Potassium ion

m=39.098
r=1.33

m=39.948
r=1.8

39 40 41

36 38 40

m=85.468
r=1.48

m=83.80
r=1.9
78 80 82
83 84 86

(48)

44 46 48 ?

m=87.62
r=1.13

m=88.906 m=91.224
r=0.80
r=0.93

84 86
87 88
2+

Cs+

90 91

89

Chromium as
as perchromate (CrO42 ) manganate
(MnO4 )

3+

La &
REEs

Radon

(222)

very rare
(<30 g in crust)

219 220 222

223

223 224
226 228

m=92.906
r=0.70

m=95.94
r=0.62
92 94 95 97
96 98 100

93 (96)

5771

227 228

4+

5+

72
Hafnium ion

Hf

73
Tantalum ion

Ta

6+

Mineral of
two cations:
210
Perovskite

4+

90
Thorium ion

Th

Pa5+

91
Protactinium ion

m=232.038
r=0.95

(231)

(+3 r=1.14)

(+4 r=0.98)

227 228 230

231232 *234

231 234

6+

92

Uranium
as uranyl (UO2 2+ )

m=238.029
r=0.7
234 235*238

Tausonite
175

Rb

Sr

2+
87

4+

3+

Nb
Y 1 Zr
50 152*

47

Silver ion

48
Cadmium ion

Cd

In

1,3+

49

Indium ion

3+

4+

5+

(Niter)

Si

4+

5+

6+

Ir

98 Californium 104: Rutherfordium

99: Einsteinium 105: Hahnium
100: Fermium

3+

Eu

102 104 105

106 108 110
2+

107 109

106 108 110

111 112 113 113 115
114 116
+
+
Tl
81
Hg 80

112 114 115 116

117 118 119
120 122 124

Tenorite
2+

63

600

5+

Cassiterite 4+

Sn

As

Pt

z /r

Au+

"Soft" ("Type B") Cations

=4

(Many electrons remain in outer shell)

Cd

1373(d) 1023(d) ~473(d) >1773

~1773(d) 1173(d)
See also Inset 3.

In

2185

1353(d)

Ir

4+

3+

Au

Pt

2+

423(d)

1273 (d) 598(d)

Au+

Hg

373(d)
2+

Hg

Tl +
852

Tl

3+

Sb

928

Massicot Bismite
2+
3+

Pb

Bi

1170

1098

no stable 773(d)
oxide Montroydite1107
Avicennite

Inset 7: Conceptual model of the behavior of

oxides of hard (and intermediate) cations

588

1903
0
3+ Hematite
3+
0
2
3+
000
Mn
Cu
12
Co
Paramont- Eskolaite 1353(d) Fe
Argutite Arsenolite
Zincite
1719
1168
(d)
3+
3+
1838
roseite 4+
4+
3+
2+
Ga
As
Cr
Ge
Bunsenite
V
2+
2+
Cuprite
Zn
2+
2603
2+
547
2079
1388
2240
Fe
Mn
Co
Cu + 2242
Ni
2400 2054 1652
2078 2228
1509
Romarchite Valentinite
Monteponite
Manga- Wstite
2+
4+
2+
2+
2+
3+
3+
2000 Mo nosite 1600
Ag+
Sn
Rh
Pd

Re

120 122 123

124 125 126
128 130

121 123
3+

2+

Zn

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

r=1.26 r=1.25 r=1.24 r=1.28 r=1.39

(Atomic masses
and isotopic
information
are omitted to
conserve space)

As

Se

Arsenic

53

Iodine
as iodate (IO3 )

As

33

Arsenic as arsenide

Selenium

m=74.922
r=2.22

r=1.48 r=1.6

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Sb

121 123

77

78

79

Os

Ir

80

Pt

Au

Hg

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

73

75

76

81

82

83

Ta

Re

Tl

Pb

Bi

Tantalum

Rhenium

Lead

Bismuth

r=1.46

r=1.37 r=1.35 r=1.35 r=1.38 r=1.44 r=1.60 r=1.71 r=1.75 r=1.82

Thallium

16 ClChlorine17

Sulfur as sulfide

as choride

32 33 34 36
2

Bi

83
Bismuth as

m=208.980

Selenium
as selenide

(7+ r=0.39)

79 81 (82)

Tellurium
as telluride

z /r

53

Iodine as iodide

m=126.904
r=2.16

Neon

m=20.180
r=1.5

20 21 22

18

Ar

Argon

m=39.948
r=1.8
36 38 40

36

Kr

(7+ r=0.50)

m=83.80
r=1.9
78 80 82
83 84 86
Xe

54

Xenon

m=131.29
r=2.1
124 126 128
129 130 131
132 134 136

124 125 126 (124) 127

(128) (130)
128 130

85

At

10

Ne

Krypton

m=79.904
r=1.95

34

35

Bromine
as bromide

m=78.96
r=1.98
74 76 77
78 80 82
Te 2 52

The only bismuthide

minerals are of
Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, and Pb

Br

2,3

bismuthide

35 37

34

Se

m=127.60
m=121.760 r=2.21
r=2.45 120 122 123

r=1.34 r=1.34 r=1.37 r=1.44 r=1.56 r=1.66 r=1.58 r=1.61 r=1.7

as a solute in seawater
because it speciates
both as I (to right)
and IO3 (here).

51

Antimony
as antimonide

Antimony Tellurium

Tin

m=4.0026
r=1.2

Anions with
which hard cations
preferentially
coordinate

Cu

34

75

=
z/r

86

Rn

Radon

Astatine

(222)
218 219
220 222

215 218 219

An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions

Version 4.8c 2007 L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2501 U.S.A. (rlsbk@gly.uga.edu). For updates and more information, see http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/PT.html.
Version 4.6 of this table was published as Figure 1 of the following paper: Railsback, L.B., 2003, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions: Geology v. 31, no. 9. p. 737-740. Publication of
Version 4.6 in Geology was supported by National Science Foundation Grant DUE 02-03115. Version 4.7 was published in 2004 in the Geological Society of America's Map and Chart Series as item MCH092.

3+

Yb

70

3+

Lu

Ytterbium ion

Inset 2: Hardness of oxide minerals of hard cations

71

m=173.04
r=0.94
m=174.967
(2+ r= 1.13)
r=0.93
168 170 171
176Hf
175 176
172 173
?
174 176

Li

Cations

H+

Inset 8: Solubility of halides of hard and soft cations

Anion:

Mineral
Nonmineral

Sellaite

High z/r
Strong
2
O
Rb
bonds, but
Intermediate cation-cation
Low z/r
repulsion
z/r
Weak cation- Strong cationoxygen bonds oxygen bonds

Br
I

(NaF)

AgF

(MgF2)

Cl

Villiaumite

(AgCl)

HgBr2

(AgBr)

(AgI)

10-8

Na+(

(NaCl)

MgCl2

Bromargyrite

Iodargyrite

Halite

HgCl2

HgI2
10-6

10-4

10-2

MgBr2

NaBr

MgI2

NaI

100

Solubility of Ag+( )-, Hg2+( )-,

)-, and Mg2+( )-bearing halides (mol/L)

Be

Bromellite

Inset 9: The
many valence
states of
nitrogen
Valence
state

Example

5+ NO3 (nitrate)
4+ NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
3+ NO (nitrite)
2

Chlorargyrite

Li

Lutetium ion

Substitutes for Ca2+

Inset 6: Melting and decomposition (d) temperatures

(K) of oxides of intermediate and soft cations

as phosphide

19

Rare earth elements (REEs)

(effectively "Hard" or "Type A" cations in their 3+ state)

Europium ion

3+

3+

4+

52
Tellurium ion,

Sb

Commonly coordinate with C of

organic ligands, as in methylmercury

4+

5+

Te

Ni

33

m=18.998
r=1.36

16 17 18

15 S
Phosphorus

2+
1+
0
3

NO (nitric oxide)
N2O (nitrous oxide)
N2 (nitrogen)
NH3 (ammonia)

Highlighted valence states are

shown above in the main table.
N2 is the most abundant constituent
of the atmosphere; NO2, NO, N2O,
and NH 3 are minor constituents.

2+

3+

5+

Li

Mg

Al

Be

2+

2681

1700

Chrysoberyl
8.5
2+
+
3+
Spinel
Periclase
7.5-8 9
5.5-6
Corundum

Na

4+

Si

4+

7
Quartz

Inset 4: Solubility of oxide minerals of hard cations

Inset 3: Melting T(K) of oxides of hard cations

3+

723

4+

216

Li4.4

5+

N
500

5+

6+

Na

1193

Mg

2+

3125

Al 3+
2345

Si

4+

1996

2+
3+
Be7.4
B2.77

C 4+

N 5+

Bromellite

5+

855

6+

290

2+

Ca3.5

Lime

Perovskite
5.5

Ti 4+
>9

(Ru=6-6.5)

Mineral of
2+
one cation:
7
Quartz Hardness

Sr

Mineral of
two cations
5.5

5+

3-3.5
Shcherbinaite

Srilankite

6.5

3+

4+

5+

Zr 6.5

Cr

6+

Nb

Baddeleyite

Ca

2+

3200

Sc

3+

Ti

4+

2103

5+

Na9.9

Mg2+

Periclase

943

10

Mo

6+

3-4
Molybdite

Rb

673

Sr

2+

2938

3+

Zr

4+

3123

Nb

5+

1785

6+

Cr

2.4

4+
Al3+ Si 3.9
8.1
Corundum

K14.0 Ca

2+

Sc3+

5+
P1.37

S 6+

Quartz

00

Mo

6+

1074

Rb

28.9

2+
Sr4.3

Ti 4+

9.7
Rutile

Lime 1.4

Y 3+

5+
V 7.6
Cr 6+
Shcherbinaite

Zr 4+ Nb5+ Mo6+
Baddeleyite

Molybdite

(Mohs
scale)

La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+

Perovskite
*A non-rutile synthetic TiO2
is the hardest known oxide

7
Tantite

Th
Thorianite

4+

W 6+

Cs

Ba

2+

2286

La

3+

2580

See also Inset 6.

Hf

4+

3173

Th

4+

3493

Ta

5+

2058

2+
Ba6.7
La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+

6+

1745

1500

Minerals with cations of

low (e.g., K+ ) to moderate
(e.g., Al3+) ionic potential

with cations
of low ionic
potential

50 Antimony51
ion,

Sn

Coordinate I>Br>S>Cl=N>O>F

1373(d)
Tugarinovite

4+

3+

Cobalt

30

2000
2500
0
300

KAl2Si3 O8 (Kspar) Na3 PO4 CaSO4

(Olympite) (Anhydrite)
Al2SiO5 (K-S-A)
AlPO4
Na2SO4
ZrSiO4 (Zircon) (Berlinite)
(Thenardite) Minerals

75

r=1.27

as in tellurites
Stannous tin
as in antimonites
m=114.818
m=106.42 m=107.868 m=112.411 3+ r=0.81 m=118.710 m=121.760 m=127.60 m=126.904
r=0.97
r=0.44
r=1.26
r=0.89
r=0.90
1+ r=1.32
r=1.12
r=0.86
Iodine is shown twice

239

Pr 3+

m=78.96
r=0.50
74 76 77
78 80 82

Iron

Co

29

145

Ag

2+

Chromium

Fe

28

3000

Hf

46
Palladium ion

Pd

69 71

70 72
73 74 76
2+

3+
3+
3+
3+
m=151.964
3+
Pm
3+
61
Sm
62
Gd
59
Dy
Er
64
66
68
La
Nd
60
57 3+
Samarium
ion
Tb
Praseodymium ion Neodymium ion
Tm 69
65
Ho 67
r=1.03
Promethium
Gadolinium ion
Dysprosium ion
Erbium ion
Ce
58
Terbium
ion
Thulium ion
Lantha- Lanthanum ion
m=140.908 m=144.24 No natural m=150.36
151 153
m=157.25 m=158.925 m=162.50 Holmium ion
Cerium ion
m=167.26
m=164.930 r=0.96
r=1.04
nides: m=138.906 m=140.116 r=1.09
m=168.934
occurrence
r=1.08
r=1.02
r=0.99
2+
r=0.97
r=1.15
(4+ r=0.92)
r=0.95
63 152 154 155 r=1.00
r=1.11
156 158
142 143 144 on Earth 144 147 148 Eu
162 164 166
?
156 157
149 150
160 161 162
146 145
136 138 140
Europium ion
169
165
167 168 170
138Ba
159
141
138 139
(150)
158
160
148 150 ?
142
152 154
163
164
r=1.12

Inset 5: Typical simple oxysalt minerals

(__MOn minerals without OH or H2O)

"K-S-A"
indicates
kyanite,
andalusite,
& sillimanite.

58 60
61 62 64
2+

(1+ r=1.13)

as selenite(SeO3 2)

m=74.922
r=0.69

(2+ r=0.93)

Cr

Most known natural occurrences of

phosphides and silicides are in metorites
and cosmic dust.

27

Oxygen as oxide

m=28.086 m=30.974 m=32.066 m=35.453

r=2.71
r=1.81
r=1.84
r=2.12

2500

La

4+

4+

58

r=1.01

m=63.546
r=0.96
63 65

m=69.723
r=0.62

Arsenic,
as in arsenites

Silicon as silicide

200

71

3+

3+

5+

*Baddeleyite has
Ks = 95 GPa but
is not the most
stable ZrO2 phase
at ambient conditions; value shown
is for the latter.

m=58.693
r=0.72

m=65.39
r=0.74
64 66
67 68 70

33

As

34
Selenium

Se

14 15

12 13 14

Si 14 P

1500

Ba

2+

94

Plutonium

29
Cuprous copper

m=72.61
r=0.53

4+

Silicon

Fluorine
as fluoride

Most natural occurrences of carbides and

nitrides are in meteorites or mantle phases.

r=1.43 r=1.34

H=6

0
10

Cs

4+

Ce

Minerals with
NaNO
cations
of very low
2+
3
MgAlBO4 Me CO3 (Natratine)
ionic potential
(e.g.,
(Sinhalite)
KNO3
(e.g., K+, Na+ , Ba2+)
Calcite)

2 00

Ni Nickel ion28 Cu

Zinc ion

3+

Germanium ion

26

24

Bi
Po
83
84
82
Os 76
77
Pb
Re
78
79
75
Thallous
thallium
Bismuth
ion
Iridium ion
Tungsten (Wolfram)
Plumbous lead
Osmium ion
Rhenium ion
Platinum ion
Mercurous ion
Polonium
Gold ion
ion
m=208.980
m=204.383
m=207.2
m=192.217 m=195.078 m=196.967 m=200.59
r=1.20
m=183.84 m=186.207 m=190.23
r=1.40
r=1.20
r=0.66
r=0.69
r=0.96
r=0.65
r=1.37
r=1.19
r=0.64
? (3+ r=0.85) 196 198 199
210 211 212
184
186
190
192
193
204 206 207 209 210 211
205
206
203
180 182 183
214 215
200 201
187 188 189 191 193
194 195
208 210 211 212 214 215
207
208
210
184 186
185 187
197
202 204 206
216 218
196 198
212 214
190 192
3+
2+
4+
5+
4+
Elements 95 and beyond do not occur naturally:
Hg
Tl
Bi
80
82
Pb
81
83
U
92
95: Americium 101: Mendelevium
Mercuric
ion
Plumbic
lead
Thallic
thallium
Bismuth
ion
Uranium ion
96: Curium
102: Nobelium
r=1.10
r=0.84
r=0.95
r=0.74
r=0.97
97:Berkelium
103: Lawrencium

74

z/r = 2

Rutile

31
30 Ga
Gallium ion

r=0.56

r=0.62

Aluminum

Sulfur

Lime 115

4+

4+

2+

antimonate

r=0.71
Ge4+ 32

3+

r=0.42
r=0.47
52
Sb5+ 51 Te6+
tellurate

other than noble gases

H=

210

Ti216

5+

Fe

r=0.69

Zn

50

Stannic tin

Al Si

Ca

4+

4+

5+

50

2+

r=0.73

2+

Principal elements in iron

meteorites (Fe>>Ni>>Co) and,
with S or O, presumably dominant elements in Earth's core

H=

Perovskite

38
Quartz

r=0.63

27
Co
50 52 53 54 Mn 25
26
Cobaltous
cobalt
Manganous Mn
m=50.942
Ferrous iron
2+
m=54.938 m=55.845 m=58.933
24
r=0.74 Cr
Chromous
r=0.74
r=0.76
r=0.80
chromium
50 51
55
r=0.90
59
54 56 57 58
41 Mo2+ 42 Tc
43 Ru3,4+44 Rh2+ 45
Technetium
4+
Ruthenium ion
4+
Rhodium ion
Mo
42
Nb Molybdenum ion Verynatural
limited m=101.07 m=102.906
3+ r=0.69
r=0.86
m=95.94 occurrence
4+ r=0.67
41 r=0.68
on Earth
96 98 99
3+ 92 94 95 96
99
100 101
Nb 97 98 100
(100)
103
102 104

Very limited Very limited

natural
natural
occurrence occurrence
on Earth
on Earth

237

selenate (SeO42)

198 254
Corundum

Si

Neptunium

r=0.64
2+

2+

93 Pu

Np

m=51.996 4+ r=0.53
r=0.69 3+ r= 0.64

Cerium ion

C 4+
4+

Sn4+

(uncharged)

Al

2+

z
/r
=

r=0.37

chromium

z =
/r 8

z
/r =

Chrysoberyl
240
2+Spinel 3+

Periclase
160

Nonmineral:
71

B 3+

251

Mg

r=0.90

z
/r =

/r = 8

2 )

34

Se

Helium

H=

Na

Titanium ion

33
As
arsenate (AsO )

16
S

m=12.011 m=14.007 m=15.999

r=1.71
r=2.60
r=1.40
(as NH )

H=

Be 2+

Bromellite

Ti 22

23
VVanadous
vanadium

as tantalate
presumably
m=178.49
as rheniate
m=180.948 m=183.84
r=0.81
r=0.73
r=0.68 m=186.207
r=0.56
174 176 177
180 182 183
178 179 180 180 181
184 186
185 187

z/r = 2

rg e u s
c h a ad i
nic nic r
= io io
z/ = 1
r

Inset 1: Bulk modulus (Ks in GPa)

of oxide minerals of hard cations

2+

3+

75
Rhenium ion

Tungsten (Wolfram)
as tungstate

*For the sake of simplicity,

the 235U-207Pb and
232Th-208Pb series are omitted.

Li

r=0.75

r=0.61

Re7+

74

Sulfur
S
as sulfite (SO

14

13

7
Reduced nitrogen

Reduced carbon

Oxygen as
peroxide,
as in
atmospheric
OH0, HO2 ,
and H2 O2

Also see
Inset 9.

Elemental Forms

86

as molybdate

92 94 96 ?

m=132.905 m=137.327
r=1.35
r=1.69
See below
130 132
134 135 136
170Yb
133
137 138
2+
Ac 3+ 89
Fr +
87
Ra
88
Actinium ion
Francium ion
Radium ion
m=227.03?
(223)
(226)
r=1.18
r=1.40
r=1.76

124 126 128

129 130 131
132 134 136

Columbium) ion

Cations that
coordinate with O2 ( OH) in solution
4+ 16
6+
5+

Coordination with S or O likely

3+
24 Mn3,4+ 25 Fe3+ 26 Co3+ 27 Ni 3+ 28 Cu2+ 29
CrChromic
Nickel ion
Cobaltic cobalt
23
Manganese ion
Ferric iron
Cupric copper

VVanadium ion

Metals

z/ r=

55 Ba
56
Barium ion
Cesium ion

m=131.29
r=2.1

Mineral of
one cation:
38
Quartz

22
Ti
Titanium ion

m=47.867
r=0.68 m=50.942 m=51.996
r=0.59
r=0.52
r=
46 47 48
0.46
52
53
54
50
50
51
49 50

45

40 42 43

Vanadium ion
e.g., as vanadate

Titanic titanium

m=40.078 m=44.956
r=0.81
r=0.99

85 87

54
Xenon

Rn

Scandium ion

Calcium ion

3+

4+
5+
2+
Rb+ 37 Sr 38 Y3+ 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 6+ 42
Molybdenum
Zirconium ion
Rubidium ion
Strontium ion
Yttrium ion
Niobium (or

36
Krypton

Xe

Ti

z/ = 16
r

(Some electrons remain in outer shell)

4+

r=0.77

r=0.25

m=1.0079
r=2.08
Anions that commonly coordinate with H+
123
(e.g., as CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O, etc.)

3 Also see
4
2
N Inset 9.
F

7 8

Hydrogen
as hydride

Intermediate

+
K 19 Ca

Argon

Kr

sulfate (SO4
or
phosphate (PO4
m=24.305
2
and HPO4 )
m=32.066
r=0.65 m=26.982 m=28.086 m=30.974
r=0.41
r=0.50
r=0.29 r=
r=0.34
0.27
24 25 26
32 33 34 36
28 29 30
31
Fe 3+ 27
Fe 2+
5+
6+
3+
4+
7+
2+ 20
Mn
24
23
Sc 21
Cr
22 V

N2

Molecular
hydrogen

Molecular
2
Diamond nitrogen Molecular
& graphite
oxygen

perferrate (FeO4 2 )

Intermediate Cations

as perchlornate
(ClO 4 )

6
C

Nonmetals

H2

with full outer electron shells

He

Anions with
which soft cations
preferentially
coordinate

18

23

2 )

Gases

with incomplete
outer electron
shells

Where
and Fe3+ would
fall if they were
hard cations

Si(OH)04

Cl

7+

Anions

Fe2+

6+

Anions

m=22.990
r=0.95

Aluminum ion as
Al3+ or Al(OH)3n
n

Magnesium ion

z = 32 = ionic charge
r
ionic radius

14
16
S
1
5
P
Sulfur as
as silicate (SiO ) Phosphorus as
4
4

Chromate
(CrO4 2) is a
hard cation
shown to left

Feas6+
26
ferrate or

(No ionization)

Anions that form minerals with Cu+

Anions that form minerals with Ag+
Anions that form minerals with Au+

Ions essential to the nutrition of at least some vertebrates

("essential minerals")

Sodium ion

z
/r =
1

20 21 22
Ar

+
2+
11
Na
Mg 12 Al 13 Si

10

m=20.180
r=1.5

m=14.007
m=10.811
m=12.011
r=0.20
r=0.11
r=0.15
10 11
14 15
12 13 14
4+
5+
3+

Permanganate
(MnO4 ) is a
hard cation
shown to left

Noble Gases

4 most abundant constituents

in atmosphere
5th to 8th most abundant

Micronutrient solutes on land

Macronutrient solutes on land

z
/r =

Neon

67

& carbonate (CO3 )

40

Ne

m=9.012
r=0.31

(B(OH)3
2 Inset 9.

bicarbonate
(HCO
or B(OH)4 )
3) as nitrate (NO3 )
2-

34

4 B Boron 5 C
6, NNitrogen 7 See also
Beryllium ion
Carbon,
as
CO
as borate

m=6.941
r=0.60

m=4.0026
r=1.2

Cations that coordinate with

O2 in solution (e.g., as
NO3, PO43, SO42, etc.)
5+

Cations that
coordinate with OH
or O2 in solution
4+
3+

Elements that are thought to make up most of the

Earth's core (Fe>Ni>Co), along with possibly S or O

z
/
r =

+
2+
LiLithium
Be
3
ion

See also Insets 1 to 5 and 7.

Helium

z = ionic charge
r
ionic radius
= ionic potential
or charge density

Radioactive
decay pathways

120

He

z
/ =4
z r=
/r 2

Commonly coordinate with O of

carboxyl groups of organic ligands

80

(No ionization)

16

Noble Gases

Anions that form minerals with K+ and Na+

Anions that form minerals with Mg2+
Anions that form minerals with Al3+, Ti4+, and Zr4+
Anions that form minerals with Si4+

Lu

z
/
r =

Cations that
m=1.0079 coordinate
r=10-5 with OH (or
H2O) in
123
solution

234

Li

Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Fe

Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Cu
Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Os
Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Pt
Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Au

Hydrogen ion

Most abundant (bold)

Radioactive (italicized)

Zr

10 most abundant elements in Earth's crust

11th to 20th most abundant elements in Earth's crust
21st to 40th most abundant elements in Earth's crust
41st to 92nd most abundant elements in Earth's crust

z
r/ =

(or elemental radius

for elemental forms)

m=72.59
r=1.05

z
/r =
1

Coordinate F>O>N=Cl>Br>I>S

z
r/ =

+
H

Atomic Mass
Naturally
occurring
EC, +
isotopes

(All electrons removed from outer shell)

(Thus a noble-gas-like configuration
of the outer shell)

Ionic Radius (r) ()

Fe

Elements that occur as native minerals, recognized in antiquity

( recognized from Middle Ages to 1862;
recognized after 1963.)

Cations that form simple fluoride minerals

Cations that form simple oxide minerals
Cations that form simple sulfide minerals
Cations that form simple bromide or
iodide minerals
Cations that form oxysalt minerals
(e.g., S6+ in sulfates, As5+ in arsenates)

Ions commonly concentrated in residual soils and residual

sediments. Small symbol ( ) indicates less certainty.
Ions concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules
relative to seawater
Ions that enter later phases in igneous rocks because of
their large size (mostly "large-ion lithophiles")
8 most abundant solutes dissolved in seawater
17th to 22nd most abundant
9th to 16th most abundant
Most abundant solute in average river water (HCO3)
2nd to 8th most abundant solutes in average river water
Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the growth of bacteria
Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the oceans

Ions that tend to only

enter O2--bearing solids
late, or not at all, and
instead to enter or remain
in aqueous solution.

Cations that
coordinate with H2O
(or CO32 or SO42)
in solution

54
Ge
Actinium

Element Name

"Hard" or "Type A" Cations

(number of protons)

3+

(see scale at far right)

Ions that tend

to enter into
and/or stay in
O 2--bearing
solids

Outline solid for naturally occurring elements or ions;

dashed for ones that rarely or never occur in nature.
Atomic Number
Symbol

Ions least depleted from mantle in formation of crust

Ions enriched in CAIs (Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites)
relative to the composition of the solar system
Ions that enter early-forming phases in igneous rocks

Mineral
9.7
Log of activity of cation species
in distilled water at 25 C

W 6+

Tantite

Th 4+
Thorianite
v. 4.8c 03 2 May 2007