Ratio and Proportion, Ravi

Ratio and Proportion
Prepared By: Dr. N.V. Ravi,

Sr. Executive Officer, BOS,
ICAI.
Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics
Ratio: A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two

or more quantities of the same kind of division.
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind by
division.
Ratios can be written, or expressed, three (3)

different ways.
z
z
1. a to b
2. a:b
3.
a
b
Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Statistics: Ratio and Proportion
a is called the first term or antecedent

and b is called the second term or
consequent.
Because a ratio is a quotient (fraction), its

denominator cannot be zero.

Inverse Ratio
z
z
z
One ratio is the inverse of another if their

product is 1.Thus a:b is the inverse of b:a
and vice versa.
1. A ratio a:b is said to be greater inequality if
a>b and less inequality if a<b.
2.The ratio compound of the two ratios a:b
and c:d is ac:bd
3.A ratio is said to be compounded itself is

called duplicate ratio.
Thus a2:b2 is the duplicate ratio of a:b
Similarly ,the triplicate ratio of a:b is a3:b3
For example
Duplicate ratio of 2:3 is 4:9
Triplicate ratio of 2:3 is 8:27
z

z
z
4.The sub duplicate ratio of a:b is
a: b
5.The sub-triplicate ratio of a:b is

3
a: b,duplicate ratio of 2:3 is

For example
Triplicate ratio of 8:27 is
, 2:3
3
2: 3
8 : 3 27

5.If the ratio of two similar quantities can be

expressed as a ratio of two integers ,the
Quantities are said to be commensurable,
otherwise, they are said to be
incommensurable 3 : 2
cannot be expressed as the ratio of two
integers.
8

6.Continued ratio is the relation (or

comparison) between the two magnitudes
of three magnitudes of three or more
quantities of the same kind. the continued
ratio of three similar Quantities a,b and c
is a:b:c

z For
example Continued ratio of

Rs.200,Rs.400 and Rs.600 is
Rs200:Rs400:Rs.600.=
1:2:3
10

Example-1
z
11
The monthly incomes of two persons are in

the ratio of 4:5 their monthly expenditure are
in the ratio 7:9.If each saves Rs.50per month
,Find their monthly incomes.

Solution
Let the monthly incomes are 4X and 5X
If each saves Rs.50.Per month
Then expenditures are Rs.(4x-50)and (5x-50)
z
Then X=100
12
4 x 50 7
=
5 x 50 9
13
Hence monthly incomes of the two

persons are Rs.4X100(Rs.400)and
Rs.5x100(Rs.500)

Example -2
z
14
Find in what ratio will the total wages of

the workers of a factory be increased or
decreased if there be a reduction in the
number of workers in the ratio 15:11and
increment in their wages in the ratio
22:25

Solution
z
z
z
15
Let x be the original number of workers

and Rs.Y the average wages per workers
Then the total wages before
changes=Rs.xy
After increment ,the wages per
workers=Rs.(25y)/22

The total wages after changes

=(11/15 X) Rs.(25y)/22= Rs.5xy/6.
z Hence the required ratio in which the total
wages decrease is xy:5xy/6=6:5
z
16

Proportion
An equality of two ratios is called Proportion .
Four quantities a,b,c,d are said to be in
proportion a:b=c:d (also written as a:b :: c:d
a:b is as to c:d) if a/b =c/d i.e if ad=bc The
quantities are a,b,c,d are terms of the
proportion ;a,b,c and d are called its first
,second ,third and fourth terms respectively.
z
17

First and fourth terms called are called extremes.

The second and third terms are called means (or
middle terms)
If a:b =c:d then d is called fourth proportional
If a:b=c:d are in proportion then a/b =c/d i.e ad=bc
i.e product of extremes =product of means
This is called cross product rule.
18

Three quantities a,b,c are same kind (in same

units) are said to be continuous proportion) if
a:b=b:c i.e b2 =ac If a,b ,c are continuous
proportion ,then middle term b is called then
the middle term b is called mean proportional
between a and c ,a is called the first
proportional and c is third proportional .
19

Thus, b is the mean proportional between a

and c ,then b2 =ac i.e
b= ac
20

21
In a ratio a:b ,both quantities must be of

the same kind while in a proportion
a:b=c:d ,all the quantities need not be
same type. The first two quantities of
same kind and last two quantities should
be same kind.

z
z
z
z
22
Properties of Proportion
if a:b =c:d ,then ad=bc

If a:b=c:d then b :a=d :c (invertendo)
if a:b=c:d then a :c=b :d (Alternendo)
if a:b =c:d ,then a + b: b=c+d :d (componendo)

if a:b =c:d
then a - b: b=c - d :d (Dividendo)
z if a:b =c:d then
a + b: a - b =c+d :c-d
(componendo and Dividendo)
z
23

if a:b=c:d=e:f=.,then each of these

ratios (Addendo) is equal to (a + c +e+.):(b
+d+ f+.)
z if a:b=c:d=e :f=.,then each of these
ratios (Subtrahendo) is equal to
(a- c e-.):(b d- f-.)
z
24

Example -1
Find the value of x if 10/3:x:: 5/2:5/4
Using the cross product rule
X*5/2=(10/3)5/4
Or X=(10/3)*5/4=5/3
25

Example2
Find the fourth proportional to
2/3 ,3/7,4
Solution: Let the fourth proportional be X
then 2/3,3/7,4 and x are in proportion.
Using the cross product rule,
(2/3)*x=(3*4)/7
Or X=(3*4*3)/7=18/7
z
26

Example3
If a:b=c:d =2.5:1.5,what are the values of
ad: bc and a +c : b+d
Solution:
we have a/b=c /d =2.5/1.5..(1)
From (1) ad=bc or ad/ bc=1:1
Again from (1) a/b=c /d=a + c/ b+d
a+c/b+d=2.5/1.5=5/3 =5:3
z
27

Example:4
If a/3 =b/4 =c/7 ,then prove that
a+b+c/c =2
z Solution :
We have a/3=b/4=c/7=a+b+c/3+4+7
a+b+c/14=c/7 or
a+ b +c /c=14/7=2
z
28

Indices
z
29
If n is a positive integer, and a is a real

number ,i.e nN and a R (where n is
the set of all positive numbers and R is
the set of all real numbers), a is used to
continue product of n factors each equal
to a as shown as bellow:

an=a X a X a.to n factors

Here an is a power of a whose base is a and
index or power is n.
30

Laws of Indices
z
Law.1: am X an =a m+n, where m and n are

positive integers
m
a
n
z Law.2:
a
=a m-n where m and
n are positive integers

31

(a )
m
Law.3:
= a mn
where m and n are positive integers

Law.4:
where n takes all positive values.
z
(ab ) = a . b
n
32

Find x ,if
X X = (X X )
1
2
33
3
2 X
X (X ) = (X )
Solution
1
1+ 2
3
2
= (X ) = (X )
3
.x
2

(If bases are equal ,then power is also equal)

ie 3/2=3/2* x
X =1
z
34

Example
x
b
x
35
a+b
x
. c
x
b+c
x
. a
x
c
c+a
=1
Example
l 2 +lm+m2
x
m
x
l
36
2
2
+
+
m
mn
n
m
x
. n
x
2
2
n
+
nl
+
l
n
x
. l
x
=1
1
3
If
X =3 +3
Then 3X3-9x=10
37

Solution
(a + b) = a + b + 3ab(a + b)
3
1
3
3 3
1
3 3
3 3
1
3
1
3
(3 + 3 ) = (3 ) + (3 ) + 3.3 .3 (3 + 3 )
38
1
= 3 +
+ 3x
3
= 10 + 9 x
9 x = 10
Logarithms
z
39
The logarithm of a number to a given base

is the index or the power to which the
base must be raised to produce the
number ,i.e to make it equal to the given
number. If there are three quantities
indicated by say a, X and n, they are
related as follows:

If ax=n, then X is said to be the logarithm of

the numbers to the base a', symbolically
it can be expressed as follows
log an=X
40

Definition of Logarithms
Suppose b>0 and b1,
there is a number p
such that:
z
logb n = p if and only if b = n

p
41

Fundamental Laws of Logarithm

z
1. Logarithm of the product of two numbers is

equal to the sum of the logarithms of the
numbers to the same base ,i.e
loga mn=loga m +loga n
42


z
2.Logarithm of the Quotient of two numbers

is equal to the difference of the logarithms of
the numbers to the same base ,i.e
m=
log a
n
43
loga m loga n

z
3. Logarithm of the number is raised to the

power equal to the index of the power raised
by the logarithms of the number to the same
base ,i.e
log a m = n loga m
44

Why Logarithms
Logarithms were originally
developed to simplify complex arithmetic
calculations.
z They were designed to transform
multiplicative processes into additive ones.
z
45

46
Logarithm
Tables
The
Logarithms
of a number consists of two
parts ,the whole part or integral part is called the
characteristic and the decimal part is called the
mantissa. Where the former can be known by
mere inspectiom,the later has to be obtained
from logarithms tables.

Characteristic
z
47
The Characteristic of the logarithmic of

any number greater than 1 with positive
and is one less than the number of digits
to the left the decimal point in the given
number.

Characteristic
z
48
The Characteristic of the logarithm of any

number less than one (1)is negative and
numerically one more than the number of
Zeros to the right of decimal point .If there
is no Zero then obviously it will -1.

Examples for Characteristic

Number
49
Characteristic
37
1(2-1)
4623
3(4-1)
6.21
0(1-1)
0.07
-2(number of Zeros on)

Examples for Characteristic
50
Number
Characteristic
0.00507
-3
0.000670
-4

Mantissa
z
51
The mantissa is the fractional part of the

logarithm of a given number
Number
Mantissa
Logarithm
Log 4597
=6625(6618+7 =3.6625
(Mean
Difference)
Anti logarithms
If X is the logarithms of a given number n
with a given base then n is called the
antilogarithm (anti log) of X to that base .
z This can be expressed as follows
If log a n =X
Then n = anti log X
z
52

For Example
If log 61720=4.7904
Then 61720=anti log 4.7904
z
53

Example-1
Write 2 = 8 in logarithmic form.

3
Solution:
log2 8 = 3
We read this as: the log

base 2 of 8 is equal to 3.
54

Example-2
Write 4 =16 in logarithmicform.

2
Solution:
log4 16 = 2
Read as: the log base 4 of 16
is equal to 2.
55

1
Write 2 = in logarithmic form.
8
3
Solution:
1
log2 = 3
8
1
Read as: "the log base 2 of is equal to -3".
8
56

Solve
log
( 4 x + 10 ) = log
( x + 1)
Since the bases are both 3 we simply set the

arguments equal.
4x+10= x+1
3x +10 = 1
57
3x = 9
x = 3

Example
Solve:
Solution:
log8 (x 14) = log8 (5x)

2
Since the bases are both 8 we

simply set the arguments equal.
x 14 = 5x
x 2 5x 14 = 0
(x 7)(x + 2) = 0
2
Factor
(x 7) = 0 or (x + 2) = 0
x = 7 or x = 2
58
continued on the
Quantitative
Aptitude & Business
next
page
Example
continued
Solve: log8 (x 14)= log8 (5x)

2
Solution:
x = 7 or x = 2
59

z
z
60
It appears that we have 2 solutions here.

If we take a closer look at the definition of
a logarithm however, we will see that not
only must we use positive bases, but also
we see that the arguments must be
positive as well. Therefore -2 is not a
solution.
Example
z
If log a bc=X, log bca=y, log cab=z prove that
1
1
1
+
+
=1
x+1 y+1 z+1
61

z
z
z
z
z
62
X+1= loga bc+ logaa=log a abc

Y+1= logb cac+ log bb=log a abc
Z+1= log cab+log cc=log a abc
Hence
1
1
1
+
+
x +1 y +1 z +1
1
log
63
abc
1
log
abc
1
log c abc
log abc a+ log abc b + log abc c

=log abc abc =1
Multiple Choice Questions
64

1________ is the mean proportional

between 12x2 and 27y2.
A) 18xy
B) 81 xy
C) 8 xy
D) 19.5 xy
65

1________ is the mean proportional

between 12x2 and 27y2.
A) 18xy
B) 81 xy
C) 8 xy
D) 19.5 xy
66

z
z
z
z
z
67
2.log 32/4 is equal to

A) log 32/log4
B) log 32 log4
C)23
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
68
2.log 32/4 is equal to

A) log 32/log4
B) log 32 log4
C)23
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
69
3.The logarithm of a number consists of

two parts, the whole part or the integral
part is called the ______ and the decimal
part is called the _______.
A) Characteristic, Number
B) Characteristic, Mantissa
C) Mantissa, Characteristic
D) Number, Mantissa
z
z
z
z
70
3.The logarithm of a number consists of

two parts, the whole part or the integral
part is called the ______ and the decimal
part is called the _______.
A) Characteristic, Number
B) Characteristic, Mantissa
C) Mantissa, Characteristic
D) Number, Mantissa
z
z
z
z
z
71
4.The value of (8/27)1/3 is

A) 2/3
B) 3/2
C) 2/9
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
72
4.The value of (8/27)1/3 is

A) 2/3
B) 3/2
C) 2/9
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
73
5.The mean proportional between 1.4 gms

and 5.6 gms is
A) 28 gms.
B) 2.8 gms
C) 3.2 gms.
D) None of these.

z
z
z
z
z
74
5.The mean proportional between 1.4 gms

and 5.6 gms is
A) 28 gms.
B) 2.8 gms
C) 3.2 gms.
D) None of these.

z
z
z
z
z
75
6.The ratio compound of two ratios 4: 3

and 7: 3 is
A) 12:21
B) 28:9
C) 9:28
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
76
6.The ratio compound of two ratios 4: 3

and 7: 3 is
A) 12:21
B) 28:9
C) 9:28
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
77
7.The ratio of two quantities is 5: 9. If the

antecedent is 25, the consequent is
A) 9
B) 45
c) 40
D)None of these

z
z
z
z
z
78
7.The ratio of two quantities is 5: 9. If the

antecedent is 25, the consequent is
A) 9
B) 45
c) 40
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
79
8.If p: q = r: s, implies q: p = s: r, then the

process is called
A) Componendo
B) Invertendo
C) Alternendo.
D) Dividendo

z
z
z
z
z
80
8.If p: q = r: s, implies q: p = s: r, then the

process is called
A) Componendo
B) Invertendo
C) Alternendo.
D) Dividendo

z
z
z
z
z
81
9. log (3 5 7)2 is equal to __________

A) 2(log 3 + log 5 + log7)
B) log (2357)
C) 2(log 3 log 5 log 7)
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
82
9. log (3 5 7)2 is equal to __________

A) 2(log 3 + log 5 + log7)
B) log (2357)
C) 2(log 3 log 5 log 7)
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
83
10. The triplicate ratio of 4: 5 is ________.

A) 125: 64
B)16:25
C)64:125
D) None of these

z
z
z
z
z
84
10. The triplicate ratio of 4: 5 is ________.

A) 125: 64
B)16:25
C)64:125
D) None of these

THE END

Ratio and Proportion, Ravi

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Ratio and Proportion

Prepared By: Dr. N.V. Ravi,

Ratio and Proportion

Ratio: A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two

Ratios can be written, or expressed, three (3)

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

a is called the first term or antecedent

Because a ratio is a quotient (fraction), its

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

One ratio is the inverse of another if their

3.A ratio is said to be compounded itself is

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

4.The sub duplicate ratio of a:b is

5.The sub-triplicate ratio of a:b is

a: b,duplicate ratio of 2:3 is

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

5.If the ratio of two similar quantities can be

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

6.Continued ratio is the relation (or

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

example Continued ratio of

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

The monthly incomes of two persons are in

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Hence monthly incomes of the two

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Find in what ratio will the total wages of

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Let x be the original number of workers

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

The total wages after changes

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

First and fourth terms called are called extremes.

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Three quantities a,b,c are same kind (in same

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Thus, b is the mean proportional between a

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

In a ratio a:b ,both quantities must be of

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

if a:b =c:d ,then ad=bc

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

if a:b=c:d=e:f=.,then each of these

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

If n is a positive integer, and a is a real

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

an=a X a X a.to n factors

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Law.1: am X an =a m+n, where m and n are

=a m-n where m and

n are positive integers

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

where m and n are positive integers

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

(If bases are equal ,then power is also equal)

Quantitative Aptitude & Business