Chapter 7 Temperature Measurement

CHAPTER 7: TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the concept of temperature, scales and units by air.
2. Understand and use the instruments follow the ground rules.
3. Know and use the tools on the principles of electricity.
4. Understand and use the tools under the optical principle.
Hot
Bath
Cool
Bath
Chapter 5: Measure the temperature

Associate Professor Thai Thi Thu Ha
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CHAPTER 7: TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
1.Introduction
2.Definition of temperature
3.Temperature scales
4. Classification temperature measurements
5. Temperature measurement by mechanical effects
6. Temperature measurement by Electrical Effects
7. Temperature measurement by changes in Emitted thermal radiation
8. Conclusion
Temperature Measurement
and Control
Applications for physicists
Necessary for some other process of interest
Purification by vacuum sublimation
Device fabrication
Crystal growth
Cold traps for numerous applications
Process needs to be done under predetermined thermal conditions
Inherent to an experiment
Measurement of temperature dependence of some property
Determination of temperature at which some physical phenomenon occurs
Temperature dependence of experiment needs to be controlled with high
precision

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1.INTRODUCTION
1.INTRODUCTION
Devices and Techniques for

Temperature Measurement
Temperature sensors appear in building, chemical

process plants, engines, appliances, computers, and
many other devices that require temperature
monitoring
Many physical phenomena depend on temperature, so
we can often measure temperature indirectly by
measuring pressure, volume, electrical resistance, and
strain

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Requires material parameter proportional to temperature

Uncertainty principle applies! How much does the act of
measuring the temperature and getting the result out change the
system temperature?
Under what circumstances is the act of taking the measurement
insignificant?

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1.INTRODUCTION
1.INTRODUCTION
You should consider where to probe, with what, how, and for how long.
To measure temperature accurately is far more complicated than it seems
Parameters affecting temperature measurement
Pocket, handheld, hard-wired
Location of the coldest and hottest pieces
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Sausages, patties, cured meats

Shape of pieces, casings, molds
Application
Batch or continuous

Type of product
Bimetal, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor, infrared
Design of equipment
Design of sensors
Parameters affecting temperature measurement
Endpoint check (CCP)

Process validation (F-value)
Oven validation
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1.INTRODUCTION
1.INTRODUCTION
A BIT OF HISTORY
A BIT OF HISTORY
Temperature measurements and thermometers

1600 - thermometers (water expansion, mercury)
1650 - first attempts at temperature scales (Boyle)
1700 - standard temperature scales (Magelotti, Renaldini, Newton)
did not catch

1708 - Farenheit scale (180 div.)
1742 - Celsius scale
1848 - Kelvin scale (based on Carnots thermodynamic work)
1927 - IPTS - International Practical Temperature Scale

Temperature sensors are the oldest sensors
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1821 - Seebeck effect (Thomas Johann Seebeck)

1826 - first sensor - a thermocouple - based on the Seebeck
effect (Antoine Cesar Becquerel)
1834 - Peltier effect (Charles Athanase Peltier).
First peltier cell built in 1960s
Used for cooling and heating
1821 - discovery of temperature dependence of conductivity (Sir
Humphrey Davey)
1871 - William Siemens builds the first resistive sensor made
of platinum
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1.INTRODUCTION
A SIMPLE THERMAL SYSTEM

Sensor
2. DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE
Work Load
Temperature
Controlling
Device
Heat Source
Sensor Input
Output
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Temperature is a useful measure of the thermodynamic state of

an object or system. It is a macroscopic description of the
aggregate amount of microscopic kinetic energy in a material.
If two bodies are at the same temperature, they are in
thermodynamic equilibrium with each other; if they were
connected to each other, there is no net flow of heat from one
to the other.
Interestingly, temperature is not a measure of the unit
thermodynamic energy of a body; unit masses of differing
materials can require differing amounts of energy to be added
or removed to change their temperature by a given amount.
Identical temperature of two bodies merely implies there
would be no transfer of heat between the two, regardless of the
actual energy stored as heat in each body.

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Temperature is critical to many aspects of human activity from the

thermodynamic improvement of heat engines to process control andhealth
applications.
Current estimates of the value of the temperature measurement market run at
approximately 80% of the sensor market.
Temperature is a useful measure of the thermodynamic state of an object or
system. It is a macroscopic description of the aggregate amount of
microscopic kinetic energy in a material. If two bodies are at the same
temperature, they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other; if they
were connected to each other, there is no net flow of heat from one to the
other.
Interestingly, temperature is not a measure of the unit thermodynamic energy
of a body; unit masses of differing materials can require differing amounts of
energy to be added or removed to change their temperature by a given
amount. Identical temperature of two bodies merely implies there would be
no transfer of heat between the two, regardless of the actual energy stored as
heat in each body.

14
To most people, temperature is intuitive concept that tells us whether

a body is hot or cold.
Since pressure, volume, electrical resistance, expansion coefficient
etc., are all related to temperature through the fundamental molecular
they change with temperature, and these changes can be used to measure
the temperature.
The International Temperature Scale serve to define temperature
in
terms of observable characteristic of materials.
A measure, proportional to the thermal energy of a given body at
equilibrium, or
The property of a body or region of space that determines whether or not
there will be a net flow of heat into it or out of it from a neighbouring body
or region and in which direction (if any) the heat will flow. If there is no
heat flow the bodies or regions are said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium
and at the same temperature. If there is a flow of heat, the direction of the
flow is from the body or region of higher temperature.
Here is the Fancy Explanation:

(Taken from Phys. 113 Course at U. of Illinois)
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3. TEMPERATURE SCALES

18
Two temperature scales which are the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales
These scales are based on a specification of the number increment between
the freezing point and a boiling point of water at standard
atmospheric
pressure.
The Celsius scale has 100 units between these points, while
Fahrenheit
scale has 180 units.
The absolute Celsius scale is called the Kelvin scale, while the
absolute
Fahrenheit scale is termed the Rankine scale.
Both absolute scales are defined that they will correspond as
closely as
possible with the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale.
The zero point of both absolute scales represent the same physical state, and
the ratio of two values is the same, regardless of the absolute scale used; i.e.:
(T2/T1)Rankine= (T2/T1)Kelvin
The boiling point of water at atm is arbitrarily taken as 100o
on Celsius
scale and 212o on the Fahrenheit scale.
The relationship between the scales is as follows:
oF = 32 + 9/5oC
oF = 9/5oK
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The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is the

current standard for temperature measurement, defining the
Kelvin temperature scale. The standard is based on phase
transition points of various pure substances, with the Kelvin
degree defined as 1/273.16 the absolute temperature of the triple
point of water. Examples of a few other key points defined in this
scale are listed in Table 1.
The reason for defining the temperature scale on the basis of
freezing and triple points is that these events can be readily
reproduced to a high degree of repeatability.
This means that there need not be a standard kilogram of
temperature locked in a vault somewhere.
To measure temperatures between reference points, you have to
resort to less fundamental devices, calibrating them to the known
points and interpolating between those calibration points.
20
20
The reason for defining the temperature scale on the

basis of freezing and triple points is that these events
can be readily reproduced to a high degree of
repeatability.
This means that there need not be a standard
kilogram of temperature locked in a vault
somewhere.
To measure temperatures between reference points,
you have to resort to less fundamental devices,
calibrating them to the known points and
interpolating between those calibration points.

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4. CLASSIFICATION TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
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4. CLASSIFICATION TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

1. Temperature measurements include:
change in volume of liquid
change in length of a metal bar
change in electrical resistance (of a wire)
change in the pressure of a gas at constant volume
change in the colour of a flame or heated object
2. Temperature measurement by mechanical effects
Devices operating on the basis of a change in mechanical
dimension with a change in temperature.
Several temperature-measurement devices may be classified as mechanically operative including:
a) The liquid-in-glass thermometer
b) The bimetallic thermometer
c) Fluid-expansion thermometers
3. Temperature measurement by Electrical Effects
Very convenient method because they furnish a signal that is
easily detected, amplified, or used for
control purposes.Usually quite accurate when properly calibrated and compensated. Three commonly
used
a) Electrical-Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD).
b) Thermistor
c) Thermocouple
4. Temperature measurement by changes in Emitted thermal radiation
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5.TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
BY MECHANICAL EFFECTS
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5.TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY MECHANICAL EFFECTS

FLUID-EXPANSION THERMOMETER
One of the most common types of temperature-measurement devices.

The construction of the device is shown in figure.
- A relatively large bulb at the lower portion of the thermometer holds
the major portion of the liquid, which expands when heated and rises
in capillary tube upon which are etched appropriate scale marking.
- At the top of the capillary tube another bulb is placed to provide a
safety feature in case the temperature range of the thermometer is
inadvertently exceeded.
- Alcohol and mercury are the most commonly used liquids. Alcohol
has advantage that it has a higher coefficient of expansion than
mercury, but it is limited a low-temperature measurement because
it
tends boil away at high temperature. Mercury cannot be used
below its
freezing point of 38.78oF(-37.8oC).
- The size of the capillary depends on the size of the sensing bulb,
the liquid, and the desired temperature range for the thermometer.
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V V0 (1 T )
During calibration this type of
thermometer is subjected to three
types of measuring environments.
26

Method is based on the expansion of a liquid with temperature

The liquid in the bulb is forced up the capillary stem
Thermal expansion:

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CAUSES OF INACCURATIES
The traditional thermometres

Measurement scale from -190 C to +600 C
Used mainly in calibration
Mercury: -39 C +357 C
Spirit: -14 C +78 C
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28
28
Temperature differences in the liquid

Glass temperature also affects
The amount of mmersion (vs. calibration)
For
accurate
measurements,
the
thermometer should be immersed in the
same manner as during calibration.
Otherwise stem correction needs to be
applied.

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BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS
Method used for bimetallic sensors: two strips of metals

with different thermal expansion coefficient, A and B,
bonded together.
l 0,5L D

29
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All
metals expand with

temperature
Volume stays constant length changes
Each metal has a
coefficient
of
linear
expansion a.
a is usually given at T1,
temperatures in C.
l2 = l1 1 + T2 T1
rE E2
E2
h
rh 2
, Elastic modulus ratio
h1
2
1
2
rh ) (1 rhrE ) rE
r
hrE

2
6( )( 1 rh ) T
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32

Thickness ratio
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Material
When it subjected to a
temperature lower than the
bonding temperature, it will in
other direction.
The thermalexpansion coefficient for some
commonly
used materials are
given in table . Bimetallic strips
frequently used in simple on-off
temperature
control devices
(thermostats).
Modulus of
Elasticity
psi
GN/
m2
Invar
1.7 x 10-6
21.4 x 106
147
Yellow brass
2.02 x 10-
14.0 x 106
96.5
26.0 x 106
179
31.5 x 106
217
28.0 x 106
193
Movement of the strip has sufficient force to trip control switches

for various devices.
Advantage:
- low cost
- negligible maintenance expense
- stable operation over extended periods of time.
- No battery
- Durable
Dis advantage
Monel 400
1.35 x 10-
Inconel 702
1.25 x 105
Stainlesssteel type
316
33
Thermal
coefficient
of
expansion
per oC
1.6 x 10-5

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34
Slow response
(20 s vs 5 s)
Sensing zone is too long
(1.75" vs 0.10")
Inaccurary 1 C
Industry, sauna thermometres
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The angular displacement of a bimetallic coil is given by
A spiral or helical configuration of a bimetallic strip is useful for

indicating temperature on a dial. The spiral serves to allow a long length of
the bimetallic strip within a confined geometry and hence high sensitivity.
This form is commonly used in dial thermometers. These tend to be
rugged devices and are used in applications where other sensors might fail.
They have the advantage of no need for a power supply and do not suffer
from the fragility of liquid in glass thermometers, for example. In a dialtype thermometer one end of the bimetallic strip is fixed to the closed end
of a stainless steel tube. The bimetallic strip is wound in a helix so that the
deflection of the strip with
temperature causes rotation of the free end. This is attached to the shaft of
a pointer and a scale is provided on a facia fixed to the steel tube to
indicate the temperature (Figure ). Diameters for commercial gauges vary
from 25mm to 125 mm with stem lengths up to 610 mm.
(+1.8oF vs +1.0oF)
35
Less accurate
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(6)
In terms of the specific deflection, a = angular deflection per degree

temperature rise (a = k/2), and equation (6) can be written as
(7)
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Dial-type bimetallic thermometer with an adjustable stem and dial

to allow flexibility in installation and viewing. Photograph courtesy of WIKA
Alexander Wiegand GmbH & Co.
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Continuous measurement of temperature/deflection of cantilever

beam having bimetallic strip using reflection of Laser.
Laser
beam
detected by PSD or
CCD detector
DeltaTrak
Taylor
(+1.8oF)
(+2.2oF)
DeltaTrak
deflection,
(+1.8oF)
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lo2
,
(h1 h2 )
l / lo

Io2
h1 h2
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Represent the most economical, versatile and widely used devices

for industrial
temperature-measurement applications.
Also called pressure thermometer.
The principle of operation is indicated in figure 4.23.
Consist of sensitive bulb containing a liquid, gas, or vapor is
immersed in the environment.
The bulb is connected to some type of pressure-measuring device, such as bourdon
tube, bellows or diaphragm via capillary tube.
An increase in temperature causes the liquid or gas to expand, thereby increasing the
pressure on the gauge.
The pressure is taken as an indication of the temperature.
The entire system consisting of the bulb, capillary and gauge may
be calibrated
directly.
Capillary tube may be used for remote measurement.
Temperature variation along the capillary and at the pressure-sensing device generally
require compensation, except in the vapor-pressure type (shown in figure 4.24) where
pressure depend only the temperature liquid liquids free surface located at the bulb.
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Fluid-expansion Thermometer
42
Vapor-pressure Thermometer

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Chapter 7 Temperature Measurement

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CHAPTER 7: TEMPERATURE

Chapter 5: Measure the temperature

Chapter 5: Measure the temperature