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DOI:10.5937/MMEB1501097S
INTRODUCTION
nomic system in a certain year. To include
values and quantity of all those results of
economic science production, macroeconomics as its part has developed the whole
system of so called macroeconomic aggregates the system of a certain global and
synthetic indicator which expresses the basic
contents, dynamics and structure as well as
the results of economic activity in some state
or social community.
Aggregate results of social production
are indicators of volume, production and
value structure of social production. They
can be recognized from the standpoint of
sector structure according to which it is
known what is the contribution of achieved
No. 1, 2015
97
results in operating of the primary, secondary, third and other economy sectors, what is
a contribution of agriculture, industry, mining and others. If the certain economic aggregates are presented per capita or if they
are calculated according to the structure of
intended distribution of domestic product or
national income, they can precisely express
the level of economic development, as well
as the level of living standard, and socioeconomic prosperity of people.
Some of presently used macroeconomic
aggregates were already mentioned in the
XVII century. Their more significant use in
macroeconomic analysis started only in a
period after the Great economic crisis. These
aggregates, together with unemployment,
inflation and balance of payment are in the
center of attention of macroeconomic analysis. Macroeconomic aggregates represent the
important analytic categories, because they
provide an overview of structural elements
of social reproduction, showing the direction
of economic trends.
Considering the above mentioned, this
paper has been systematized in three chapters. The first chapter of paper places the
emphasis on the most comprehensive indicator, gross domestic product, factors which
determine it considering its structure. The
next chapter is focused on the national product and national income as two more accurate indicators of economy development as
well as the certain social community. In the
end, it is stressed where the macroeconomic
aggregates can be met and due to that it is
realized that they have a great significance
for socio-economic planning, economic
policy of a modern state and international
comparison of national economies.
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entiated which invest a man in the production process, and the past labor which is
contained in the production means. Live
or current labor creates so called a newly
created value which is added in the production process and as such increases the
national wealth, and a transferred value is
formed is formed within consumption.
Due to the heterogeneous parts of natural
structure of gross domestic product, it is
difficult to quantify it and collectively express. This is all because there is no appropriate measurement unit for settling the different goods on unique common quantitative
indicator. Problem is solved examining a
common content of all different use values
which make the spent labor, which results in
an idea of value structure presented by the
following model [11]:
Model 3 Value Structure of Gross
Domestic Product
DBP =PB+NB
(3)
Considering this,I t can be concluded
that total value of gross domestic product
(GDP) is equal to the addition of transmitted
value (PV) and new created value (NV). It is
necessary to stress that transmitted value
consists of two elements: material costs of
production and amortization [5]. A newly
created value is a part of the value of gross
domestic product, which size is determined
by the quantity of spent newly added labor.
Prosperity and factors which are not
foreseen in BDP calculation
Gross domestic product is not an incontestable indicator of economic and social
prosperity of the people of a certain community. Prosperity of a society understood
as a level of living trend (personal consumption and social standard), like the average consumption level (like products for
food, clothes, shoes, living conditions and
similar), measured by responsible amount
of goods which include certain needs of
collective consumption (education, health
care, culture and similar) in an important
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102
Table 1 BDP and growth rate for the period 2005-2014 as well as projection of
growth rate of domestic financial institution for 2015 and 2016 [8].
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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104
that way, the gross domestic product expresses not just the real changes in production volume but, at the same time, all
changes in organizational structure of economy and in social labor division. Its size can
be influenced significantly by different organizational reorganization of production,
higher or smaller degree of integration between the production units, regardless if
there were the real changes at the level of
material production.
These two reasons show that the gross
domestic product is not the most appropriate size for expressing the real production
volume and the pace of its changes in time,
regardless from what particularly great difficulty inflicts its expression in constant
prices, its conversion from current to constant prices. The above mentioned difficulties are such that practically disable the use
of gross domestic product in the economic
microanalysis which explores a longer time
period. This, of course, does not reduce the
mentioned analytical characteristics, which
among others have a role to present very
complex conditions in which production is
done.
There are no multiple calculations in the
gross domestic product and income and due
to that it is possible to calculate the real
production volume and achieved level and
the pace of economic development, more
effectively. The ability of production expansion and the level of satisfying and developing different social needs depend on their
size.
According to all of that, it should be
borne in mind the difference between these
two sizes. Category of national income has
only the net investments, and they are not
enough, especially in one dynamic economy to express all real possibilities of expanded reproduction, considering that in
such economy the depreciation also serve
with its big part, in capital expansion and
acceleration of economical growth. While
exploring influence of investment on economical growth, it is necessary to consider
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105
REFERENCES
be concluded that the size of gross domestic
product would not differ from national
product but only in the case that economy is
organized as one enterprise and, in that
case, the size of values of all final products
and services would determine the both indicators. Hence, it is not the case in market
economy, these two economy aggregates
differentiate very much.
For better overview the macroeconomic
activity, the national income is very often
used. It is very complex to determine this
size. Depending on its size - dynamic of
growth, i.e. whether it declines or grows, the
economical progress of society and living
standard of population can be followed. Its
special significance reflects in the international comparison of national product height
per capita among certain countries. At present, in every and especially in developed
countries, there is a systematic system to
follow national income trends and its integral parts and there are necessary actions to
provide necessary level of national income
growth from year to year. Thus, the national
income represents the most important indicator of direction the economical development and providing conditions for increasing
the satisfaction of individual and collective
needs of society that is constantly increasing.
Although, it is here pointed out their
large application, it should not be forgotten
that these are the most global aggregates
which, however, cannot be the basis for a
more detailed economic analysis. Since
there is a need for such analyzes, such demands cannot be met thanks to the system of
social accounting or macroeconomic balances.
No. 1, 2015
[1] www.link-university.com
[2] Jednak J., Basics of Economics, High
School of Professional Studies - Belgrade, 2008, pp. 280-281 (in Serbian);
[3] Devetakovi S., Jovanovi-Gavrilovi
B., Rikalovi G. (2006), National Economy, Centre for Publishing of Faculty
of Economics, Belgrade, p. 117 (in
Serbian);
[4] www.apeiron-uni.eu
[5] www.docstoc.com
[6] D. Dragii, B. Ili, B. Medojevi,
M. Pavlovi, Basics of Economics,
Centre for Publishing of Faculty of
Economics, Belgrade, 2004, p. 89-100
(in Serbian);
[7] www.knowledge-banks.org
[8] http://www.imf.org/external/error.htm?
URL=http://www.imf.org/external/pub
s/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.a
[9] www.mfin.gov.rs
[10] www.vps.ns.ac.rs
[11] Stojadinovi D., Macroeconomic Analysis, Publisher, Faculty of Economics
Pristina, Blace, 2003, p. 99-100 (in
Serbian);
[12] Komazec S., Risti ., Macroeconomy
- Macroeonomic Theory and Macroeconomic Analysis, Publisher, Etno
Stil, Belgrade, 2011, p. 52;
[13] www.ef.uns.ac.rs/Download/poslovnastatistika/2014-04-21-Poslovna
statistika-II-a.pdf
[14] www.singipedia.singidunum.ac.rs
106
UDK: 330.101.541(045)=163.41
DOI:10.5937/MMEB1501097S
UVOD
Da bi se izmerio rezultat poslovanja
odreenog preduzea porede se njegovi
prihodi i rashodi odnosno njihova razlika dobit ili gubitak. Ako je preduzee ostvarilo
dobit onda moemo tvrditi da je rezultat
njegovog poslovanja manje ili vie dobar,
zavisno od visine dobiti i zavisno od ostalih
pokazatelja uspenosti poslovanja. Analizom
rezultata pojedinanog preduzea bavi se
mikroekonomija.
U jednoj privredi se u toku godine
proizvede mnotvo najrazliitijih proizvoda,
trguje se razliitim vrstama robe i pruaju se
najraznovrsnije usluge, pa moemo postaviti
pitanje kako odrediti uspenost rezultata koji
u odreenoj godini ostvaruje itav ekonomski sistem. Da bi se vrednosno i koliinski obuhvatili svi ti rezultati proizvodnje
ekonomska nauka, odnosno makroekonomija kao njen deo, razvila je itav sistem
takozvanih makroekonomskih agregatasistem odreenih globalnih i sintetikih
pokazatelja kojima se izraavaju osnovni
sadraji, dinamika i struktura, kao i rezultati
ekonomske aktivnosti u nekoj dravi
odnosno drutvenoj zajednici.
Agregati rezultata drutvene proizvodnje
su pokazatelji obima, proizvodne i vrednosne strukture drutvene proizvodnje.
Mogu se sagledavati sa stanovita sektorske
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DRUTVENI PROIZVOD I
NACIONALNI DOHODAK
Navedeni nedostatak drutvenog bruto
proizvoda uslovio je potrebu da se utvrdi
pokazatelj kojim e se iskazati veliina
vrednosti finalnih dobara i usluga nacionalne zajednice ostvarenih u odreenom
vremenu (godinu dana). Taj pokazatelj
naziva se drutveni proizvod. Drutvenim
proizvodom se obuhvataju sva finalna dobra
i usluge koji se ne koriste kao predmeti rada
u naredenoj fazi procesa rada i poslovanja.
Kao vrednosni pokazatelj rezultata proizvodnje sadri se iz amortizacije (Am) kao
vrednosnog izraza utroenih sredstava rada i
novostvorene vrednosti ili nacionalnog
dohotka (ND) koja se proizvodi u odreenom periodu, to emo prikazati na sledei
nain [6]:
Obrazac 4. Drutveni proizvod
DP = Am + ND
(4)
(5)
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vrednosni izraz ovaj pokazatelj se predstavlja kao razlika izmeu ukupne veliine
vrednosti drutvene proizvodnje (DBP) i
prenete vrednosti (PV) to izgleda [6]:
Obrazac 6. Nacionalni dohodak
ND = DBP PV
(6)
Moe se dobiti i kao razlika izmeu
drutvenog proizvoda (DP) i amortizacije
(Am), odnosno ukoliko se od drutvenog
proizvoda oduzme iznos prenete vrednosti
na ime utroenih sredstava za rad, odnosno
[12]:
Obrazac 7. Nacionalni dohodak
DP Am = ND
(7)
Kao novostvorena vrednost stvorena
tekuim radom u privredi tokom posmatranog perioda, nacionalni dohodak je
maksimalna vrednost koju konkretna zemlja
moe troiti bez straha da moe ugroziti
vlastiti opstanak. Bitno je naglasiti da od
veliine nacionalnog dohodka zavisi nivo
ivotnog standarda stanovnitva kao i nivo i
mogunost privrednog razvoja odreene
drutvene zajednice. Apsolutna veliina i
113
ANALITIKA UPOTREBA
AGREGATNIH IZRAZA
PROIZVODNJE
stopa rasta ovog makroekonomskog agregata koristi se kao pokazatelj stepena
razvijenosti privrede. On posebno pregledno
izraava stepen razvijenosti i mogunost
daljeg razvoja ukoliko se izraava kao
vrednosna veliina stavljena u odnosu sa
brojem stanovnika odreene nacionalne
zajednice. Tako dolazimo do nacionalnog
dohodka po glavi stanovnika ili nacionalnog
dohodka per capita.
Nacionalni dohodak po glavi stanovnika
pokazuje koji deo ukupnog bruto nacionalnog proizvoda zemlje bi pripadao svakom pojedincu ukoliko bi on bio ravnomerno rasporeen. On pokazuje opti nivo
ivotnog standarda prosenog stanovnika
jedne zemlje. On je povezan sa drugim
instrumentima koji pokazuju drutveno,
ekonomsko i svako drugo blagostanje
zemlje i njenog stanovnitva.
Moemo rei da je nacionalni dohodak
jednak ukupnim nadnicama, profitima i
rentama, odnosno to je zbir vrednosti primarnih dohodaka svih institucionalnih
sektora. Samo se nacionalni dohodak moe
upotrebiti za podmirenje potreba stanovnitva i investicije, dok se prenesena vrednost faktora proizvodnje mora ponovo vratiti
u funkciju proizvodnje. Time se nadoknauje ono to je postojalo, a utroeno je u
stvaranju novih materijalnih dobara [6].
Nacionalni dohodak se deli na pet
komponenti, a to su: zarade zaposlenima,
vlasniki dohodak, privatni zakupni dohodak od rente, profiti korporacija i neto
uee. Ovih pet kategorija moemo iskazati
i u aproksimiranim procentualnim iznosima.
Videemo da na zarade odlazi 70%, na
vlasnicki dohodak 9%, na zakupnine od
renti 2%, profit firme 12% i na neto uee
7%. Bitno je napomenuti da je ova podela
izvrena u zavisnosti od naina sticanja
dohotka [10].
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LITERATURA
Radi boljeg sagledavanja makroekonomskih aktivnosti, esto je u upotrebi
nacionalni dohodak. Sloeno je utvrivanje
ove veliine. U zavisnosti od njegove veliine odnosno dinamike rasta tj. da li on
opada ili raste moe se pratiti ekonomski
napredak drutva i ivotni standard stanovnitva. Njegov poseban znaaj se ogleda u
meunarodnom poreenju visine nacinalnog
proizvoda po glavi stanovnika izmeu
pojedinih zemalja. Danas se u svim, a posebno razvijenim zemljama sistematski prati
kretanje nacionalnog dohotka i njegovih
sastavnih delova i preduzimaju se potrebne
mere da bi se obezbedio potreban nivo rasta
nacionalnog dohotka iz godine u godinu.
Tako nacinalni dohodak predstavlja najvaniji pokazatelj usmerenosti ekonomskog
razvoja i obezbeenje uslova za sve vee
zadovoljenje pojedinanih i zajednikih
potreba drutva koje se stalno uveava.
Iako smo istakli ovde njihovu veliku
primenu, ne treba zaboraviti da je re o
najglobalnijim agregatima koji ipak ne
mogu biti osnova za neku podrobniju
ekonomsku analizu. Poto esto imamo
potrebu za takvim analizama, takve zahteve
moemo zadovoljiti zakvaljujui sistemu
drutvenog raunovodstva ili makroekonomskih bilansa.
Broj 1, 2015.
[1] www.link-university.com
[2] Jednak J. Osnovi Ekonomije Visoka
kola strukovnih studija Beograd,
2008, str. 280-281.
[3] Devetakovi S., Jovanovi-Gavrilovi
B., Rikalovi G. (2006) ''Nacionalna
ekonomija'', Centar za izdavaku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, Beograd,
str. 117.
[4] www.apeiron-uni.eu
[5] www.docstoc.com
[6] D. Dragii, B. Ili, B. Medojevi,
M. Pavlovi, Osnovi ekonomije, Centar za izdavaku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu, 2004, str.
89-100.
[7] www.knowledge-banks.org
[8] http://www.imf.org/external/error.
htm?URL=http://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/
weorept.a
[9] www.mfin.gov.rs
[10] www.vps.ns.ac.rs
[11] Stojadinovi D. ''Makroekonomska
analiza'', izdava, Ekonomski fakultet
Pritina, Blace, 2003, str. 99-100.
[12] Komazec S., Risti ., Makroekonomija-makroekonomska teorija i makrekonomska analiza izdava, EtnoStil,
Beograd, 2011, str. 52.
[13] www.ef.uns.ac.rs/Download/poslovnastatistika/2014-04-21-Poslovna
statistika-II-a.pdf
[14] www.singipedia.singidunum.ac.rs
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