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MINING AND METALLURGY INSTITUTE BOR

UDK: 622

ISSN: 2334-8836 (tampano izdanje)


ISSN: 2406-1395 (Online)

UDK: 330.101.541(045)=111

DOI:10.5937/MMEB1501097S

Marko Savi*, Nikola Pavlovi*, Milo Milanovi*

ANALYTIC USE OF MACROECONOMIC AGGREGATES


Abstract
Economic science has developed the whole system of so called macroeconomic aggregates the
system of a certain global and synthetic indicators which express the basic contents, dynamics and
structure as well as the results of economic activity in some state or social community. The aim of this
paper is to analyze the possible use of macroeconomic aggregates in the industries such as mining and
metallurgy which support economic and social development of the north region of Kosovo and
Metohija. The aggregate results of social production are indicators of volume, production and value
structure of social production. Some aggregates like the national product and national income are
used for recognition the dynamics and basic tendencies of economic development and total changes in
national economy. Their absolute dimensions give the information on strength of national community
economy, the same as possibility of its economic development. Focus of research will be directed on
macroeconomic aggregates which are the expression of the social reproduction result that are the
gross domestic product, national product and national income. These aggregates, together with unemployment, inflation and balance of payments are in the center of attention of macroeconomic analysis.
Macroeconomic aggregates represent the important analytic categories because they provide an overview of structural elements of social reproduction, showing the direction of economic trends.
Keywords: economy, macroeconomic aggregates, national product, gross national income

INTRODUCTION
nomic system in a certain year. To include
values and quantity of all those results of
economic science production, macroeconomics as its part has developed the whole
system of so called macroeconomic aggregates the system of a certain global and
synthetic indicator which expresses the basic
contents, dynamics and structure as well as
the results of economic activity in some state
or social community.
Aggregate results of social production
are indicators of volume, production and
value structure of social production. They
can be recognized from the standpoint of
sector structure according to which it is
known what is the contribution of achieved

In order to estimate the result of some


enterprise work, its incomes and expenses
are compared or their difference profit or
loss. If the enterprise has earned a profit then
it can be argued that the result of its operations is more or less good, depending on the
profit amount and depending on the other
indicators of successful business. Microeconomics deals with the result of analysis of a
single enterprise.
A large number of various products are
produced in an economy in a year, different
kinds of goods are traded and the most various services are given, so a question can be
asked how to determine a prosperity of the
results which is achieved by a whole eco

College of Economics Pec in Leposavic, 24.Novembra, e-mail: savic22@yahoo.com

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results in operating of the primary, secondary, third and other economy sectors, what is
a contribution of agriculture, industry, mining and others. If the certain economic aggregates are presented per capita or if they
are calculated according to the structure of
intended distribution of domestic product or
national income, they can precisely express
the level of economic development, as well
as the level of living standard, and socioeconomic prosperity of people.
Some of presently used macroeconomic
aggregates were already mentioned in the
XVII century. Their more significant use in
macroeconomic analysis started only in a
period after the Great economic crisis. These
aggregates, together with unemployment,
inflation and balance of payment are in the
center of attention of macroeconomic analysis. Macroeconomic aggregates represent the
important analytic categories, because they
provide an overview of structural elements
of social reproduction, showing the direction
of economic trends.
Considering the above mentioned, this
paper has been systematized in three chapters. The first chapter of paper places the
emphasis on the most comprehensive indicator, gross domestic product, factors which
determine it considering its structure. The
next chapter is focused on the national product and national income as two more accurate indicators of economy development as
well as the certain social community. In the
end, it is stressed where the macroeconomic
aggregates can be met and due to that it is
realized that they have a great significance
for socio-economic planning, economic
policy of a modern state and international
comparison of national economies.

nomic system. Nevertheless, the most used


macroeconomic aggregate, either in economic analysis of concrete economy or in its
comparison with the other economies is a
gross domestic product and it is the most
comprehensive indicator of the social production result of a certain national community.
Gross domestic product is the expression
of total amount of produced goods and services which are produced in a certain national community during a year. To understand completely the essence of gross domestic product, it is necessary to have in
mind: gross domestic product presents market value of all products and services produced in one state in a period of a year,
which means that the market prices of goods
and services are used for its calculation; the
value of so called interphase products gets in
calculating of this aggregate because its value has been calculated in the value of final
production products (e.g. jewellery production is associated with the primary production of gold and silver, and its processing,
wholesale and retail); gross domestic product includes only the products which are
produced during an accounting year; calculation the gross domestic product includes
only goods and services which are legally
sold during a year meaning that this macroeconomic aggregate does not calculate the
transactions on the black market; gross domestic product of domestic state including
the goods and services, produced on its territory by the foreign companies or foreign
citizens [1].
It is, also, necessary to stress the fact that
the gross domestic product is macroeconomic aggregate which at the same time expresses two sizes total income of economic
subjects and total costs of all goods and services in a certain economy. It means that
total income is always equal to total cost.
The essence of this equality is in that if, lets
say, one citizen of Serbia pays for the repair
of electrical installation, that transaction is
an expense for him. For the electrician who
has done the repair work that transaction is
an income. On that way, total income and

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT


For the needs of its analysis, the macroeconomics has developed a great number of
macroeconomic aggregates, and each of
them, depending on the way of calculating
and its structure, represents an indicator of
the result or structure of the result of eco-

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total expense are really equal within one


economy.
If one wants to understand what determines demand for goods and services, it is
necessary to split the gross domestic product
on integral parts, considering that there are
different buyers of those goods. In the context of such analysis, the gross domestic
product consists of: consumption (C), investment (I), government purchasing state
consumption (G), export net (NX) and investment in reserve (IZ) [2].
In the following lines, the above mentioned integral parts will be briefly explained: consumption consists of goods and
services bought by individual buyer, or
household, except a housing space; investment consists of bought goods for future
production while the economists under investing foresee production of permanent
capital goods (it means that if one deposits
5000euros from aid fund into a bank or buy
government bonds, according to the economists no investment has happened, only one
shape of financial property has been replaced with the other); state consumption
includes purchasing of goods like: roads,
airports, army, police, health institution,
pension funds, etc. Within state expenses
transfer payments should be excluded (e.g.
payments for unemployment insurance,
payments for war veterans, payments for
elderly and disabled, health and social insurance, etc.); net export or foreign trade balance represents difference between the export and import of goods and services; the
reserves are included because there are interests in total production and total sales
transaction of any national economy, and if
it is not a case, there is a difference between
the produced and sold goods in a year and as
a matter of fact it is investment in reserve.
Factors which determine a volume of
gross domestic product are: natural resources (the main condition of every production are natural resources. Natural resources include the state and everything that
comes along. Production process is in the
essence changing and adapting the nature to

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human needs. To use natural resources


properly, the production means must be developed. This is particularly evident in the
mining and metallurgical industry where
technology and degree of capacity utilization
play a key role. Natural resources are just
potential factor which has influence on a
volume of gross domestic product); development of production means (people may
live poor in naturally rich surroundings if
they have no proper means, knowledge and
capability to use them by the proper way and
transform them in natural resources. Natural
resources is defined as the all accumulated
material goods which are owned by one
society and present the work products of the
past and present generations); population
(population is permanent resource of labor
without which the production process cannot
be imagined. Number and structure of population in one state influence the volume and
structure of consumption. The volume of
gross domestic product will be bigger if that
community has larger number of productively active population); labor productivity
(labor productivity expresses productive
powers of labor to produce larger or smaller
amount of material goods for certain period
of time. If the productive powers of labor is
larger, manufacturer who owns it will be
able to produce larger amount of products
for the same time or one product for shorter
time comparing with another manufacturer.
Increased labor productivity is achieved if
the certain material goods are produced in
less time or if within the same time a larger
quantity of material goods is produced. Labor productivity can be calculated as follows
[13]:
Model 1 Labor Productivity
Pr =

Q
T

(1)

Q production volume, time,


Pr labor productivity.
The most important factors of productivity can be defined as: technical production

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process, organizational, personal factor of


labor, socio institutional; intensity of labor
(represents a degree of wear of human labor
per time unit) [14]; social relations (social
relations have important influence on the
way and degree of use of all available human and material factors of production. If
social relations are better, the manufacturer
will have higher economic interest to enlarge
the production volume [3].
The structure of gross domestic product
can be considered from: natural and valuable
(financial) aspect. When the gross domestic
product is considered from the natural aspect
then it presents a large number of qualitative
different products and services. The gross
domestic product considered from the natural aspect can be divided on products which
are foreseen for production consumption, i.e.
remanufacturing, and products that are intended for the final consumption. But, calculating the gross domestic product considered
naturally would represent very complicated
arithmetical operation, either due to a fact
that different products are expressed in different measurement units (kilograms, centimeters, liters), or due to the fact that gathering of their data would be too big work .
Due to this, the goods considered in calculation of gross domestic product are calculated by their market prices which express
what all goods and services have in common, and that is that they have a certain value. Expressing the gross domestic product
by value, i.e. price indicators, is incomparable easier, considering that its total value is
obtained multiplying the achieved production volume and provided services of all
kinds multiplied with certain prices and then
respective multiplicands are added. However, calculation of goods and services by their
market prices brings another problem
problem of unstable prices. Market prices
change under different factors: variable relation of supply and demand, variable value of
goods and services but variable money value

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(inflation, deflation, devaluation, revaluation).


Material (natural) structure of
gross domestic product
Products of human labor satisfy different social needs. Some serve to the production consumption, i.e. they are used in production the new material goods, and the
others are for personal consumption. Due to
this, from this aspect, it can be said that
natural structure of gross domestic product
consists of all produced means for production (means for work and work objects) and
consumption means.[4] Production means
serve for satisfying the needs of production
consumption while consumption means
(disposable goods) are used for satisfying
the needs of non-production or real consumption. Natural structure of gross natural
product is presented with the model [11]:
Model 2 Natural Structure of Gross
Domestic Product
DBP =SPR+SP
(2)
DBP denotes the gross domestic product,
SPR stands for means for production and SP
denotes means for consumption. This division itself is conditional, because there is no
sharp distinction between these two kinds of
material goods, considering that many products can be used either in productive or nonproductive consumption.
Value structure of gross domestic
product
Considering that domestic product is
the result of one social community work
during a certain period of time, the results
in that the labor appears as the creator and
common denominator of social product.
Considering a man taking a part in production process, with his production experience and working habits, and production
means, the live or current labor is differ

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entiated which invest a man in the production process, and the past labor which is
contained in the production means. Live
or current labor creates so called a newly
created value which is added in the production process and as such increases the
national wealth, and a transferred value is
formed is formed within consumption.
Due to the heterogeneous parts of natural
structure of gross domestic product, it is
difficult to quantify it and collectively express. This is all because there is no appropriate measurement unit for settling the different goods on unique common quantitative
indicator. Problem is solved examining a
common content of all different use values
which make the spent labor, which results in
an idea of value structure presented by the
following model [11]:
Model 3 Value Structure of Gross
Domestic Product
DBP =PB+NB
(3)
Considering this,I t can be concluded
that total value of gross domestic product
(GDP) is equal to the addition of transmitted
value (PV) and new created value (NV). It is
necessary to stress that transmitted value
consists of two elements: material costs of
production and amortization [5]. A newly
created value is a part of the value of gross
domestic product, which size is determined
by the quantity of spent newly added labor.
Prosperity and factors which are not
foreseen in BDP calculation
Gross domestic product is not an incontestable indicator of economic and social
prosperity of the people of a certain community. Prosperity of a society understood
as a level of living trend (personal consumption and social standard), like the average consumption level (like products for
food, clothes, shoes, living conditions and
similar), measured by responsible amount
of goods which include certain needs of
collective consumption (education, health
care, culture and similar) in an important

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part depend on gross domestic production


level. That amount of goods and services
which objectively enables a certain level of
BDP do not have to mean to coincide with
the level of economic prosperity of people
and due to this reason that is difficult to
imagine a possibility of equal distribution of
that economical welfare to the individuals.
According that, it is necessary to remember
that BDP do not contain answer on a question who gets the products and uses the services which he is made of. Classical relations and especially relations in BDP distribution as well as politics of economic development and economical politics of national community in a certain period of time
can significantly differ among states in spite
of equality of their BDP per capita. Those
are the reasons why the level of economical
welfare of people and distribution of economical welfare among individuals differ in
conditions of equality BDP of two national
communities.
It is necessary to have in mind that needs
structure of people of a certain national
community, differentiated on a class basis,
brings about also the production structure of
BDP, which also influence the economic
prosperity of people. Considering that calculation of BDP does not contain relations in
distribution among individuals, so it cannot
express their level of prosperity.
Socio-economic welfare of people of
certain national communities can be different from a few factors which influence the
life quality of individuals of national community and which are not calculated within the gross domestic product. The factors
will be listed and explained briefly: there
are products and services which do not
appear on the market, fast scientific technological changes which do not cause appearance of the product which are used for
the same use (cars, computer, etc.) and
which are of better quality than previously
produced, and improving the quality is important for the level of economic prosperity
and cannot express BDP considering that
BDP is quantitative but not qualitative indicator and the whole row of other factors ,
which are not foreseen by BDP [6].

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NATIONAL PRODUCT AND


NATIONAL INCOME
The above mentioned shortage of gross
domestic product caused the need to consolidate the indicator which will state the size
of value of final goods and services of national community realized in a stated time (a
year). That indicator is named a national
product. National product includes all final
goods and services which are not used as
objects of labor in the next phase of labor
process and business. As the financial indicator of production results, it is contained in
depreciation (AM) as the financial expression of consumed means of labor and new
realized value or national income (ND),
produced in a certain period, which will be
presented in a following way [6]:
Model 4 National Product
DP = Am + ND
(4)
In other words, that is an indicator of financial amount of market realization the
products and services which volume differentiate of the gross domestic product for the
amount of transferred value on behalf of
spent labor objects (interphase of consumption) . This leads to the conclusion that domestic product appears as a positive difference between the gross domestic product
(GDP) and value of consumed labor objects
(material costs), shown as [6]:
Model 5. National Product
DP = DBP - MTr
(5)
National product is often called the gross
additional value, because it contains what
producers of final products and services add
through their own activities by the production of those products and delivering those
services.
It is a material base of all types of final
consumption, personal consumption, state or

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public and investment consumption. In the


conditions when domestic community has a
business with foreign communities, the size
of values of final products and services,
which appear as the positive or negative
difference between the value of export and
import of goods and services, will be included.
In statistics of industrial developed countries, according to methodology of the UN,
the national product appears in two its
shapes: gross domestic product or gross additional value and gross national product or
gross national income.
Gross domestic product presents the collective expression values of final goods and
services produced in a year or a quarter of a
year within the borders i.e. the territory of
one country (Table 1 gives an overview of
this aggregate movement in a given period
of time as the same of movement projections). Gross domestic product is a value of
final goods and services whose sale brings
incomes to home residents, independently if
production was realized in the country or out
of its borders [7]. In the other words, the
gross national product is the gross domestic
product increased by incomes that national
residents have gained from the economic
activity or based on the ownership in foreign
countries, and reduced for incomes which
are paid to non-resident business entities.
Difference between the gross national product and gross domestic product is called the
net income from economical activities and
ownership in foreign countries. According to
the above mentioned about these two indicators, it can be said that they will be qualitative equal if domestic residents have no activities in foreign countries as well as if foreign businesses have no involvement in a
given community.

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Table 1 BDP and growth rate for the period 2005-2014 as well as projection of
growth rate of domestic financial institution for 2015 and 2016 [8].
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

GDP (billions USD)


25.06
29.33
39.16
47.67
40.24
36.38
43.77
38.09
42.49
42.65
/
/

GDP growth rate


+ 5.4
+ 3.6
+ 5.4
+ 3.8
- 3.5
+ 1.0
+ 1.6
- 1.5
+ 2.6
- 0.6
+ 1.8
+ 2.0[9]

National product, as all other value expressed macroeconomic aggregates, is total


amount of produced goods and services
multiplied with the unit price of product or
service, as it is known, it is impossible to
use the natural indicators. Depending on the
price, the calculation is used in differentiate:
nominal and real national product.
Nominal national product presents the
national product which is calculated according to the current prices, i.e. prices of products and services which were current at the
moment of calculation (problem is that the
prices can change even in a short period of
time). The real national product is obtained
if the influence of price changing is excluded from the nominal national product (it is
calculated according to the stable prices).
National income is macroeconomic aggregate which expresses total quantity of
newly created value in the area of material
production produced by the national community in a given period of time (usually a
year). Thus observed as the value expression, this indicator is presented as difference
between the total size of national production

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value (GDP) and transferred value (PV)


which is [6]:
Model 6 National Income
ND = DBP - PB
(6)
It can be calculated as difference between national product (DP) and depreciation (Am), that is if the amount of transferred value is subtracted from national
product for spent labor means, as follows
[12]:
Model 7 National Income
DP Am = ND
(7)
As a new created value created by current labor in economy during the observed
period, the national income is maximum
value that the country can spend without
any fear that it can endanger its own survival. It is important to point out that the level
of living trend of population depends on
national income amount as well as the level
and possibility of economical development
of a certain social community. Absolute size

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ANALYTIC USE OF AGGREGATE


PRODUCTION EXPRESSION
and growth rate of this macroeconomic aggregate is used as the indicator of economy
development degree. It expresses a development degree by very special way that is
the same as a possibility of further development if it is expressed like a value size
compared with the number of population of
a certain national community. The national
income per capita is obtained by this way.
National income per capita shows
which part of total gross national product
of a country would belong to every individual if it is distributed equally. It shows
the general level of living standard of average inhabitant in one country. It is connected with the other instruments which
show the social, economical and other
welfare of a country and its inhabitants.
It can be said that the national income is
equal to total wages, profits and rents, i.e.
the sum of values of primary incomes of all
institutional sectors. Only national income
can be used for satisfying the needs of inhabitants and investments, while the transferred value of production factors must be
back in a function of production. That is the
way to compensate what existed before it
was consumed in the production of the new
material goods [6].
The national income is divided into 5
components, and those are: salaries of employees, owner income, private lease incomes from rents, corporation profits and
net participation. These five categories can
be expressed in the approximate percentage
figures. It will be seen that the salaries take
70%, ownership income 9%, rents 2, profits of companies 12% and net participation
7%. It is important to point out that this
division was done according to the way of
acquiring the income [10].

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Considering that three different sizes


were stressed for marking the volume of
material production, their analytic use and
usefulness will be shortly analyzed. All
three sizes have its sense and place either in
theoretical or quantitative analysis but it is
controversial which one has priority and
greater importance. A certain number of
economists consider that importance belongs to the gross domestic product because
it deals with a large number of observable
facts. The gross domestic product represents
really an irreplaceable size in all analysis
directed at exploring the inter-sectoral linkages and changes occurring in the structure
of material production especially in relations between its basic sections. Beside that,
it shows total domestic turnover of product,
total amount of goods which should be exchanged in the economy and in a given period of time. In its structure, there are two
additional components which have influence on creation and movements of other
two sizes.
Two characteristics of gross domestic
product should not be forgotten. The first,
one part of gross domestic product that is
transferred value of consumed raw material
is a product of the past period or previous
year which is only repeated in a new product. Society cannot utilize it, considering it
has already been consumed, so it cannot
subsequently be used for different purposes
in economy. The second, in the gross domestic product expression, there are multiple repetitions of values of labor means that
pass through many successive stages of
processing. If there are more phases, if labor
division is more developed and if there is
the jagged state of economy then the number of these repetitions is higher as well. In

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that way, the gross domestic product expresses not just the real changes in production volume but, at the same time, all
changes in organizational structure of economy and in social labor division. Its size can
be influenced significantly by different organizational reorganization of production,
higher or smaller degree of integration between the production units, regardless if
there were the real changes at the level of
material production.
These two reasons show that the gross
domestic product is not the most appropriate size for expressing the real production
volume and the pace of its changes in time,
regardless from what particularly great difficulty inflicts its expression in constant
prices, its conversion from current to constant prices. The above mentioned difficulties are such that practically disable the use
of gross domestic product in the economic
microanalysis which explores a longer time
period. This, of course, does not reduce the
mentioned analytical characteristics, which
among others have a role to present very
complex conditions in which production is
done.
There are no multiple calculations in the
gross domestic product and income and due
to that it is possible to calculate the real
production volume and achieved level and
the pace of economic development, more
effectively. The ability of production expansion and the level of satisfying and developing different social needs depend on their
size.
According to all of that, it should be
borne in mind the difference between these
two sizes. Category of national income has
only the net investments, and they are not
enough, especially in one dynamic economy to express all real possibilities of expanded reproduction, considering that in
such economy the depreciation also serve
with its big part, in capital expansion and
acceleration of economical growth. While
exploring influence of investment on economical growth, it is necessary to consider

No. 1, 2015

total investments, i.e. investments which


include depreciation. The national product
which, beside national income, contains the
depreciation, gives that wider opportunity
for connecting and establishing the effects
of total investments on production growth.
In that sense, it can be considered as wider
and more appropriate size in examining the
basic interdependence which characterizes
the process of economic growth.
Having in mind the analytic use of aggregate production expression, it can be
concluded that every mentioned indicator
has its own place in expressing the economical results. Depending on the depth and
requirements of analysis, their use is differrent.
CONCLUSION
As it was seen, the gross domestic product is presented in global and short characteristics, as well as its distribution and
shortcoming is stressed expressing as the
most comprehensive aggregate. Namely,
due to this multiple calculation the values of
spent labor subjects; the gross domestic
product inadequately expresses the size of
total production value. At present, no matter
on all that is used in macroeconomic analysis; it scrutinizes economical trends and has
a great importance for the theory and practice in planning the development of one
country, i.e. its economy.
The above mentioned shortcoming has
conditioned the need to establish another
indicator, national product and it entails all
goods and services which are not used in
the next phase as labor subjects. It is necessary to remind that the national product of a
certain national economy, regardless it expressed through gross domestic or gross
national product; it differs from the gross
social product, total value of social production by the way that it does not contain the
material costs, which appear depending on a
number of market transactions of reproductive connected commodity producers. It can

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REFERENCES
be concluded that the size of gross domestic
product would not differ from national
product but only in the case that economy is
organized as one enterprise and, in that
case, the size of values of all final products
and services would determine the both indicators. Hence, it is not the case in market
economy, these two economy aggregates
differentiate very much.
For better overview the macroeconomic
activity, the national income is very often
used. It is very complex to determine this
size. Depending on its size - dynamic of
growth, i.e. whether it declines or grows, the
economical progress of society and living
standard of population can be followed. Its
special significance reflects in the international comparison of national product height
per capita among certain countries. At present, in every and especially in developed
countries, there is a systematic system to
follow national income trends and its integral parts and there are necessary actions to
provide necessary level of national income
growth from year to year. Thus, the national
income represents the most important indicator of direction the economical development and providing conditions for increasing
the satisfaction of individual and collective
needs of society that is constantly increasing.
Although, it is here pointed out their
large application, it should not be forgotten
that these are the most global aggregates
which, however, cannot be the basis for a
more detailed economic analysis. Since
there is a need for such analyzes, such demands cannot be met thanks to the system of
social accounting or macroeconomic balances.

No. 1, 2015

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INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR


UDK: 622

ISSN: 2334-8836 (tampano izdanje)


ISSN: 2406-1395 (Online)

UDK: 330.101.541(045)=163.41

DOI:10.5937/MMEB1501097S

Marko Savi *, Nikola Pavlovi*, Milo Milanovi*

ANALITIKA UPOTREBA MAKROEKONOMSKIH AGREGATA


Izvod
Ekonomska nauka je razvila itav sistem takozvanih makroekonomskih agregata - sistem odreenih
globalnih i sintetikih pokazatelja kojima se izraavaju osnovni sadraji, dinamika i struktura, kao i
rezultati ekonomske aktivnosti u nekoj dravi odnosno drutvenoj zajednici. Cilj ovog rada je da
sagleda mogunosti upotrebe makroekonomskih agregata u privrednim granama kao to su rudarstvo
i metalurgija koji predstavljaju oslonac privrednog i drutvenog razvoja regije severnog dela Kosova i
Metohije. Agregati rezultata drutvene proizvodnje su pokazatelji obima, proizvodne i vrednosne
strukture drutvene proizvodnje. Pojedini agregati kao to su drutveni proizvod i nacionalni dohodak
koriste se za sagledavanje dinamike i osnovnih tendencija privrednog razvoja i ukupnih promena u
nacionalnoj privredi. Njihove apsolutne veliine pruaju informacije o snazi privrede nacionalne
zajednice kao i o mogunostima njenog privrednog razvoja. Fokus istraivanja bie uperen na makroekonomske agregate koji su izraz rezultata drutvene reprodukcije, a to su drutveni bruto proizvod,
drutveni proizvod i nacionalni dohodak. Ovi agregati zajedno sa nezaposlenou, inflacijom i platnim
bilansom nalaze se u centru panje makroekonomske analize. Makroekonomski agregati predstavljaju
vane analitike kategorije, jer pruaju pregled strukturnih elemenata drutvene reprodukcije,
pokazujui pravac privrednih kretanja.
Kljune rei: privreda, makroekonomski agregati, drutveni proizvod, nacionalni dohodak

UVOD
Da bi se izmerio rezultat poslovanja
odreenog preduzea porede se njegovi
prihodi i rashodi odnosno njihova razlika dobit ili gubitak. Ako je preduzee ostvarilo
dobit onda moemo tvrditi da je rezultat
njegovog poslovanja manje ili vie dobar,
zavisno od visine dobiti i zavisno od ostalih
pokazatelja uspenosti poslovanja. Analizom
rezultata pojedinanog preduzea bavi se
mikroekonomija.
U jednoj privredi se u toku godine
proizvede mnotvo najrazliitijih proizvoda,
trguje se razliitim vrstama robe i pruaju se
najraznovrsnije usluge, pa moemo postaviti
pitanje kako odrediti uspenost rezultata koji

u odreenoj godini ostvaruje itav ekonomski sistem. Da bi se vrednosno i koliinski obuhvatili svi ti rezultati proizvodnje
ekonomska nauka, odnosno makroekonomija kao njen deo, razvila je itav sistem
takozvanih makroekonomskih agregatasistem odreenih globalnih i sintetikih
pokazatelja kojima se izraavaju osnovni
sadraji, dinamika i struktura, kao i rezultati
ekonomske aktivnosti u nekoj dravi
odnosno drutvenoj zajednici.
Agregati rezultata drutvene proizvodnje
su pokazatelji obima, proizvodne i vrednosne strukture drutvene proizvodnje.
Mogu se sagledavati sa stanovita sektorske

Visoka ekonomska kola strukovnih studija Pe u Leposaviu, 24. Novembra b.b.,


e-mail: savic22@yahoo.com

Broj 1, 2015.

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strukture na osnovu koje se saznaje o tome


koliki je doprinos ostvarenim rezultatima
privreivanja primarnog, sekundarnog, tercijalnog i drugih sektora privrede, koliki je
udeo poljuprivrede, industrije, rudarstva i
drugih. Ukoliko se odreeni privredni agregati predstavljaju po glavi stanovnika ili
ukoliko se obraunavaju na osnovu strukture
namenske raspodele drutvenog proizvoda
ili nacionalnog dohodka mogu precizno
izraziti nivo ekonomske razvijenosti, kao i
nivo ivotnog standarda, odnosno ekonomskog i drutvenog blagostanja ljudi.
Neki se od danas korienih makroekonomskih agregata pominju jo u XVII
veku. Njihovo znaajnije korienje u
makroekonomskoj analizi zapoinje tek u
periodu posle Velike ekonomske krize. Ovi
agregati zajedno sa nezaposlenou, inflacijom i platnim bilansom nalaze se u centru
panje makroekonomske analize. Makroekonomski agregati predstavljaju vane
analitike kategorije, jer pruaju pregled
strukturnih elemenata drutvene reprodukcije, pokazujui pravac privrednih kretanja.
Polazei od svega navedenog, ovaj rad
je sistematizovan u tri poglavlja. Prvo
poglavlje rada akcenat stavlja na najobuhvatniji pokazatelj, bruto drutveni proizvod, faktore koji ga odreuju uz osvrt na
njegovu strukturu. U narednom poglavlju
fokusirali smo se na drutveni proizvod i
nacionalni dohodak kao dva realnija pokazatelja razvijenosti privrede a samim tim i
odreene drutvene zajednice. Na kraju
smo istakli gde se sve moemo sresti sa
makroekonomskim agregatima i samim
tim videli da oni imaju ogroman znaaj za
drutveno planiranje, ekonomsku politiku
savremene drave i meunarodna poreenja nacionalnih ekonomija.
DRUTVENI BRUTO PROIZVOD
Makroekonomija je za potrebe svoje
analize razvila veliki broj makroekonomskih
agregata, a svaki od njih, zavisno od naina
izraunavanja i svoje strukture, predstavlja
pokazatelj rezultata ili strukture rezultata

Broj 1, 2015.

ekonomskog sistema. Ipak, najkorieniji


makroekonomski agregat, kako u ekonomskim analizama konkretne privrede, tako i u
njenom poreenju sa drugim privredama je
drutveni bruto proizvod i on je najsveobuhvatniji pokazatelj rezultata drutvene
proizvodnje odreene nacionalne zajednice.
Drutveni bruto proizvod je izraz ukupne
veliine proizvedenih dobara i usluga koje se
proizvode u odreenoj nacionalnoj zajednici
u toku jedne godine. Kako bi se u potpunosti
razumela sutina bruto drutvenog proizvoda
potrebno je imati u vidu: da bruto drutveni
proizvod predstavlja trinu vrednost svih
proizvoda i usluga proizvedenih u jednoj
zemlji u periodu od godinu dana to znai da
se za njegovo izraunavanje koriste trine
cene dobara i usluga; u obraun ovog agregata ulazi vrednost takozvanih meufaznih
proizvoda jer je njihova vrednost obraunata
i u vrednosti finalnih proizvoda proizvodnje
(npr. proizvodnja nakita, povezana sa primarnom proizvodnjom zlata i srebra, a zatim
njegovom preradom, trgovinom na veliko i
na malo); bruto drutveni proizvod ukljuuje
samo proizvode koji su proizvedeni u toku
obraunske godine; u obraun bruto drutvenog proizvoda ulaze samo dobra i usluge
koje su legalno prodate u toku godine to
znai da ovaj makroekonomski agregat ne
obraunava transakcije koje su izvrene u
okviru sive ekonomije; u obraun bruto
drutvenog proizvoda domae zemlje ulaze i
roba i usluge koje su na teritoriji domae
zemlje proizvele strane kompanije odnosno
strani graani [1].
Treba, takoe, istai i injenicu da je
bruto drutveni proizvod makroekonomski
agregat koji istovremeno izraava dve veliine - ukupan dohodak privrednih subjekata
i ukupne trokove svih roba i usluga u
odreenoj privredi. To znai da je ukupan
dohodak uvek jednak ukupnom troku.
Sutina ove jednakosti je u tome to ako,
recimo, jedan graanin Srbije plati popravku
elektroinstalacije za njega e ta transakcija
predstavljati troak. Za elektriara koji je
popravku izvrio ta transakcija e predstavljati dohodak. Na taj nain su u okviru

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jedne privrede ukupan dohodak i ukupni


trokovi zaista jednaki.
Ako elimo da razumemo ta odreuje
tranju za dobrima i uslugama, neophodno
je rastaviti bruto domai proizvod na
sastavne delove, poto imamo razliite
kupce tih dobara. U kontekstu ovakve
analize bruto drutveni proizvod se sastoji
od: potronje (C), investicija (I), vladinih
kupovina dravna potronja (G), neto
izvoza (NX) i investicija u zalihe (IZ) [2].
U daljem radu, kratko emo objasniti
gore navedene sastavne delove: potronja se
sastoji od roba i usluga kupljenih od strane
pojedinca, odnosno domainstava, izuzev
stambenog prostora; investicije se sastoje od
kupljenih dobara za buduu proizvodnju,
dok ekonomisti pod investiranjem podrazumevaju proizvodnju trajnih kapitalnih
dobara (to znai da ako pet hiljada eura iz
blagajne stavimo u banku ili kupimo
dravne obveznice, prema ekonomistima
nikakva se investicija nije dogodila, zamenio
se samo jedan sa drugim oblikom finansiske
imovine); dravna potronja ukljuuju kupovinu dobara kao to su: putevi, aerodromi,
vojska, policija, zdravstvo, penzioni fondovi
itd., i kod dravnih rashoda treba iskljuiti
transferna plaanja (npr: plaanja za osiguranja od nezaposlenosti, primanja ratnih
boraca, primanja starih i iznemoglih, zdravstveno i socijalno osiguranje itd.); neto izvoz
ili spoljnotrgovinski bilans predstavlja
razliku izmeu izvoza i uvoza dobara i
usluga; zalihe smo ukljuili, jer nas zanima
ukupna proizvodnja, odnosno ukupne kupoprodajne transakcije bilo koje nacionalne
ekonomije, a ukoliko to nije sluaj dolazi do
razlike izmeu proizvedenih i prodatih
dobara u tekuoj godini i to je ustvari
investicija u zalihe.
Faktori koji odreuju obim drutvenog
bruto proizvoda su: prirodno bogatstvo
(uslov svake proizvodnje predstavlja prirodno bogatstvo. U prirodno bogatstvo spada
zemlja i sve to se u njoj nalazi. Proces
proizvodnje je u sutini menjanje i prilagoavanje prirode ljudskim potreba. Da bi se

Broj 1, 2015.

prirodna bogatstva mogla koristiti moraju da


budu razvijena sredstva za proizvodnju. Ovo
posebno dolazi do izraaja u rudarstvu i
metalurgiji gde tehnologija i stepen iskorienosti kapaciteta igraju kljunu ulogu.
Prirodna bogatstva su samo potencijalni
faktor koji utie na obim drutvenog bruto
proizvoda); razvijenost sredstava za
proizvodnju (ljudi mogu da ive vrlo siromano u prirodno bogatom podneblju ako
nemaju odgovarajua sredstva, znanja i
sposobnosti da ih iskoriste na pravi nain te
tako pretvore u drutveno bogatstvo. Drutveno bogatstvo se definie kao sva nagomilana materijalna dobra kojima raspolae
jedno drutvno a proizvodi su rada prolih i
sadanjih generacija); stanovnitvo (stanovnitvo je trajni izvor radne snage bez koga se
ne moe zamisliti proces proizvodnje. Broj i
struktura stanovnitva u jednoj zemlji utiu
na obim i strukturu potronje. Obim drutvnog bruto proizvoda bie vei ukoliko ta
zajednica raspolee veim brojem proizvodno aktivnog stanovnitva); produktivnost
rada (produktivnost rada izraava proizvodnu snagu rada da se za odreeno vreme
proizvodi vea ili manja koliina materijalnih dobara. Ukoliko je proizvodna snaga
rada vea, proizvoa koji je poseduje bie u
stanju da za isto vreme proizvede veu
koliinu proizvoda ili jedan proizvod za
krae vreme u odnosu na drugog proizvoaa. Vea produktivnost rada ostvaruje se
ukoliko se odreeno materijalno dobro
proizvede za krae vreme ili ukoliko se za
isto vreme proizvede vea koliina materijalnih dobara. Produktivnost rada se moe
izraunati kao [13]:
Obrazac 1. Produktivnost rada

Pr

Q
T

(1)

Q - obim proizvodnje, T vreme,


Pr - pro-duktivnost rada.
Najvaniji faktori produktivnosti mogu
se definisati kao: tehniko-tehnoloki, orga-

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nizacioni, lini faktor radne snage, drutveno


institucionalni); intenzivnost rada (predstavlja stepen troenja ljudske radne snage u
jedinici vremena) [14]; drutveni odnosi
(drutveni odnosi imaju znaajan uticaj na
nain i stepen korienja svih raspoloivih
ljudskih i materijalnih inilaca proizvodnje.
to su drutveni odnosi povoljniji za proizvoae, proizvoai e imati vei ekonomski interes da poveaju obim proizvodnje) [3].
Struktura bruto drutvenog proizvoda se
moe posmatrati sa: naturalnog i sa vrednosnog (finansijskog) aspekta. Kada se bruto
drutveni proizvod posmatra sa naturalnog
aspekta onda on predstavlja skup velikog
broja kvalitativno razliitih proizvoda i
usluga. Bruto drutveni proizvod posmatran
sa naturalnog aspekta moe se podeliti na
proizvode koji su namenjeni proizvodnoj
potronji odnosno ponovnoj proizvodnji i
proizvode koji su namenjeni finalnoj
potronji. Meutim, izraunavanje bruto
drutvenog proizvoda izraenog naturalno
predstavljalo bi veoma komplikovanu
raunsku operaciju, kako zbog toga to se
razliiti proizvodi izraavaju u razliitim
jedinicama mere (kilogrami, centimetri,
litri), tako i zbog toga to bi prikupljanje
podataka o njima predstavljalo preobiman
posao.
Zbog toga se dobra koja ulaze u obraun
bruto drutvenog proizvoda obraunavaju
preko njihovih trinih cena koje izraavaju
ono to je svim dobrima i uslugama
zajedniko, a to je da imaju odreenu
vrednost. Izraavanje drutvenog bruto
proizvoda vrednosnim odnosno cenovnim
pokazateljima je neuporedivo lake, poto se
njegova ukupna vrednost dobija tako to se
ostvareni obim proizvodnje i usluga svake
vrste pomnoi najpre odgovarajuim
cenama a potom pojedinani umnoci
saberu. Obraunavanje dobara i usluga po
njihovim trinim cenama, meutim, nosi sa
sobom drugi problem - problem promenljivosti cena. Trine cene se menjaju pod
dejstvom razliitih faktora: promene odnosa
ponude i tranje, promena same vrednosti

Broj 1, 2015.

dobara i usluga, ali i promena vrednosti


novca (inflacija, deflacija, devalvacija, revalvacija).
Materijalna (naturalna) struktura
drutvenog bruto proizvoda
Proizvodi ljudskog rada zadovoljavaju
razliite drutvene potrebe. Jedni slue
proizvodnoj potronji, tj. koriste se u proizvodnji novih materijalnih dobara, a drugi su
namenjeni linoj potronji. Zbog toga, sa
ovog stanovita, moemo rei da naturalnu
strukturu drutvenog bruto proizvoda ine
sva proizvedena sredstva za proizvodnju
(sredstva za rad i predmeti rada) i sredstva
za potronju [4]. Sredstva za proizvodnju
slue za zadovoljavanje potrebe proizvodne
potronje dok se sredstava za potronju
(potrona dobra) koriste za podmirivanje
potreba neproizvodne ili prave potronje.
Naturalna struktura drutvenog bruto proizvoda se predstavlja sledeim obrazcem
[11]:
Obrazac 2. Naturalna struktura
drutvenog bruto proizvoda
DBP = SPR + SP
(2)
DBP oznaava drutveni bruto proizvod,
SPR oznaava sredstva za proizvodnju, a SP
sredstva za potronju. Sama ova podela je
uslovne prirode, jer ne postoji otra granica
izmeu ove dve vrste materijalnih dobara,
poto se mnogi proizvodi mogu koristiti i u
proizvodnoj i u neproizvodnoj potronji.
Vrednosna struktura drutvenog
bruto proizvoda
Poto je drutveni proizvod rezultat rada
jedne drutvene zajednice u toku odreenog
vremena to se rad javlja kao tvorac i
zajedniki imenitelj drutvenog proizvoda.
Budui da u procesu proizvodnje uestvuje i
ovek, sa svojim proizvodnim iskustvom i
radnim navikama, i sredstva za proizvodnju,
razlikujemo ivi ili tekui rad, koji ulae
ovek u toku datog procesa proizvodnje, i

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preneti, minuli rad koji je sadran u


sredstvima za proizvodnju. ivi ili tekui rad
stvara tzv. novostvorenu vrednost koja se
dodaje u procesu proizvodnje i tako uveava
drutveno bogatstvo, a utrokom minulog ili
prenetog rada formira se preneta vrednost.
Zbog heterogenosti delova naturalne
strukture drutvenog bruto proizvoda teko
ga je koliinski zbirno izraziti. Sve ovo zbog
toga to ne postoji prikladna jedinica mere
za svoenje razliitih dobara na jedinstven
koliinski zajedniki pokazatelj. Problem se
reava posmatranjem zajednikog sadraja
svih razliitih upotrebnih vrednosti koji ine
utroen rad, ime se dolazi do pojma vrednosne strukture, koju moemo predstaviti
sledeim obrascem:[11]
Obrazac 3. Vrednosna struktura
drutvenog bruto proizvoda
DBP = PV + NV
(3)
Iz ovog zakljuujemo da je ukupna
vrednost drutvenog bruto proizvoda (DBP)
jednaka zbiru prenete vrednosti (PV) i
novostvorene vrednosti (NV). Potrebno je
naglasiti da prenetu vrednost ine dva
elementa: materijalni trokovi proizvodnje i
amortizacija [5]. Novostvorena vrednost je
onaj deo vrednosti drutvenog bruto proizvoda, ija je veliina odreena koliinom
utroenog novododatog rada.
Blagostanje i faktori koji se ne
obuhvataju u obraunu BDP
Bruto drutveni proizvod nije pouzdan
pokazatelj ekonomskog i drutvenog blagostanja ljudi odreene nacionalne zajednice.
Blagostanje drutva shvaeno kao nivo
ivotnog standarda (line potronje i drutvenog standarda), kao prosean nivo
potronje (kao to su proizvodi za ishranu,
odevanje, oduvanje, stambeni uslovi i sl. )
mereno odgovarajuom korpom dobara koje
ukljuuje i odreene potrebe kolektivne
potronje (obrazovanje, zdravstvo, kultura i
sl. ) u znaajnoj meri zavise od nivoa bruto

Broj 1, 2015.

drutvenog proizvoda. Ta korpa dobara i


usluga koju objektivno omoguuje odreeni
nivo BDP ne mora da znai da se podudara
sa nivoom ekonomskog blagostanja ljudi i to
iz prostog razloga to je teko zamisliti
mogunost ravnopravne raspodele tog
ekonomskog blagostanja na pojedince. Pri
tome treba imati u vidu da BDP ne sadri
odgovor na pitanje ko prisvaja proizvode i
koristi usluge koje ga sainjavaju. Klasni
odnosi i posebno odnosi u raspodeli BDP,
kao i politika privrednog razvoja i ekonomska politika nacionalne zajednice u odreenom vremenu mogu se znaajno razlikovati izmeu zemalja i pored jednakosti
njihovog BDP per capita. To su i razlozi to
se po pravilu razlikuje nivo ekonomskog
blagostanja ljudi odnosno raspodela ekonomskog blagostanja izmeu pojedinaca u
uslovima jednakosti BDP a dve nacionalne
zajednice.
Potrebno je imati u vidu da stuktura
potreba ljudi odreene nacionalne zajednice,
klasno izdiferencirane, uslovljava i strukturu
proizvodnje BDP - a, to itekako utie na
ekonomsko blagostanje ljudi. Poto obraun
BDP - a ne sadri odnose u raspodeli izmeu
pojedinaca, to on ne moe da izrazi ni njihov
nivo blagostanja.
Ekonomsko i drutveno blagostanje ljudi
odreenih nacionalnih zajednica moe biti
razliito iz itavog niza faktora koji itekako
utiu na kvalitet ivota pojedinca nacionalne
zajednice, a koji se ne obraunavaju u
okvirima bruto domaeg proizvoda.
Nabrojaemo faktore i ukratko objasniti:
tu spadaju proizvodi i usluge koje se ne
pojavljuju na tritu, brze nauno tehnoloke promene koje uslovljavaju pojavu
proizvoda koji slue istoj upotrebi (automobil, kompjuter i dr.) koji su kvalitetniji od
primeraka predhodno proizvedenih, a to
poboljanje kvaliteta od znaaja za nivo
ekonomskog blagostanja ne moe da izrazi
BDP iz razloga to je on koliinski, a ne
kvalitativni pokazatelj i itav niz drugih
faktora koji nisu obuhvaeni BDP om [6].

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DRUTVENI PROIZVOD I
NACIONALNI DOHODAK
Navedeni nedostatak drutvenog bruto
proizvoda uslovio je potrebu da se utvrdi
pokazatelj kojim e se iskazati veliina
vrednosti finalnih dobara i usluga nacionalne zajednice ostvarenih u odreenom
vremenu (godinu dana). Taj pokazatelj
naziva se drutveni proizvod. Drutvenim
proizvodom se obuhvataju sva finalna dobra
i usluge koji se ne koriste kao predmeti rada
u naredenoj fazi procesa rada i poslovanja.
Kao vrednosni pokazatelj rezultata proizvodnje sadri se iz amortizacije (Am) kao
vrednosnog izraza utroenih sredstava rada i
novostvorene vrednosti ili nacionalnog
dohotka (ND) koja se proizvodi u odreenom periodu, to emo prikazati na sledei
nain [6]:
Obrazac 4. Drutveni proizvod
DP = Am + ND

(4)

Drugim reima, to je pokazatelj veliine


vrednosti trine realizacije proizvoda i
usluga iji se obim razlikuje od drutvenog
bruto proizvoda za iznos prenete vrednosti
na ime utroenih predmeta rada (meufazne
potronje). Iz ovog zakljuujemo da se
drutveni proizvod pojavljuje kao pozitivna
razlika izmeu drutvenog bruto proizvoda
(DBP) i vrednosti utroenih predmeta rada
(materijalni trokovi), i ovo prikazujemo [6]:
Obrazac 5. Drutveni proizvod
DP = DBP MTr

(5)

Drutveni proizvod esto i nazivamo


bruto dodatna vrednost, jer sadri ono to
proizvoai finalnih proizvoda i usluga
dodaju svojom aktivnou bavei se
proizvodnjom tih proizvoda i vrenjem tih
usluga.

Broj 1, 2015.

On je materijalna osnova svih oblika


finalne potronje, line potronje, dravne ili
javne i investicione potronje. U uslovima
poslovanja domae zajednice sa inostranstvom obuhvatie i veliinu vrednosti
finalnih proizvoda i usluga koji se pojavljuju
kao pozitivna ili negativna razlika izmeu
vrednosti izvoza i uvoza roba i usluga.
Drutveni proizvod se u statistici industrijski visoko razvijenih zemalja, kao i po
metodologiji UN pojavljuje u svoja dva
oblika: bruto domaeg proizvoda ili bruto
dodatne vrednosti i bruto nacionalnog
proizvoda ili bruto nacionalnog dohotka.
Bruto domai proizvod predstavlja zbirni
izraz vrednosti finalnih dobara i usluga
proizvedenih u toku jedne godine ili jednog
tromeseija u godini u granicama odnosno
na teritoriji jedne zemlje (u tabeli 1. dat je
prikaz kretanja ovog agregata u odreenom
periodu, kao i projekcije kretanja). Bruto
nacionalni proizvod je vrednost finalnih
dobara i usluga ijom prodajom domai
rezidenti stiu dohotke nezavisno od toga da
li je proizvodnja ostvarena unutar ili van granica sopstvene zemlje [7]. Drugaije reeno
bruto nacionalni proizvod je bruto domai
proizvod uvean za dohotke koje su nacionalni rezidenti ostvarili od ekonomske aktivnosti ili po osnovu svojine u inostranstvu, a
umanjen za dohotke koji se isplauju
poslovnim jedinicama nerezidentima. Razlika izmeu bruto nacinalnog proizvoda i
bruto domaeg proizvoda naziva se neto
dohodak od ekonomskih aktivnosti i od
svojine iz inostranstva. Na osnovu izloenog
o ova dva pokazatelja moemo rei da e oni
biti kvantitativno jednaki ukoliko domai
rezidenti nemaju nikakvih aktivnosti u
inostranstvu, odnosno ukoliko takoe strani
poslovni subjekti nemaju nikakvog angaovanja u toj zajednici.

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Tabela 1. BDP i stopa rasta za period 2005-2014, kao i projekcija


stope rasta domae finansijske institucije za 2015. i 2016. [8]
Godina
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

BDP (usd billions)


25.06
29.33
39.16
47.67
40.24
36.38
43.77
38.09
42.49
42.65
/
/

Stopa rasta BDP


+ 5.4
+ 3.6
+ 5.4
+ 3.8
- 3.5
+ 1.0
+ 1.6
- 1.5
+ 2.6
- 0.6
+ 1.8
+ 2.0 [9]

Drutveni proizvod se, kao i svi ostali


makroekonomski agregati izraava vrednosno, odnosno ukupna koliina proizvedenih dobara i usluga se mnoi sa cenom po
jedinici proizvoda ili usluge, jer je iz ve
poznatih razloga nemogue koristiti naturalne pokazatelje. U zavisnosti od toga koje
cene koristimo prolikom izraunavanja razlikujemo: nominalni i realni drutveni proizvod.
Nominalni drutveni proizvod predstavlja drutveni proizvod koji je izraunat
po tekuim cenama, odnosno cenama
proizvoda i usluga koje su bile aktuelne u
trenutku njegovog izraunavanja (problem je
to se te cene mogu menjati i u kratkom
vremenskom periodu). Realni drutveni proizvod dobijamo ako iz nominalnog drutvenog proizvoda iskljuimo uticaj kretanja
cena (on se izraunava na osnovu stalnih
cena). U ovom sluaju drutveni proizvod,
odnosno cena iz nekog baznog perioda.
Nacionalni dohodak je makroekonomski
agregat koji izraava ukupnu veliinu
novostvorene vrednosti u oblasti materijalne
proizvodnje koju je proizvela nacionalna
zajednica u odreenom vremenu (obino se
uzima godinu dana). Tako posmatran, kao

Broj 1, 2015.

vrednosni izraz ovaj pokazatelj se predstavlja kao razlika izmeu ukupne veliine
vrednosti drutvene proizvodnje (DBP) i
prenete vrednosti (PV) to izgleda [6]:
Obrazac 6. Nacionalni dohodak
ND = DBP PV
(6)
Moe se dobiti i kao razlika izmeu
drutvenog proizvoda (DP) i amortizacije
(Am), odnosno ukoliko se od drutvenog
proizvoda oduzme iznos prenete vrednosti
na ime utroenih sredstava za rad, odnosno
[12]:
Obrazac 7. Nacionalni dohodak
DP Am = ND
(7)
Kao novostvorena vrednost stvorena
tekuim radom u privredi tokom posmatranog perioda, nacionalni dohodak je
maksimalna vrednost koju konkretna zemlja
moe troiti bez straha da moe ugroziti
vlastiti opstanak. Bitno je naglasiti da od
veliine nacionalnog dohodka zavisi nivo
ivotnog standarda stanovnitva kao i nivo i
mogunost privrednog razvoja odreene
drutvene zajednice. Apsolutna veliina i

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ANALITIKA UPOTREBA
AGREGATNIH IZRAZA
PROIZVODNJE
stopa rasta ovog makroekonomskog agregata koristi se kao pokazatelj stepena
razvijenosti privrede. On posebno pregledno
izraava stepen razvijenosti i mogunost
daljeg razvoja ukoliko se izraava kao
vrednosna veliina stavljena u odnosu sa
brojem stanovnika odreene nacionalne
zajednice. Tako dolazimo do nacionalnog
dohodka po glavi stanovnika ili nacionalnog
dohodka per capita.
Nacionalni dohodak po glavi stanovnika
pokazuje koji deo ukupnog bruto nacionalnog proizvoda zemlje bi pripadao svakom pojedincu ukoliko bi on bio ravnomerno rasporeen. On pokazuje opti nivo
ivotnog standarda prosenog stanovnika
jedne zemlje. On je povezan sa drugim
instrumentima koji pokazuju drutveno,
ekonomsko i svako drugo blagostanje
zemlje i njenog stanovnitva.
Moemo rei da je nacionalni dohodak
jednak ukupnim nadnicama, profitima i
rentama, odnosno to je zbir vrednosti primarnih dohodaka svih institucionalnih
sektora. Samo se nacionalni dohodak moe
upotrebiti za podmirenje potreba stanovnitva i investicije, dok se prenesena vrednost faktora proizvodnje mora ponovo vratiti
u funkciju proizvodnje. Time se nadoknauje ono to je postojalo, a utroeno je u
stvaranju novih materijalnih dobara [6].
Nacionalni dohodak se deli na pet
komponenti, a to su: zarade zaposlenima,
vlasniki dohodak, privatni zakupni dohodak od rente, profiti korporacija i neto
uee. Ovih pet kategorija moemo iskazati
i u aproksimiranim procentualnim iznosima.
Videemo da na zarade odlazi 70%, na
vlasnicki dohodak 9%, na zakupnine od
renti 2%, profit firme 12% i na neto uee
7%. Bitno je napomenuti da je ova podela
izvrena u zavisnosti od naina sticanja
dohotka [10].

Broj 1, 2015.

Poto smo naveli tri razliite veliine za


obeleavanje obima materijalne proizvodnje,
valja se kratko pozabaviti njihovom analitikom upotrebom i svrsishodnou. Sve tri
veliine imaju svoj smisao i mesto kako u
teorijskoj tako i kvantitativnoj analizi, mada
je sporno kojoj od njih treba pridati
prvenstveni i najvei znaaj. Jedan broj
ekonomista taj znaaj pripisuje drutvenom
bruto proizvodu zbog irine tokova koje
obuhvata. Drutveni bruto proizvod predstavlja zaista nezamenljivu veliinu u svim
analizama koje su upravljene na istraivanje
meugranskih povezanosti i promena koje
nastaju u strukturi materijalne proizvodnje, a
posebno u odnosima izmeu njenih osnovnih odeljaka. On, sem toga, pokazuje ukupan drutveni obrt proizvoda, ukupnu
veliinu dobara koju valja razmeniti u datoj
privredi i datom vremenskom periodu. U
svojoj strukturi sadri takve dodatne komponente koje su od uticaja na formiranje i
kretanje drugih dveju veliina.
Ne treba, meutim, izgubiti iz vida dve
osobenosti drutvenog bruto proizvoda.
Prvo, jedan deo drutvenog bruto proizvoda,
tj. prenesena vrednost utroenih sirovina,
predstavlja proizvod prethodnog razdoblja ili
prethodne godine koji se samo ponavlja u
novom proizvodu. Njime drutvo ne moe
raspolagati, budui da je ve utroen, te se
ne moe naknadno koristiti za razliite svrhe
u privredi. Drugo, u izrazu drutvenog bruto
proizvoda dolazi do viestrukog ponavljanja
vrednosti predmeta rada koji prolaze kroz
brojne uzastopne faze prerade. Ukoliko je
broj tih faza vei, ukoliko je vie razvijena
podela rada i vea razuenost privrede,
utoliko je i broj ovih ponavljanja vei.
Drutveni bruto proizvod na taj nain
izraava ne samo stvarne promene u obimu
proizvodnje, nego istovremeno i sve promene u organizacionoj strukturi privrede, u

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drutvenoj podeli rada. Na njegovu veliinu


mogu bitno uticati razliita organizaciona
preustrojstva proizvodnje, vei ili manji
stepen integrisanosti proizvodnih jedinica,
nezavisno od toga da li je dolo do stvarnih
promena u nivou materijalne proizvodnje.
Iz oba navedena razloga drutveni bruto
proizvod nije najprikladnija veliina za
izraavanje stvarnog obima proizvodnje i
tempa njenih promena u vremenu, nezavisno
od toga to naroito velike tekoe zadaje
njegovo izraavanje u stalnim cenama,
njegova konverzija sa tekuih na stalne cene.
Navedene tekoe su takve prirode da
praktino onemoguavaju upotrebu drutvenog bruto proizvoda u ekonomskim makroanalizama koje se tiu duih vremenskih
razdoblja. Time se naravno ne umanjuju
njegova ranije pomenuta analitika svojstva,
koja se izmeu ostalog sastoje u pruanju
slike o veoma sloenim uslovima u kojima
se proizvodnja obavlja.
U drutvenom proizvodu i nacionalnom
dohotku nema ovog viestrukog obraunavanja i zato se pomou njih adekvatnije
moe da izraava stvarni obim proizvodnje,
dostignuti nivo i tempo privrednog razvoja.
Od njihove veliine u krajnjoj liniji zavisi
mogunost proirivanja proizvodnje i stepen
zadovoljavanja i razvijanja razliitih drutvenih potreba.
Treba pri svemu tome imati u vidu
razliku izmeu ove dve veliine. Kategorija
nacionalnog dohotka sadri samo neto
investicije, a one nisu dovoljne, naroito u
jednoj dinaminoj privredi, da izraze sve
stvarne mogunosti proirene reprodukcije,
poto u takvoj privredi i amortizacija znatnim svojim delom slui uveanju kapitala i
ubrzanju privrednog rasta. U posmatranju
uticaja investicija na privredni rast nuno je
uzimati u obzir ukupne investicije, dakle,
investicije koje u sebi sadre i amortizaciju.
Drutveni proizvod kojim je pored nacionalnog dohotka obuhvaena i amortizacija,
prua tu iru mogunost za povezivanje i
utvrivanje efekata ukupnih investicija na
rast proizvodnje. U tom smislu on se moe

Broj 1, 2015.

smatrati irom i pogodnijom veliinom u


posmatranju osnovnih meuzavisnosti koje
karakteriu procese privrednog rasta.
Imajui u vidu analitiku upotrebu
agregatnih izraza proizvodnje, moemo
zakljuiti da svaki od navedenih indikatora
ima svoje mesto u iskazivanju privrednih
rezultata. Razliita je njihova upotreba u
zavisnosti od irine" i potreba analize.
ZAKLJUAK
Prikazani su, kao to smo videli u globalu i kraim crtama drutveni bruto
proizvod, njegova raspodela i istakli smo
njegove nedostatke koje ispoljava kao
najsveobuhvatniji agregat. Uprabo zbog tog
viestrukog obraunavanja vrednosti utroenih predmeta rada drutveni bruto proizvod neadekvatno iskazuje veliinu vrednosti ukupne proizvodnje. Danas se bez
obzira na sve to on koristi u makroekonomskoj analizi, sagledava privredna kretanja i od velikog je znaaja za teoriju i praksu
planiranja razvoja jedne zemlje, odnosno
njene privrede.
Navedeni nedostatak uslovio je potrebu
da se utvrdi drugi pokazatelj, drutveni
proizvod i on obuhvata sva dobra u usluge
koja se ne koriste u narednoj fazi kao
predmeti rada. Potrebno je podsetiti da se
drutveni proizvod odreene nacionalne
privrede, bilo da se izraava preko bruto
domaeg ili bruto nacionalnog proizvoda
razlikuje od drutvenog bruto proizvoda,
ukupne vrednosti drutvene proizvodnje,
utoliko to ne sadri materijalne trokove,
koji se pojavljuju zavisno od broja trinih
transakcija reprodukciono povezanih robnih
proizvoaa. Moemo zakljuiti da se veliina drutvenog bruto proizvoda ne bi
razlikovala od drutvenog proizvoda samo
ukoliko bi se privreda organizovala kao
jedno preduzee jer bi u tom sluaju veliina
vrednosti svih finalnih proizvoda i usluga
odreivala oba pokazatelja. Poto to u trinoj privredi nije sluaj, to se bitno razlikuju
ova dva privredna agregata.

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LITERATURA
Radi boljeg sagledavanja makroekonomskih aktivnosti, esto je u upotrebi
nacionalni dohodak. Sloeno je utvrivanje
ove veliine. U zavisnosti od njegove veliine odnosno dinamike rasta tj. da li on
opada ili raste moe se pratiti ekonomski
napredak drutva i ivotni standard stanovnitva. Njegov poseban znaaj se ogleda u
meunarodnom poreenju visine nacinalnog
proizvoda po glavi stanovnika izmeu
pojedinih zemalja. Danas se u svim, a posebno razvijenim zemljama sistematski prati
kretanje nacionalnog dohotka i njegovih
sastavnih delova i preduzimaju se potrebne
mere da bi se obezbedio potreban nivo rasta
nacionalnog dohotka iz godine u godinu.
Tako nacinalni dohodak predstavlja najvaniji pokazatelj usmerenosti ekonomskog
razvoja i obezbeenje uslova za sve vee
zadovoljenje pojedinanih i zajednikih
potreba drutva koje se stalno uveava.
Iako smo istakli ovde njihovu veliku
primenu, ne treba zaboraviti da je re o
najglobalnijim agregatima koji ipak ne
mogu biti osnova za neku podrobniju
ekonomsku analizu. Poto esto imamo
potrebu za takvim analizama, takve zahteve
moemo zadovoljiti zakvaljujui sistemu
drutvenog raunovodstva ili makroekonomskih bilansa.

Broj 1, 2015.

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