. James Van

Earth's magnetic field comes from the earth. He

Allen continued his research even successful

also stated that the Earth's magnetic field also

shows a radiation belt around the Earth. The

has a close relationship with the rotation of the

radiation belts last named Van Allen radiation

earth because the earth's magnetic poles close to

belts.

the Earth's spin axis. In addition to the Earth's

The lines of magnetic force of the earth

magnetic field axis move around a lot. In the

that extends far into space, capturing charged

history of the earth has happened a few times

particles moving encircling lines of magnetic

where the earth's north pole reversal becomes

force. Because these lines are most common in

south and south becomes north. Since 160

polar regions, then in this region of electrically

million years ago has happened hundreds of

charged particles to penetrate into Earth's

times a magnetic pole reversal. Although it has

atmosphere and causing a nature show called

happened hundreds of times, this magnetic pole

polar light or aurora.

reversal does not show a specific pattern of

Review a induction coil with winding

repetition so it is difficult to predict when the

number N and the cross-sectional area = 2.

magnetic poles will reverse again. [1]

When the coil is rotated with angular velocity

in a uniform magnetic field B, the diameter d, as

the coil axis, then the resulting magnetic flux

by:
= 2 cos()

(1)

peak value of AC is given by

22

(2)

(8)

2 2 + 2
2 2

(9)

2 + 2 2
2 2

(10)

By using the time of revolution T = 2/ iinduksi

2 +2 + 2
2 2

The angle of the direction of Earth's magnetic

field is obtained

with

2 2

of the equation;
(3)
Tan =

2 + 2

2 + 2 + 2
2 2

(11)

When the coil is directed to the rotation axis z,

The above equation is mathematically correct,

the amplitude of the voltage is given by

the value of the root is likely to be negative when

the measurements were carried out around the

= 2 + 2

(4)

equator. [2]

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
This value is induced into the earth's magnetic

The experiments were done using a tool

components as follows: A pair of Helmholtz

field;

coils, sensors Cassy, MV_box, Cassy Lab,

= ( )

connecting cable 2.5 mm 2, 200 cm red and

(5)

blue, the experimental motors, control units for

motors and experimental PC with Windows
2000 to above.

For reasons of symmetry, beraku on;

The first thing that is done in this

experiment is to ensure that all components of

= 2 + 2

(6)

= 2 + 2

(7)

the equipment has been installed as shown

below:

Furthermore, by using equation (5), (6) and (7)

obtained the components of the earth's magnetic
field;

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DATA

ANALYSIS

Magnetic field measurements performed using a

Helmholtz coil with the following sizes:
Number of turns (N)

: 320

Diameter

: 13,5 x 10-2 m

The radius (R)

: 6,75 x 10-2 m

FIGURE 1. Composition of the experimental

apparatus.
The next step is to connect all components

Plot the results of the data obtained in the

measurement of the voltage in the direction of
rotation of the x, y, and z.

of a device to a voltage source PLN including

computers. Then Cassy clicking the icon on the

Then set the voltage range between -1 mVmeasurement 1mV and 20 second time limit.
Turning on the motor, then increase the speed

Voltage (mV)

computer, after which it will appear cassy menu.

0,4

slowly approaching 0.3 rev / s. Set 2 connecting

0,2
0
0

10

15

20

-0,2
-0,4

Period (s)

cables red and blue to be wrapped around the

motor experiment and ensure the cable does not
come to the end. Furthermore, experimental data
recording the induced voltage as a function of

GRAPH 1. Relationship between Period (T)

with voltage (V) in the X axis

time by pressing F9 on the keyboard or select the

0,4

For each data recording is completed, the

data storage process is done by selecting Save on
the File menu. The recording process is carried
out five times for each dimension, where data
recording is done in three-dimensional space, x,

Voltage (mV)

measurement on the menu Cassy.

0,2
0
-0,2
-0,4

10

15

20

Period (s)

y, and z.
GRAPH 2. Relationship between Period (T)
with voltage (V) in the Y axis

T1 = 1,3 s

Voltage (mV)

0,5

T2 = 3,6 s
Ty= T2 T1

0
0

-0,5

10

15

20

= ( 3,6 1,3 ) s
= 2,3 s

Period (s)

GRAPH 3. Relationship between Period (T)

On the Z axis
V1 = 0,418 mV

with voltage (V) in the Z axis

V2 = 0,409 mV
Data Analysis

V3 = 0,401 mV

N = 320

V4 = 0,428 mV

R = 0,0675 m

V z=
=

On the X axis

T1 = 1,9 s

V2 = 0,321 mV

T2 = 4,3 s

V3 = 0,317 mV

T z= T 2 T 1

V4 = 0,306 mV

(0,418+0,409+ 0,401+0,428)

= 0,414 mV

V1 = 0,331 mV

Vx=

1 + 2 + 3 + 4
4

= ( 4,3 1,9 ) s

1 + 2 + 3 + 4
4

= 2,4 s

(0,331+0,321+ 0,317+0,306)
4

So the Earth's magnetic field strength on the X

axis

= 0,318 mV
T1 = 2,2 s

Bx =

T2 = 4,4 s

2 + 2 + 2
2 2

with

Tx= T2 T1
= ( 4,4 2,2 ) s

a=

= 2,2 s

On the Y axis
V1 = 0,344 mV

2 2

2 (3,14)(320)(0,0675 )2
2,2

2 (3,14)(320) (4,56 103 2 )

2,2

= 4,165

V2 = 0,342 mV

then

V3 = 0,346 mV
(0,318 )2 + (0,344 )2 + (0,414)2

Bx =

V4 = 0,344 mV
Vy=
=

1 + 2 + 3 + 4
4

= 0,002711 Tesla

(0,344+0,342+ 0,346+0,344)

= 0,344 mV

2 (4,165

2 2
)

Earth's magnetic field strength on the Y

The angle of the direction of Earth's magnetic

2 2 + 2

By =

2 2

field is obtained

with
a=

Tan =

2 2

2 + 2

2 (3,14)(320)(0,0675 )2
2,3

2 (3,14)(320) (4,56 103 2 )

2,3

= 3,984

=
=

then
By =

= 0,003739 Tesla

0,000838
(0,002711)2 +(0,002436)2

0,000838
0,000007349 + 0,000005934
0,000838
0,003644

= 0,229

(0,318 )2 (0,344 )2

+ (0,414 )2

2 2
)

2(3,984

= arc tan 0,188

= 12,95 o

= 0,002436 Tesla
DISCUSSION
Earth's magnetic field strength on the Z

In this activity we perform measurements

of Earth's magnetic field with rotating coils.

Bz =

+ 2 2
2 2

Rotating coil in question is a Helmholtz coil is a

coil that can ignore the Earth's magnetic field

with
a=

where his fingers as large as the distance

2 2

between the two coils. There are three axis

2 (3,14)(320)(0,0675 )2
2,4

2 (3,14)(320) (4,56 103 2 )

2,4

= 3,818

the x, y, and z. The analysis is intended to

analyze in determining the value of the magnetic
field and the magnitude of the angle of
inclination earths generated. Large component

then
Bz =

directions are analyzed, namely the direction of

(0,318 )2 + (0,344 )2 (0,414 )2

2(3,818

of the magnetic field obtained in the direction of

the x-axis rotation of 0,002711 tesla. Direction

2 2
)

of the y-axis rotation of 0,002436 tesla and

= 0,000838 Tesla

direction of z-axis 0,000838 tesla The angle of

So, the total value of the Earth's magnetic field

is:

inclination of the Earth's magnetic field direction

obtained at 12,95 o.

BT = 2 + 2 + 2
= (0,000007349 + 0,000005934 +
= 0,00001398

CONCLUSION
0,0000007022)

Based on the results of experimental data,

a large component of the magnetic field obtained

different in each direction of the axis of rotation

(x, y, and z). Large component of the magnetic
field obtained in the direction of the x-axis
rotation of 0,002711 tesla. Direction of the yaxis rotation of 0,002436 tesla and direction of
z-axis 0,000838 tesla The angle of inclination of
the Earth's magnetic field direction obtained at
12,95 o.

REFERENCES
[1]Mukhlis Akhadi dan Hasnel Sofyan, 1999.
Medan Magnet Bumi. Buletin ALARA. Jakarta
[2]Subaer, dkk. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum
Eksperimen Fisika I Unit Laboratorium Fisika
Modern Jurusan Fisika FMIPA UNM