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-, L tM f .-
'' s"-+ t!- " - e{a- f r:
L{nes
Transmnission
In many communicationssystenN, it is often We will analyzewirc systemswhich
necessary to: inierconnect points that are havepropcriicsth.ricanaffectsignalcharac-
lome .li'lrlltc apan from each olhcr. The {eristics.Thediscussion will beginwith fur-
',n ionnectionbetweena transmittcrand its an- damentals andgoonto studysuchpropcrties
renna is a lypicale\amfleol this. Iflhc tre- 'asthe chancteristit impeddnoeof transmis-
quencyis high enough.such a distancemay sior lines.The Smiti cfidrtand its applica-
\rell becomean appreciablefrallion of lhc iionswill bestudicdnextandexamples given
wavclcngLh bcing propagared.It rhen be- of the many problems that canbesolvedwiih
comes necessary ro considerthc Propertiesof its aid. Finally,ihechapterlooksat thevari
' the inierconnectilgwircs, sincc thcse no ous hAnsrnission-line components in com-
longeibehaveas short circuits. It will bocomc mon use, notabfystlrs, ilircctional cauplerc
elidenlthal the site, separationand general and balatrce-to-unfufurncetronsformers
layour of tfie sysremof rviresbecomessignifi- (baluns).
caniunder theseconditions.
OBIECTIVES
{lpan Nory etitlgrht nuterial in Chatter 7, the studehtt,ill he uble to:
Underotondthc thcory of tranlnrissionlines in general.
Calculatethe charactedstic impedance of a transmission line.
Defin€the terhs rranrlirg wayer, standing-wawrntio (SWR),andnotnelizdtiohol
BASICPRINCIPLES
lines(in the conlextofthis book)irc considered
to be inrpedance-match-
designed to deliverpower(RF) frorn thc transnitterto the antenna,and
moiimumsignalfrort the antennaio the receivcr.From sucha broaddefinirion,any
IB5
tr66ELECTriOl.ira
coMt lllNICAltON StSTtn{S
li:
'ties mLrchcxsrcr1o calcu- 16] I njil] <
r:, l ,,i ,rr
rmissnr Inre.All tractical
ris sill]plifies calcuLrl;ons, t,',1
(:]'iir)
" ..."1""'^ 1,r " " .,.t
]l !..r [ih fr"E
I
! 'r l
;;l lillrirlr
rrii
l*
l {r l i d l n i f! i , ,
' i rl rs
,rii,r.. ,, ]
]t^rl',,1
r( 57AiL 15! , i"r,:-* I
reparallefwirc (balanced)
) lire in ligurc 7-la. -- i!!tl !r!r!l!l!'l ,,.llliil.r.,-,,rr,,.
-*-L
)ropL:rliesaretequircd:ft)r
:ivcr or a /lrn?ri( antennu
i ,ij
cedproporlicsarcnocdcd, ldnrf' onicrlryL,
'.lTlLof)
oundedantenla.It is also
risl(ol radintimfrom the rMritrtrtri fu(|!fr:Y lr l51rMlli
line'
|IGURE 7-2 Gcternt e{iuit:rlen{circuit of transdission
powettrarNmitted is
nressure is rlv) use{las a mcansol keepingout ruoistureAs thc
dimensions of lho cable For exa ple' rigid
i'."t""t"a- .*, n",f''" crcss-seclional
- with an outerdimrete' of22 5 m.hasa peakpowe-r
oir"fJ*"t i.
"o*inl "oppercable
lhis n. reJ.c'ro 400 L$,cr :,noL'rcr'iurncte ol 8n mm rrd lo i
.ri'."., of l"
(\lt inDcr
rlre. d]l ti:'k
Irfu'tor n zr0-rrnrourerJiomLlcr'tr will bc 'hown ":':i
of All lne
ofongtitt ttt" outerdiametel,Loensureaconsta|tva]ue
"hoiged
(onJr'clorhas L cerlrin lengthmJ
Eouilalrnt circuil repres(nlstion 5inic cach
Jin"tlr,-ii*ill n*" andan i,ductanocsinc€thcrearctwo wirescloseto'
^.sistarcc wires are sepratedbye'
eachother. therc will be capacitalccbetwccnthcm' The
."afrt tlle diettictt'ic'l\'hich cannotbc perlectin its insulation;the cuftnt
"if"a
i.lrf."r" t'tt usl i,."n t'. reFrc'ented b) J JrunLc!'ndu'lxnccThc fcsrhingcqLri\alml
7'2 Norclhdt lll lhe quanliLies jhcwn areProportronalm.
circuij is a' "hor n ln Figure
'ii,l*i'"iil"-ii"", '"
irl" measurer)
nrtuntess ani quatett pet unittensth' theJ |te
t"""ttYii"ul,n
u"ou"n.ies,lheinduclive reactance largerthanthe
is n''uch
*"-.ip,""ce is alsomuchlarger
lhanlhe.'hunt,condlcrrnceBoth
nt.."p".iii'"
lossle:,f^li"'Y
C-n*i u" ignn'.a.''."rhinsin a liDethatis con'idered ii
assho{n'
cjrcuitis simplifi€d
i"t fr *lcu;dons) Theequivalent
^ptr."ii*it"ii
L, R, c ' (nd G' shownin Filllres
'"u'" 'nui ,, ,u nurru,hatthequuntities .7
occur
7-3, arc al.lmeasut.dPar unil length'e 8 ' per metu, becautelhq' I
throuShout the langthof.theLine
tni in". fnaf ire nu: rlisiihuted
'hi
cir"ir"ton"u" be $sumed to be lufiped t an) one poinl'
"nu'thq'
Impedance
7-1.2Characteristic musthavean mpu
nnfclt.uir rnorcon.ist' oi 'cricsanJshunt i nroedaDcts
i;J;:'iliffiil:iii;:,"'iil'ilii;;.il;;irr-o"iJ*,r'..,jp. o'ti
and
at thclar end.To simpljlydescdpijon
i"ngifrnnJrft"t".ntinur;"n
RF equiv'lent ciruuit'
FIGURtr 7'3 Transnrission"linc
rl'- '-1."1Lr.-L, N I lr.I-rSl{19
'iI
1
2 2'
_riIC !_ri{I
. 7.t\-\l!l!yL
\ (; + io(._
i9{} ELra'fROllIC aol'tltliLr:'iia,I.Ila)ll 51-STEI1S
+:'
..1,.
s ro r l i n e nrxt b..ol rrpl .x. N ri Lli D dccdi t !.r\ oti ," Iri s esl { ci l l l r- | r l nr c com r n0nici-
rions. j.c . t.lctLro|J rt \oic. frcqncnci$. tudlo |equencics thL:.csisiivecornpG
n c l l tso fthe oqul !.tl entci fc j t be()me nrsi :rrri xnf the e).| ncssr(ji) r Z0r cduccL
^t l j crnr.
f-orthecoaxirlline, Lhisis
l:18 t) (7.s)
Zt= \l
vTt'tE-
wheleI = diclcclricconsLnl of lhc insuhii0n.
No|cthatlhefigurc138is cqurllo l20rrr. $lrercl20?r= 37?0 isthcimped-
rrre oI lrcc st :e, md ? is the brsc ol the nrtural log{rithnrsyslem:276 is 2 x 138
gqurlion(7:l) rpperrs$ takero accoLrrl ol lLrcdiclectric const.rnr01$c
nrsula{in8 mrLc rl. Ihis is becauseihe Nrrefi l is vcfy olicn dir fbf frm llcl-wirclines;
rnd its ilicleclficconsrrnris rnity The lbilirlr tbr iheZo oi Lrh,tllLlced linc rvithsolld
diclectticis rlnnsr iclcnLic.rl.cj(ccptthit tlc 1ircttefm bccomos176/Vt.
nngc o1 chrt,rcrsfi stiicnrl )!daD coil br bal rnccdl i ncsis 150t o 600
T lrc rLsnat
0 , rn L l,{0 1o 150O l of corx l l i ncs. bol b bci ng l i l D i l fd by rhci f gcorr elr y''f his, ?s
well rs lhc mo(h(Jdol Lrsln!rbe charlrclcfisticiurpodancclinnrulns. will be sho$nrnlr!
next thrlc cxrmples. r ii i
---,e!
[R nN S I\,l i S S 10NI iNES n91
SOI,UTloN
zt:' la
I o .. |,l .l
: impcdlirce 0l .r lmrsurs.
)cidll in line conlmunin 133. 1)
21,- roe ,
rcie! llrc rc!'rtrvs cornpo. ti
i exPr.ssrlr lor 70 red ccr 1) 1-= ll: Lrsr
-. ll\ \ I i8 \ 2.21
( i . 1 5 7: 3 . 1 7 N r
Dr D : l r L i l o g 0 . 8 l - l ) . 5 1 t 4) i
soLUtloN
D Zt j ,(:' n t .(
^
' t-t l 1h\t t-,8v:50 - l ]^
= 23.1884
x l 0:rrx I 543= t.86 x l 0: nnn
/) = r/x rnri tog23.t8tj 4= 0.025
= 3.86x 10,i km
Ln6 . t0' _^-
9.44 l ft '
z0rr= 377O is thcimped-
m syslcmr 276is 2 x 138 A lighl-yc|r, rs Lhc fle !u8!esls,is thc disLmcccolcrcd by lighl irr I ycu dl a
lclocil] o1300,01)0 kd pcrsccord Tllc figurcoi 409 lighrlcurs is Alnoslexrcily L0t)
dieledric constantoi tlrc liDrcsrhc distDcc 1)frlr nc^rcslsl! (Pfoxina CcntNri) frcn Llresolar.qysrcnr, rnll
lines,
r air tbf parallcl-wirc l h i sc x rDfl c r csto showeoncl rsi l clthrl
y dr iinpcd
vfl ueol dA aotcri st jc
ir b.rlancodlinc wilh solid rncc js irn not tossilrlel ^hi gh
romec 276l\4
llancodlinesis 150to 600
y thcn geo etry.Thrs,4s L l a hi gh vrl uc ol ch.l |acreri stiicrntedal cei s nccdc(l i,t i s i een l l rrl t hc r onduc'
mulns,will be slrowrin ihe, to rs u s l b e verys| nal l L(' gi v.al ,l rgei drcl anceperuni tl crgth.Thedj sl nr r cchclwcc
ihem rrrsl be vefy lafgc Lo yickl as stnall a dNnt catrtrihnce Per unrl lcngLhts
llf Er-E(-TRL,i\llc aali4l"iLiNlllr\lirili sYsTEi\is
iro$sihlc Onc .v.rnurll) ruirs oLIt.'fdislllnce. lLtilhc orir.f crd ol ilre sc.r.. the enacr
oppoliLc rpplics Thr( is. dillxn.es b. reeD.ondlrciors beconrc con\eirtcntlysn{ll
i o r.o rx i al i mes f| .i bccomcnntos\i bl ci oi trrxl l ef $i re l i nes,si nccof . r laDingof
c o n d u cl .rsr\r rl doccuri 1 aZrl cssl l i an!3 l ) $ere al l ei Lpl e{ i .
wavesdepen&on
Veloaity{ilcior The vclocitl of ligbt andall oLherclcclrunngnetic
thcLredium (hrough x
whichthcylrrvcl.l1 isvefyncarlyi lOsntsinov0cuumand
slowerir ll othermcdia.Thc vck)cilyofligfi1in a modiurris givenby
'= \a 11"6J
Lncc.Al i i r..rr ilr er eiid o1' r lr i:.;{ ' ,rl e .1 l : !:,' i r.!:i [r!]i ,1.,,.,:-.' .,, i ,. , ! . 'i( , n1) L'
L i r.r.l (J i i i r .rr, f..(r
ncf0n. rii.lJn'enre i. 1 ,, r" .L1i -i Il rr,tn rj l i rl i Lr. i tl rrr ' L' rf,rrsl'ii'1i ir lf
iii , i]
r fof pxfLJi.l \rir liitr. j;rr.t o','erLqi "' ' .,,,.
r,.L r.n {s l fr j r
L ill !) s.i . L r t [ r t t . d. I
tt" e '
i l tI s rrl ,rti n g ,l l ti ,,:rr.t:rl i r ,| .i i ::i tL,) ,rri * i rr,L.., :.:r i ri: , ir . . , . r , , . i.
11rcl .tL d :,l ll1in/ n, ' . ( |, ||k n ,h e r| ..;i ,..' ' ...l J | l | l |
r, l r ' i , l " Li ri !' r | r' ' i l hr !' r' rl )tir 1. 1 lllr ol
.i -. i rrr,i | i ,' rL i .,.:rr,rt,rr' r.i ,rrr r : nlL lr L
i u slr i i o n run nr lr r a. Lr s ir l ru n 1 c ( u f' " ,
i n ble l ]rrri o r L, l r \ r . , oir n! lh . T h i i 't1
,: ,i t(tttl
I lirrs l'.!dirlior l(,rs.s rri diilicLrLr;
n . r lc u l rtd .'i h . )
i rtr" rr,r u l ' u iousi n.l fj ei ol cJ .l l sl s. l hegri i N refi hc,.l l l l i rcn..l \\,.$r l h. |) i! l inr pcd
is |foirortbrll to cu enl rnd thcfd
crc:rsin! J'rcqusicy
n r lilr a | i g i d .1il' - dic |ec t r ic l2 ? .n rd th e Po w e | i !l r.u s | a :| 1 0dbac| {0Il 1b| l hbei w oo| | l ]e
i to l ,j g u ru7 ' 3) l l ri rel ord i ri i )cdnncchrs r vtl ue b.i $,| eD0 u| (l i z,i of I' cl v'. ( : lrZ0 Ur ( l
allot h e | e 1 c lunagnet ic wlvc s d q d ' ' o s c i | | | t]o n s s ti | l ttl l i o p| l C e.Thi sti l nethe.l n,i l U dgd(:c| cl l | t]l
i s vcf ! l ca y 3 x l( ir nt s in a v a c L (j s h trQl ] l h o l i rhrt ol Ll rcl ord i rrl )odnn(cnpprorrch$l Zr'
j
^s
f lighl i n a n ledir r n is gi\ , enbt i
iI i:'illff,1ffi,.il;il"ll];l,J:;fi:i'1,];"ri.'iliiil::lli
illi:ll$';
thc rp|lled powcf. lLrc lolllLlrc , d currcirLwtv(s trrvel ro the bril t n spec(lslight t
,
I lessthanr, dencrLCin! l)n LhcvckJoilyl:t1ctot.ll Z! .'Zr. thc lond lbsotusnll rlre
I rroreis fcfldclcd.Tho(nrlywrlcs thcnprriscfit!ftr lhe !i)lln$) Lndrrrrcnr
powor.r,rr<r
lnll|]l.rrl'uLrrrrant|'clinulr1y][|(inp|rlsc),1rl1,nlqrll/|.r!lI1)nls1jncl.|L(nt(rad
ll ./"- is nor cqLr l 1(l2:Lj.rornc powof is rbsofbcd, rnd thc ri\r is rclloclitl. \\t
rnij (husol d crblc,isfh0n$
rbsrrnce.
l | a v c l i n Al rl |l rl i (, rhe l er.ftt.r. l hese l w o sotsoi rrrl cl i n{ w rvcs, l oi fg In of |os't c
tl j fc c l i o n (sl t i 0" (,rI ol phr!L:).rel Lrpr1ri rxcfl efencctl Lrsrrrl rr(N r s rzrrl i/ r ! r Lr t r r
i .e ,l )c rts , r l on! rhr.l i | l e l hi sl s!l ro$' n i n t,i gur: l ' () l u rt \h(nl ci rcri (e dlinc lr is
s e e nl h i rtv a l i .rrdl r vl ,l txA cnfi d.trrcnl rri i rnx(rodcrt :rndn xi D )rr!!ti uddlr s)hr r vc
i connroul) uscdin (r rsmlssidrll
('e rl ,a, l.' J ' r . < ( lb) I l r0 d l ' f \" 1 :" rr' i r" l .'
,t- r i ,.u t r "\i,rl ll r' ! i i sTr-t i
0-
-Jl- I * i- i
Corsider only the nnrvr (i Lralclingloltagc dnd cLrrert wtrcs lbr Lhc$omenr
Al 1heload. lhe lolt.ige rvill bc zoro rnd the cuNnt I n.rxi unr bccauscLhcl{)adiia
slnrl cinaril. Note thrt {lre.nrelt hrt r llnitc vrlLresjnc.:thc line hls an lnr|cdanceAr
Lhxtinsilnl o1 lirnc. rhe sanreconditn)|s dso applv rl I loinl exrcUy onc w vclength
on the gcncnl sdc of lhe lord, and so on. The crrront at the lo it tdwaysa
nraxirnLtnl, rlthough Llrcsize of ihit m|rirnurrr varies pcriodioallywilh limc. sirrcethe
:,l i p l r .l u r\c r' i r..r- i ' 1.' 1.
The rcflcctioo lhll trkcs phcc rl thc sln)rl cirtuit rtfccls hoth vollagea0d
current. "fhrr cur'rcnl now shrts lrLt\cling bflck ro thc gcner0br. uDchangedin phNc
(scrie$ circuil thcory), b 1 t/r( roltttt( i! r(llqttrl r'r, o lu0" lfta.r. r{,'(,'vl. At i ,
poinr exaotly a quatcf-\ralelength f|.()n thc load lhe curcnL is /rlrolrdt4 zero(as
sho\\,n iD lrigurt ? 6). This is becdlsc tho linward rurd rcllocted cuLrent waves i{e
ex ctly 180' out ol phdsc, as lhc reflectcd $avc hlN hLrd!o truvel a distance of,\/4 +
,\/4 = i/2 fafihcr thrn rlrc lbrwrl(| wavc.'Lhc lwo oirncel. and a cunenl nodc is estab_
Iished. Thc volt^gc $'avc hn$ alv) hncl to travel {n cxtra distanccol ,\/2, but sinceit: I
ondcrwcnl r lljo! pha$c rovcri"rl (n rclleclion. ils ntal Phasechrngc is 360" Rein'
Io i c e n rc nw t i l l trkc tLl ce. fesul l i ngi n a vol ! ge arti nodcrt P rcci scl yLl rosam epoint r s '
l1 frus( bc e rphrsizedthr{ lhis silurtlion;s |)orrrnent for rny given bad andrs
dorcrnrir)edby iLi such wr!cs nt truly \/r,z/irs wave\. r''ll the noilcs are p.nn,rnenLly
i i \,, . ., .l c t" " Ir, ,. 1 .,1r." ,' l e ,re (un:u i \4.,1\ .,1 ,1. i r, c onJ r ioo'
'r
' .ttl y ' l l cl o:.1r.,r l ' i rr:r ,\" pr r| | Jr l r r rr ' r , ur r ' r r r rrn r' r' r ' n anJ \ u l"gr
'
-1t8ff
fl-
Lil',1tss
Tlr-r,-l'.]sl1ll3sl3r.I n9s
lrltr:rl,lt'l r-:r l,$it:rr lia. icruin:ri.C ir : ,r. t r.:r:'1, :r. irririr.r r : i, Z{ i&rc thll
11i,
' : ! ; ! r t : i 1 i 1 , I i .ir{i . r l ! : : i r l r i i ! 1 1
.- 7i
(7-r0)
11.
.- ;- l
iflPcdlnc' i''iersi{'i'
!;{$rtlirtstlei !1osg I mitdlat'lied i':rmsilissk'n ii'r'i
i{a;UtillTr}
s g.cit$ tltaft zo (note lh.r
iirririi,'.-:'.ili ":Iji'
li
ronlinc,suchthat/i/ *2i n,,r;li:i"i;iilti
* i':'"'
" ';r;;"::
/n in l;igure7-7,rlovill$o l,i:,i,l i.l;'1",1ii"i"-,.',n.,
i,ll, ;;i',
;;l;i;,;'1,: "-',",-"0
: €very h 1:\t.!clength,
thrr 0f Lhckud, if P hr : ;r
"'"'"'; i:":r:"ir:l;;i:r
;'r';"
*+" i
wavelongthor r balf-we,/s
)(ics, ,nd ire oltcn lsedior
lltiil**',
,,,'rit,,'.. ii\[*,lir+l#t
-ir-Uil",ii:i:il'#i:;,
l-**i*f*li+ru*tt*ffii*li" **i*
::;i:l"l'''n:::
l'il;#:ll,'"'l;":il;llf
jonsjdcrFigure 7-8, whiclr
$nrissjon line ol lengtht and il;it:lt':lnlru:'H,ffi
I r is cxucllyo Lllrartor-uavc
I theliic iT lossjcss.thenlhe
*il;"1;'l,j;
,',,,,'m*ils::l: il'"'iti)":
H'ntli):';ll*;r^j;
(r.r0) (?-11)
Z,
-ZO
7-o Zt
,ip?ddn(ri i.c., the quulel-
lquati()r (7-10) rePrcsenLs1l
irut
whal t(x) conlPlox k) 4civc
a load is resistiveand equd z"
onnectod.slandingwav$ of Zo
'and antin)cle)rclt non rrlc
ZI
',tr (8-1r)givcs
-t"""".1i.?ii,'Ji.- intoEqu'rrion
resurts
(i l r' ;' /rLri l l ' ' Ll l i l i i i " ' i i r:ri l i ;
i l fl j .a :i l l i .i ' l \J ti .l
1 lll
,i:tit;li;:t:,,",,'iillrt,i'.,ii;lii
ir,1,;,1,f:;:l
lnj:;;:: i ! 'l ! i r ' i r r J ! l ) 'r d ^ - r l n l t l r : r i rr i i !L i r i sl 't
, i, , , , . , , 1, ' , ' r ' , ., , i l ( i t . r i \ r L ; r r r i l r i r f L , r l i t
1 1 . r l i r . 1 r i ', : : r . , i ! t h r l i ! r e ! 1 L r r r 'i r r ir . l J ! t ! L r ( \ l
; , , . , ", i, , , , , ",
,i,li;;;'"'i',lllfii,fi;irrrp,rr,r,cc
lli:j];",llilll,"'ii,,,'lll;,ii Lo
rL;r,r,i,rr''a'tn"'rr
,1 ,.,,,..,1 ',.,.,I.l ' l ,,l :'r j ;:,l;t.'j
i t:l ;:l :;,, * ..
ll'"",,q,'"",
.',,..,, . '
,;i,]l;il, ;.|.ll;:,;,,;il
i,l : :::,.1,,;,".:l
.,.'r, ( :nru,n., 'I0','
:;'il,:;i,l:;i 'il'.',,i,..i'l;,:ii"ll,' '
-
i",,,",:.,,i1,""^,i",",.o,diAry'dther('rd,lrl,il,l:",i
j'|,]k,ad
fi,,lllli'"iJ'ii,,il,,li:'lliillii'i"lll;'Iilii,v((,,Lncei,i:nv
il"$il
lii,lill:!,l;i"il,l!'lil:i';1ilthis
llili,ilili'liiLl'lllllixill;llllJll
(riL\axlt
il il is crnrrlocrc( r(ithcrortrl
li,,'t"i' i"l"" *i",r,"1;' liJI I'rr'r)o!c'
"'e(
50L[n [0N
ii''(chNdi io,:,w'i.,'-.1:lrli,ili:"llr:illlT;1,:ij,llrJjrllit
,ri..'i,,,,i,i*",'';'r':r
tl l$ ll:'l',ill:,llll;ff?ii,
iil]":,.'lhill,iI:1:
rurn"rnrr',"r
ir. -.2,,
{7 .l .l l
',a,4
joo;:ro'.)
! l-l5l)
( L ') i Q d l i ) r l h i s e x d l i i . ' r l r l i \ u i r i ! c f ! r t i I r | l n i 'x r n n ' u
nt , lllnn , ( 7 - l l ) ! r \
:)r i*rn rs.,)u.nbau
?rr'(.q,os*,,xr's,lrnr.
.rqBr.rLL,o. ,::iiil:illJill lii: ll ot t".'"nln''r rr'i'
n'u,uou.'",r0'l''
qrns
.q slnr..J|r iluo
uii pasfutsno.ixni"npr fu.'\ s' s'qJ siiurr.rrs.r.^rl'r'rdt.
roN
.(r r^rtr'rpulrunqs() s.r.rissu prsrl rq u.soq.
ru'l'irorssrtttstm.Ir
srlorrl]nrnrloo.
.riqloo1r'rettljLrsuDrt
x pssr eq,{NlU^!Iu
suII uorssrursuP.rr .r.r'd .lqrrrns ! su lsnr (tl"rl
"rr lo
giti!'l rlollJ!!$rrnllr.rfJo so$Jodo.i.i e?uBlr{rou 9 l.l
-..lcrf.qr.rolnr3qr pll?
i l-l uortiis ur |.ssnisrp $p onitllsrrlrqt Jo ltnnsmr ir.'l
ror.ril ,{rlroli^ iqr.u!!u.rrr.p'(nLu.,'\l psNln.pi aq ulri)iurl
.qt B|loiri^l,a .rlt -ro,{tr.olor rqt 'qtBurl:r,turpuu{cuinbirJ.jo oif.l,{ou)i rql (u)lC
{ll!j*ifirth*
',(lctunoor{ri^ pornsuau!q trrrrurJUIIslqt tuoN qliuelr^!.{a'.1ll?q r put ,{ruor\ba!
t
srqlJorotu,rl)uc,3
rrqs patm
irlt oJpalr.uuoJaq fuft .srr lor9sJur
Fuiis r.p trruonbru.r Jr '{tlrrur.{ ratir do}s'p0eq
riJn)qf iqj '{Jtrcnbe'll orll
lr,rlrur (ro{
surx] f!lrncllrJn)qs I u'\\ou)isl
u.tL|().!qsnqrrjl)qt rl i^r.l -.rltrr.t
ftA\v -r {l.rtl prrr.rrqr.njti.nr{r!l
lir'*;in'xr,
Jr ,{lprc.dsr'llr,$ l)
$.l:)r rnq N|filrrql $sl,!lrou lll^\ trru.nbnrlNrl.L t0Fuotr^ta-JlIlLl
v sr ou'I lfirlls eq] qilq,r rr {rLrcnbo.!oqr rt {1uo Inq 'lu()Ll lrxU tu pr'rrn.rr.r.()Lls
0q llrr'A30rluft?(laql rurl urxtlr?rlt ssolrr pitisuuoi sl o(l]l uorsgrusunrl i^r^\-.llr?tl
pitln l. oqli g ir 'unr"artitr pr?otlrqt !L().rr,{ ,rr (.lr) qtfu$ti^urA-JltqD p.irrtd
st ttn ti trortsoqtJl poumtrlo.(l ltr^\ srlnsrr:'rur?s oru, itqlss.i ? ,{llclrrs{tidrui $! t:t':i:l'iliiiJ":'l,l'
qt
F trrlod lc r,' iqll uorssrusurxt r lnrrrLi-tJorls0t ,{fi9soaau silurt.ulossl tl'rllurQVpl]ol
iqr tt().'t(s{'lu.t.^r^\-Jl'rqlo riqttnnriloq^\ u.Io)t0.'0cl.^u,rJItLIr?$ q)r\^\ ..unJsIp
u ru Frol oqt or pl)riiuuo. lrJrt 0orssrurrurilI) tuoF l,.rrsr,3[r oq {tm ..wFdtul
*t**:**:l**,*
.qt 'isu. oqr 8ur.q srru ilt.o.lf pl,ot r io i.rurrp.Llrur ll nsre(ool lrtqt.riprd
rlnru.r o ,{.rrr sr lr 'i.urlsLl| n'C furur Jlx At.|lrdo.d liqt to si;ult|r^pr: rq,l I irl;iii:'[]lJ
'"'li:lil'
'nr3predap-,{.uinl))4 sI rr uur,'ilrrLr() q rurl
snlt to !.uplll)dllll:)nslr.trr ]qr eqr to roijro.ii.t)0r$ ,(i.ridrjrdlltl.t i{r] .^')^{-Jtrjq
lql Jo pu. rEt irlt tx p.intd tLr)t .ql Jo .rutp.dur .{ ot tcnbr iq ts|nu i]urpid
i:'i'i:
:::'"-"::lill'[i"i
'ur nrduJ.r|trxtl
'(!.donl
)ql :rjqiiur()tsrrr.rl
s)rr)ri0rr.rrl r|]iiual;r^r,{-ltrrq.qr rtsri{).rd
.^s .i|rt V itr.)irrp:.u|ptdrruf'1)l
i'uulrrirLr!,rqr to rrrs!.rJr.rr)q.rnrr)r.'odtul
I'1"""
:lil :1"i.":ill :
ur sr.ruljp.dur p.t..tJs.r.ql Ilsnor^ird F ouuflr' s'j.lrsV n.!ll ttliiuota,tE.{1"JlBFn
'!.trLl.)4tras I s1l
rr":$ri,;i'
0-nrs.nLrtr.tr'.iurt ii)rs\trusuf!r to tnr :,({r
r!rN l,Jirot)(r,( ! uorr|r{)d irs,,q'tf'x)l
irLlror rLr(,drrrtsrsi.rrs.!rir ir| lr Fr..!uo. ,t lr.rruril s rt '!irr)t .Ltr uiorl i)Ilrrsrp )rLrJrril
Irr r.!rrolnulrrr r r r r |u) '
tirrlnrtftr..d )!ol)s rt !ir:r.uu.r .q i(ou rsn(r rr rirll p.sn rq ltrt:^ rr\,rr r r, q' : r ll I
.\r{ r.trrnh.q.Lt)rri,prrlro.r rut o, rxri^r)srs.r{t.'fd urrlr!.rti'rJr:1..'1t,.) st ILrol.rqr ! iFir llr
),, \i i rrl r ii i ' l'r r l
ptrr(tr\
l:," 'li,':lll::,'ll
tr pr^t.\!! f,()u nrqr\}u(is s-ruo)rqr$Lr.i)"1ittJrtrltf.'!)rrurllr.xr rl
rltpr,\1fu.ql!rsLr.rrrr,iqrriqrt Lrrrr.,!1ol ol rrr\.).urtsr.r qilrqto f.rrnrrs ,:':
-u.. :q rs|n!r rrtr!)r\urrrrLr] fr.rjllbr!\i iLrtlJr"lrr !.)lL)ii)Ll'rrr
fur:qJIr).i! j] r ' ,. r L r h I r 'i I\J|
'r-.1 'arrIU'l -r\.,,
ur rrruo pfLJt:rt;uqri.i trn)r.l ,;rrrr:i)iri,rj:l$rrxJfuL rrr:,\irdor L i: ir lf.r.er
lr s.)rru,r:Li'rorsuLIr.\1rr rir.rDrb iqr r(, irri!|).rd!L,lj lr,.1Ltrpr "r rrlrirq:11 1e:p:trrd
.r..,.t-.,,
li r-1,1
II]lNrsr'.-rCs.isrtt .rr()'\Lrrc
5|rlls' rt itru.m).r.il
{r Ji}-rrr'rLl:rp|IrC:f-irurni).!,!1q;rf
tNiiy jc srir..l ir ir:ii i:!,1:i,rslrirt
..,r \ r.rrnb. riatiir1).,!r!!irLr
ixt isrrLi11
_l
loc nL |-aTRoNii aL:l'ilitri]iic^ alcli sYiiTlll',ls
Op $ r:l $ C ahcrt" .i r.ui l cd i i fl i i s:$ l ul l .edci reri fs ' th.i rfui Lrri n.dx.eolI qudlt cr -
s r. piec. oi karsmissror lilre. Jro.l circui{edrl th. t1. cnd is inilni(r, and the line
h x sl rrn stbi Jn.da shortci r.ui t i nto m oter ci r.ui L.Thi s rl l l i i s oti ) xi t hc lr equenc]
!1 w l rl c hthc ti .c. oI l ;nc i \ .rri cl l v ).1ri n l eJrgl h.A t sorrei equerrcyne r ' llls. t helir e
s ill be just .r liliie lorger or sll(,lcr thrn ,\/'!, so thrl rt this iiequ.D.J the tinpedancc
$ j l l l l o l be nl i mr) The i nnhel $e frol c, i n l i cqrercv ,w r! frum th c or lgiot l, t he
.i/.
low.,r siil b. rhc imp.drncc ol this piccc ri lirc. dreidfofc s!'.rDio halc r pafallel
rLrre.l.i'nrxit. or al least somclhirr.sihal trehrrvesas (ne Sllcb a hrre is oflcn llsedfor
lhrs pu.posc rl Ui{F. rs ln o\iiJl!(r r.lnii circLrit(sec Figure LL -r) o. in cther .Pplica-
if thc qrafier wave lrre is opcn circuilcd al tlre far cnd, thcn, b! a slmilar
procrss 1]1fersoning. a \cri$ lunfd.iicuil is obhnrcd Sinrlllrlv. I sho|l-cl.cuited
half wa\c Ii e will behave rs N scrics rulrcd circuir. in the manncr descfilredin the
at high fie"
/ecednlg section. Such shof of opcn circrited lines may he enrployed
quercics in placc ol lal circLrils In Faclice. shi,ft tilcLlircctlines .irt prelered, since
open-cjrcuiLedlincs lcnd to radiate.
l. Calculdteload rdnriltance.
2. alalculrtestub sL'sccptmce.
3. 6'
Conneclslub to lond. thc rcsultingadmilrancebcing the lor.l conduchnoe
4. TrarNformconductrlcc1{)rcsisLrtrce, ZL
rnd calculatc ol the q der wavclnrs;l
foffrer a$ bclbre.
i ,l q .l i -l l i l -l ;! r! l - llliS f , Lll
_F
tion.wo](nowthatapiece ol Itxl,Ml,ll,ft 7'5 A 1200 i75)-() lodd is to be rtrdlchcdto.i l(Xlll lirc 10 grvc
* .
SIVR 1 {lalcul re thc rcncl noco f th!:stubrnd tlE chflnclcrislichledancc ol rh')
endlof .tr/zlongandope|l.
(lurreFwrle Lrmsll) ILr, LrolhconnccldLdneclly 1oihc lond
halcs c;r,r.-/b'lke a parallsl.
shunti,rductive reactanoeol sOl.u{1(]N
nce is highcr. Induclive our' r _ _ r-. _ _ 2 0 0 -1 7 5
l. ft. =
uil is puielyinductive. No\,/i zt 20r t'j'15 40,000's62s
wavelength is no{
x l0 "
1.38x rc-r - 11.64
iinceihe -l
Wc thus havc the nPonurl 2. l l s ,= + t.64x l 0 rS X ,,,r,= --= -610l l
tvesa9itpurcinduclance Al
3.
re oApacilanoc. The vaious l L = c ;/.= 4.38xl 0j S
lableof variouslinelcngll$ .- - L- = 228r )
4.llJx t0
?iii:,,i1*ll!,1,:#,'r,lk tr
It|-t
I.f
11-r4)
-i-:.
_l
.l :i l : a .!r fl tl ..i a i :' Lri ,:l ti l l.,.-i fi -i :\ ' r;-!' i i rl
(l) Slrb
flculiE7'llI Slub (,irit* lal rdll fd iiiloli uridg o[ l rartsilltN !i nts (l' nrd
Z0 is lhc th{ftri.iisiil itilled{ntt 4lihc line; Zn rcf'reicot 1lt
hu :g ibr i,ox:;iil litd.
iDtcdrrt rri$il d,ir..:rr!c..
(?
The nri nalizeil Lordirirl'tdxlco sas in'luctivli. rr!(l !cl ftom lxl a(ion 14).
it is ('hvious thaL'
lhc noinr.rlizodirnl).(idnccsconl/4 aN!! liDrr lhc i!'r ii crrli'cirjvc '11i5pointis
sorllowhcrcbrl$ciif Llresel o Poirrts. il .rrlrsi hl|lc lre t pufely rctinn'e
r r xf or l ncc
n o 1n c o l l rsari l l .n/8honr (trei oa({ .l )ot' .1 l i (r l bat i l cri sl s at al l i s oi l rttr i
'fhc posifloDol'tlic |rrfol! rusistj\c point is vcry diilicrrlt 10 c'tlculrte witho t ch t
rirch as Lhr", Snitl clrrrr prcdorll) t c i'rrred Mlr)] ira snis$id lir)c caloulationsfte
lincs wilh
1 .rdc ea$icr by tlre sq ()1'cl'ra|1s.nd rrorrori]orc so thtn t|osc iDvolvirrg
fh$eriFlhlN] thc |nn LllrlJ,idrn.orlirgr nr, or Srriih ehl''r rLsilis nn)l'( 'o'nmoDu
l l 2 l l cr:rrsi stl ,(rtxrotrLsol oi t!l c$or: r Li' of ci|clcs'
L n u ' n , l, i ttu.rrul " ,ti nl ' i gi rl .e
\i h i c } l .ue si ,:rrrt' rrge(l Ll rrl qu.rnl i l i orr
i rr\xrft.l l L( corrnecto(l w iih r r r isnr t ched
' -rfj oLrs ci si l v' l l c co m plct 'icir cles'
tra n s rn i sti on l i nes nri y hc tl ul Le{ li tnd c\rhr tcd l l i rl }
rv h o s cc . l efs l i c (rn Lherul y si r!i sht l i nr orrthe nnl r3pol d 1o\n r iou! ! d es( ) 1
= ' l i ' t11, ol ci rl es' to eit hof sidcoL
ro | n l a l i zcdf$i rl rn.o 1/ /i /Z(i ) rl on! rh. Ii oe Th! i rrr' rs
01 ornrxliTed int rertcLance
lhe struighl linli. snnilrrly corrrspon.l io varioLlsvrlres
circlcs irrte$ccl shi)ss lheln lo he
lr - i.X;o A tllr1'ful look 0l thc wry in which ihc
o'i A)[,1lrlAl!ca losiiDil]ATEs
lMp[D;\f.,]cE
iom Equation(7-14),
ive. lt is obvious
that,
€sistivc.Thii pointi{
s of 8rcl|1imponance,
rulatewitliouta chalt
nlinb calculations an
i involvinglineswith
graphicallyon anYof
r thosethal givethe
on6,Thenrosl\tidely
it is morecomnrolly
les,ol atcsofcircles,
ted with flismatcbed FIC{J]RE7-12 Smi{h ah t.
fhe completecrcles'
d to variousvalueso1
cles,lo cilhersideof .
ralizedline 20?
:i,:! llI ,:i'irioi'ria a { rlillvr. l'lialr^.fli,1i{ SYSTil'\1
.:1*
. r r jr r : ur !1 . T i i L ! l : r . i r n s i i r : ! 1l n t r g e l l l sd t r ! 'n l o i i r . . i r r l . \ . t i h ' | n i n l o l i r l b l si r i o ,
\!oLrld h. rt|nunll tdl.rir(!;drhi . TLe |rtf ioLls.n clr\ $J M"" s.*
,trl
'o|ftli'l:l:!1
!.i r s o i lrl ti ,.nri i l rrtl s nr r l i rL.\' i ti r rr !:i ter l nxd 1i . fonstl nl :l $' I{l cor espon(
rl
rt .i rfi c r l i ru n r. i he .hr.i \ri th i l ! ccrl rr al l i re..rri ei ol thr ' hxfi l hr\ . Lpplies o
i i ,1 \1 .\sl l n.s trthe Lrrfrc i xi !' l sc 01/,' i $ R f I n.i . xn i n\' !rrl :rU ' ., * iJ, , li
""",
i n :i rc rd ol i l i ..rl fi ..sj ri rrhc[dofl h.\cr;csl htrnnFi !r:' i | ]h.l l r\Ll he0han
li r jorf i! ir!rulr ifsisri\. llzf ror oDIl fettu'iitt ils no'nr:rlizedresir
h l r ,rl { ) r1,r' f.\ro,rds i (i i hr nl ndi ng w !!e frLi t) rs i fnrrr 11" " i ,,,' 11 61 iii'i
(h!!,' n " , S W l l conesponduLp
rhc
rh e f I t ,rrtrLri r .i rcl c h.rsbei l oi .r S nnthchrri l . L0
i L r)x t bc rcrr ol l tho chrrLrl the l .rnl 11w i ri c' i l hc .l rrN n cncLcrl tr jr sectllr s e0 y
s i ri g h i li nc ol l l 1r.rj rtrL.{ !L tLf fi gh(ol thecha .cnLc' r' l hi sS i \R i sl h uscqr r lr 0lr c
!rh L c o L I r: i (i nr l h.rlpoi nl rthc i nl ersccl i (l(o r the l cl i 011h!' cha ccrr t r cor |est ) lnit r
ro l r. i t \\,(nrI l l e i l useot l i l i ( hrd l )ccf {l oci dcdl l s' rys Io trscl al ucsof SWRlc\ i
'i hc gfeillcn |dvxnlrgc of thc Snrith ch:ut rs lhat tf.rlel rkng a losslcssLjne
ro rc s to nds 1or)x)rcrrl enl tkng a co ccl l y dnrvn corshnt :i W R ci rcl c CloseexRi.
| l l i o n oI Li Lcc| ri n l u.es\how s Lhe.hrrt ha bcen di run l or uso w 't h lr om alized
imfcclru(es rllf N(|nillances Tltis avo(ls lhc rted li) hrvr SnrLlhchrt(s lol eveLy
i rrri g i n a bl e\l l ue of l j e chrr ctcfi si i ci nrpedrncc(l f I pl rti cul f vrl uc ol Z0 is t m -
ploycd wklcly or cxclusilely. il bccornesworthwhile to (mstmol I ohtrt for lhal
Rrdio O)rrlPiLn)rrd(es I 50-1)ch{1
t,,r irulxr vrlLrcol Z0 Fof c)ianlFlc.lhc Ccneral
equi pnrrt l l 1mr rl s(' bo uscd i or :rn) ot llcr50- 0
l i n n s r w i rh i l s Lr rj nri sri i orr
s i l u x ti or)sr)d rvoi .l s thc nccd l oi no ]rrl l i ati (nr' )A l s(\ rr(neLhrl Lhcchar l cov0rus
distrnce of ('oly rt hrllwrl\]clcnglh, liince crnnliti( s repcrt cxlclly cvcry half"w !c'
l e n g tho n k)ssl cs!l i re. th0 i npedanoe t 17.716,\ 0w rl ] l i or[ tl l 0 d on I lin0is
oircily tbc silnrc as thc inrpechrcc0:1f,,\ iro.r thrl loid rrrd oan be fcnd lioro the
Bca inS tlrete two poinl$ in mir)d, $'e sec lhLr(irrpeaarr(jcseocountcrcdul suc'
-fhc] lic at
ue$sivcpoinrs rlong A k)srlessliic nrry olLsilybe li)und loln t[c chrrt
cofieslxrrdi A *ro{essivc Points llong Lho .orerl l,'fl]f, (this $ut i$ rcPcrtcdto
o rr r;$ izo tl refl retthA lsrrcha ci fcl c mustbcdrnw n h). l LrcLrri er ol Lhe chr f oreich
prcblcnr. ts oFlloscdk) tLrcrruLrret)us circlcs nludf Prcscnl0n lho Snrith oharl)con'
srnut S\\/R cifckr on thc ch$1. Dislnnoc l(ntg a llno is rtprtscntod by 0mgula0dis-
rirnce rrornd lhc chrn ar)d rray bc fcad fnnn thc cifcunlc$ncc ol lhc cha$ as a
Jiactior ol $avclongrh Cl)nsider poinl somc dislrrcc lrway frurn s(nr)e10' lIh
dorcnuinc thc iine impedllrceaL0.(171) ,\ 0wry lion lhis nclv l('rnl, il quicldy bccofles
c l i l l c rt thrt thcrul fc tw o P oi ntsat l hi s di strnce,onc cl osef1oLhcl oad d oneJadhet
,i w ty h i J t\ti t.fh?i ttttt\tttr& utth(t\ttrrrP ai nt!tfi l /to7r(71.!arr.' l hi si sevident ii
ooe ol thesl: Nnrrs just hrlf'eos to bc volrrge nodc The olhor foin!. beirg 2x
0 .0 7 S: 0.15! l xw y l R ' ri the { i | sl , .rnn{n possi bl ybc .mothcfl ohr ge nodc Thc
a
srrre Jeri\(nrilg lpplies in dl olher silrLlli( s. The dircclion ol nr(^'orDenlarotrrd
'lhe Snlith ch n hr\ been shrrdrldizcd s0
consL.rntSWR circlc is rlso ol iLrporLtrnce
rhur nrole'nonl r$rry lrunr the l,)lil. i c . towrd lhc gorerakn, correspor'lsn) clolk
wise or)tion of ihc ch.]|l. Movcmelt l(Nv.Lfdlhc lord cotrcspondslo co ntcrclock$rse
l
nrolionr this is alw:rys nr,lrkcdon lbc rinr of corrrrtercialSrni(h cna s NItdrs slrorvn
fi ,-( ' '.
i l !" f rt,,,t:i trLlI i : liit s ?{5
''''
r:,,. r 11, 1,
'i: i tr " ' "
' t'
L' rLL L
' I ir
. "t t " L u ' l r 'J i L
_ /r
' l o ( l I l o 'i ' ir!
l', -in).. l0'
= h] 'l
_ ll l ll / ')-00 '"i
U tt't '\
,,,t"''
ls
n with tlc SmithcnarL
a
I othct case\' Procedu€
0I
loblen Both methods
ner
io a
j50) O is cornected
,&r,
noYbe ilr-
: traD$lormcr
lrl 39.8() is the rcsisrance whlchthe Ii4li,Ansibnmrwill h:rvcto rnatchto tle 75-O
iire. nid frcm this l)oinL procedure
thc is a$in ExunPl€l-4. Thereiorc
.r,i
Mfttchingoflond [c line with a sho -ciru:Niiferl stub A is a pieceofh"nsmis'rl';
is nonnally shorGcircuited xLthe far encl "l'may verv occasronauy
lt h .i
sion line wbich
open'circuitcd at ihe cnd,
distanl bul either wny ils inrpcdaDce is a ptlreLeactonce To i'
b;quitc pl€ciso,sucha stubhr anirput adr rttancewhjchis a p rcsusceptance,andit ;ri
is sedLotuncout the suscePtancc componentol the lire admitt0ncc at somedclmd I
point. Notc thal shon-circuited stubsl]rc prcferrcdbecauseopen-circuitcd pieccs 0f I
traosmission line lcnd to rrdiatefion tile opcnend.
As shownjn Figurc7_14,a slub is mrde of tlc samelansnissioniineasthe 'ii
one 10 which it is oonnectedlt thus has an udlantageovcr tbe quarter_wave tr0ns'ii: ll
lbrmer, which must bc constructedto suit the occrsion FurLhefirorc, the stubmai be /i !
maderigid andadjustablc Thisis ofptidioularuseat thchigherliequencie$ and ow! :l
'
tbe stub io be usod for a v$icty of loads.flnd/orover a flrngcof tiequcncics
]i
ir''i
M t!:king Proce urc ilil
l" Normalizcthe load wilh resPect10 the lire. and Pl(x the Pointon thecllJrt l
2, Dmw I chcle lhroughthis point, ond travelarourd it tluougha disttnceol l/4 |
(i.e., strnighlthrough)to find lhc load adnriltanceSincelhc stub is placedIn I
potuif"t*lif, tt fi,te,it is dlwtyli ?cesslryto trork wilh adnittan(eswhen'i"
'""in ,
naking slub&lcttlati,h.
pai (ttow the chfft as dn ltlmhtanclrthart,)' 'rl
3. Stqftin| ltatn thit |lc'.' t usi,,8 Smith
b I i: lr '
lind $; loint ncarestto the load al which thc nonndizcdadmittancc
'l'hitipoitirttui,ttztstctiono!thcdr,\1'n&(lt\a'i,lr,c''=I'if tlt,wlchrsthe'I
l
only circlc thlough the cent;f of ihc irhafi 'fhit is the Poi t at which.a$ub
designcdto tLrneouLthc:l:J, colnporjl)ltwill bc placeclRc'id oll lhc distancc
travctcOarounOthe,-ircurricrcnceof the chrrti dris is the diskncc1()thc slub
4. To fird Lhejengthof the shorFcircuited stub' stlrt f(nn dre poinl dJ @on $e
ghGhanddln ol |he chari, sinoctla! is lhe adnrjllanccof a shol1circuiL
5. Tiavclingcl.rckwiscarorndthe circumturcnce ()1'thcchart,fi[d thepoinl'tl lvlrlcn
lne
tbesusc+hDceluncsourlhe !, susccptm.eof thc line at thepoint:rlwhich
is I +j0 43' the
slxtr is lo bc cornectcd.Fol e;rmde il thc liue admitiancc
l riANSrrililSftli.l LIl.ItrS 2{}!
,1i
iry occasinnllybc
circuiledPiecesof
irmissionlinc as fie
'\w
qualtel-wavcuan$-
lre! $e stubmay be
quenciesandallows
,f frequencics.
n a(lmi a cc chort),
dmittanceis I IJD
I cir.lr, whichis fie roquircclsusceptrncors -/0.43. l:nlurc thal lhe roaljet polltrity ol suscefl{ncch.ts
)int ,rt which ! stub bccll obtained:this ir alv!.ryr Dllrkcd on thc ch r on thc lcll.hrnd rinr.
llradoff the distance 6- Read off the dishrce in wnvelcngthslion lhc slarling poinr .{,J o lo (he new
llistance10tlrc stub poini, (o.9.. b = 0.41 as abo!e). This is Lbereqrired lengfi ol the stuh.
: point 6i F on txe
havi g i pcd-
flXAMPn:ni7-{i (Referro liigure7-15) A series4a- conrbi"atio|r,
M thepoinlal which 'r
lncc ZL = (450-j600) O Nr l0 MHz. is .ornecbd to u 300-l) lirc. Crluulate the
he point at whichthe.. posiiioD,rndle'rgthof a shorcclnuitcdstlb dcsigncdto nnich lhis Joadlo drc line.
:ce is 1 +i0 43, the-
: : il
- r i\L r n . e 1 r ,s r u b {r l l ! l i l ! f l = i ) I i {r , \
'fh.uii)re lnc {rb wili l{ llrr.d 0 L-1.{ foi)i llr'1.{i rttl vili [x!' lo lute orl
,: I I 7: thus lii. slub DNsl htr!. i $tr.cP r.0.1 l._/
,{, 5, ini!a. Srf.rirg no! x n d r l c l i r l f l o d 's 'i r . r r u t r d t h o l i u i o i t hcch xr ( '
'. / '',
on.,.crcl,es (hc lr.iot il. I ! ?: ii ls lr.rl'crl t .n LIF cl[rL ol Fitun:] 15 ii'tf' lhc
chxrr. tlc dishn.e of 11$ foin( lionr lhc sho I cn.uil rddnLrrcc Ponit rs
\ b.r.L ... r.' (. 0r' \
Efllrclr oXlrcqua 1{'} l'or:$rli{'n A slub \\'ill rDltclrI lond 10x rrrLn! risibn linc onlv at
the freq!.:ncy at uhich 11w s dcsign!:dlo do st) .irrd this aPlllicseqruliv ro r qnarler-
\,\'nvcfirnslo n(x lllhc lorrl in)podrnc( vnrics tr'ilir iictlLrerrcv,lltis is r'ln'ious How-
tr$ r. i l rrry l )e rorLdi l v\l x)N n l hrl i L nt(' - i r no l on!cr r N rct nrllclr r llr e nc\ r
lftiqrfDfr e\,,rn ii' lhtr lord irrrf rnrc rs urchlri.I0d
Conrti(icrihc ro$ulLoi Iix.rn!J)lc]-lj. in dhich it wrrs {jrlcLrlIlod lilal rlrc loxd
s tu i )s e Fr ti oushoukl bc0. 3 ,\' A l l ho str[d ]i (xl trency ol l 0 Mi l zti lc ilnvelenlt llis
30 nr. so thrl thc RIb slrould bc 3.9 nr n1i'N)' ifonr llte lortl l alrequorcl ol ll j\4Hzjs
n o w (x)rsi dcrod.l l sw avel engthi $25l n.C l earLy." ri qrrsl l rbrsnot0 13/ r wayliom
llre loril 11 lhi! ncw licqLrerlcy rror is itr )eLrFLlL 0.0115ol thc trcw wavclcn!fi Obvi-
o0rly lhc stuh hns noitl$t lhe ixnrccl posilion 0Ln thc )rrcct loDi:t)rrt Lrnyfiequcncy
o rh o f rhdn l ho onc Ior w hi ch i L w a$dc$i l l rcd A D ri s rl i chw i l l cxi ri Ll t Lr ough il ust
b e s ,ri dl hxl i l thcfl ruqucncy chn ge l s rot rrei l hcf i ( l he ori s r ir at ch
-qrci (.
Ir oi l en rri cl r$ l hal I i otrdi s nl xl rhcdl t) a i i ue r)tonc l i equon r y,Lr utlhc set Lr P
ll]l|lri r so fu rula(ivcly los$lcsr und cllicinrl ()\'cr a ccfi in brrdwidll fhus' sonrc
pr1)c,:dufenusl bo deviscd ior ualcrrlrliD! lhc S\rrR oD a Lmlrslnis$ionlirrc ltLa fr€_
qucn(y /" il llrc i){d hts bccn nlrlchod corecil} L(i dre linc t I li0qrencv / A
proceriulc will iow bc givcn lor lirt |nd k'ad nrllchd iJ\ nro.Ln!of ! !lir(-circLrited
!ull thc qur[cr-wr!c {r.rnslinrr)crsilurlion is rrl lt)i]oLLs
l;ox llTlLrN
lriJ. rbc purPo\. ol rhc ploe.(hrc. rl is rs{rricd lhrl l!e c^l(rLlrLiorir!('lving ih'
ndslrii rnd lc glb ol a slLrbhash.cr.,rde rt r li.qrrcnur/', rnd ir is no$ riererfury
io cdorlarcthc S\VRot rhcn n,Int rl/" l,{.il.r elcning sPcjl-ici]lvlo rlic crrn
tl. will bc slri,wn
'il:rl,llL1i::.1!:ll rti i-ri.'jji ?ll
t5
; poin rl s
--{-i:t:l_:=i:;
bandwidth Thu$. sorrrc
fiusnli$sionlinc al a,fre-
ruc r! , ftcquency./ A
nein$ c'1r r;ln)rl-circuLpo FI(;UIqIJ7-!6 Sffith clulilsohr0ioriofllxamplc 7-9, cliedr ol lncq clrrl fh{xrc "r!.r stuh
ll drk! are givei rs ro how ti,c ]o.d hpe.drDccvdie! with frequoDcy, calcul!ft
I 12Mllz n LhcProb- lold inrFdlncc ibr lho rcw lrcqucrc). lA scics ]?Ccombnulionhtving & =
4 5 a l_j 600 nr l 0 Ml Iz w i l l hrvc Zt.- 450-.i 600x ' % r= :150 _j 5 00 ut
l 2 t !4l l /.1 N o nal i zcrhi s nnpcd.oce{hcrezr-(450 1500)/300 - 1. 5-
ll.6? Nolelimr il tlrcloadirnlcdrrcc k knowDto bc.(tr,srMt.this ilcp n,rl! Lrc
lcDhlionirtolvirg tlF onrirred,sir.. il wouklhavcbccDpcdbnlcd in thc inilirl sLut,calculali,r'.
ald ir is nos'rrecessirv 2. I'lol Lhisl)oinlP' on thc cbful,dmw ihc usualcirclethnx,ghii, and1i l O', rhc
pecilicdlll1othcexrrt i
,:N. nonn.rlizedload ftlnrjtrlncc lbcrc e' is 0.]0+10.331 ftonr the Smith chrtt.
i
-1:
lloL rle tolx LdNiLtrncc or the clli[1 (|oiDl T oir |iglrc 7 16),drawlhc constdl
SWR c;clc thRrrglr it, rud rerd ofi thc swR'l his is thc stnn(l g-wrvetutioon
rhc mairrline ar./i' ibr h line lodd-slrrtr sysle tlrt wrs natcbcd,11l' lHerethe
SWli is 2.2. Ir DriBhLb0 Doted that lltis is loworlhrn thc unnrrlcbed
SWRot3 9
AllhoughlrinisnrLchundolhtedlyoxists I l2 MHz. $olncimprovcNenL hasbcs'1
c,tctcd thnLgh nl{chhg rl 10 Mttz. Th s is I rulc, rulhs t[0n $ crccptjoi'if
rhf ru' l ,c:.r.rcrc...rcr' ., {,' l ' l ).l u.
SOI-UTrcN
..4: - " r,-. l ' l utl j l gP .rl Lci hnLgi \c rr' i w q- l :i rr f lc 0 ! hr _
.
ri n... or 1.,' .1' fl " .r!.1.
I,oirt of irtcrricclil)nwith r - I circld, 4- is fknls.l Dist cc iofl l, d adllnl'
tdncc.O .j r,i s i i i urdcqualto 0 l l ,l i l hi s i s dr. di sl ttrrcc 1ol i rcst ub
AI n, r\,," = I l0 4li hetr.c,s,,b-.l0.4l PhtLiD!S and mtasuLing thedts_
ft
l -| c. orJ tr.{ .. ..r B i \c. ruh c1-t1....' ) 1l l ..
(1,)/" = l l 0 perl o;rol -l ' , i o l h .\' = i /l l . Thus.thedi strncc to st ubh 0 ll x
t.t = 0.121.\' ,.D d rh l engLh of sttrl Ji s 0.:i l l x l .l = 0 342I' ,.
Sld.tingliolr Ornd soirigdtoundlhcdftwn circlclhurSl a dis[ncc (f 0 l2l'\'
yicllls thc ]rointn', rlreilislr;cc to lirc sub rttrchmerl Lroinlat lhc ncw liq'rcncy
'fliAil illlsii l(li.l Lii:.Ijis 2l:!
. i..===
dd riarl o11Lhenomal-
'his rs l& adnnta& at
l(*rtud thc load $ li ,
r|r.length uenglh=
x(hritlrrrces Pl&edjn I
.lL! Jl L c\ Jd J B l ur hal i
, n h x l rJ t ( lr isnLr i
, i {lr.to l xl rd m lunc al i
, f : llf l 1 7 =2 1+ i
iLomthcvstl
' oi Prccedure : . -' : i-. .
li,r--#- {i-.
I
r c D ( f lurt Ldrd lcn Slh'r
r irursrri.ror llnc wnusc
: or thenuir Llilcwl)c ue
lo{d ind liLtcimpsdtrnccs i[{;q]fif,1 7-17 Snritfi cfirrl {,luri{xr ot ilxdmlrlo 7-10, stul, mllchirig riith frcqut'cr
iW R; I 5 o rruic0i ( r dm L-
l)inrnre ion loirdrdnnl- | i rr l h e chrrt, (hf rLl ni l l rrfc l rro(nrfbw rrd thc l ord x( l hrr rui nl i r.c!d o ll r r
' ! ! ! 1 r tlrc t Lo r' ," = 0 .9 ! j 0.19. si rni I y, (rrl i i gar-,l Foi drri r of thcchl r. rnd ruv, r ling
rh c orr dnnd LLu,ughr di(ro.. ol 0.312,r' Sivcsrhc po ol !'. lJcrcLhcs(ubldDilt^icc lrt
! I J fd N tru LlL C
Lhcnelv fitqudr.y is iotrnd. liom lhc chra 01 |iguLc 7 17, 10 bc I'r !: r/a),0:
ll lL x 'thc loLxldtriiuh.c al drc stubrtt^.hmcnl poidl xr drc ncw licqucncyjs l:
rc distt ce r0 sllb is
= nrl]I r"L,,L l',,. : +10.65+ 0 9,1 j(l.l{) - {l q4 I j0 26. Plottingrhis on thc snnLrr
n{i {l i . t i' t ' rL r l!r'!-r ^ c h a n .r.... LhctD i D tT ol Fi gurtl -17, ri d sl i rgi ng m xr 01..i rcl c l hrn,l l i / lir r r
f ,L ;i L n rlt k w lrRl'trr'c) S w l t l . :1. l hi s i s rhcdcsi ' cdrstrl l .
21,:nELE{ITRONICCOt'iMUNiCiTiON SYS'l'Et45
7"3.1The DoubleSt tr
Ii r lransmission line]nrtchir|gdcviceis to bc rLsclulin { raDgeof diftercnrnraLobinS
silulrtions,iL nrurl hlvc as nrrny v.rfi ble paramcrofs. ot (lqrec! L,J.liudon,$ h;
\tJnJi ! kL etDllem :inc. rh. falrernl).,..$.,J.J.(e,rfliee,^rn'ttrJS$.Rrr.tthc
positjonof thef-irstmaximum).so mustrhe stubnutcher.A siDglcrrubof adiustablc
po"irionrn.l lcnr'r.r$.ll .1.'rhL1,,. \.-) $erl rr t(q.rcnrre..ci'w r1,i,r.,.o,...!.
rarg.. Ghis i|equcncyr0ugei$ not rigjdly delincd,bur ir irj conlmoniyundcNlood to
occupythc $pectrunr f|('n 1 to 100GHz. lt is alsoci,\lledbrcadly tJ\eGttij ?tff n!e,
srnccihe two extremeffequcncies corrcslondrc wavelengths ol 30 and0.3 cm, respec-
ti\,ely.)Al suchhigh lrequctciesco xiAl linosarc er !loyed insrcrd'oipar0llel-wir€
lines,anddilliculticswith screencd slotsafesuchthntsrubsol rdjustubleposiiion0!e
!
7-3.2 lllil.e(fiDrl.t]l4-l,Jrirplere
nratchrng
)f diffcrcnl l! is ollflr r)ccessafy lli m(xsLrl.e lle power being delivcird to n load oi rr rrntc.rir
throughu Lrrflsilrirsion iin(. 'lhis is olten ddllc by lalnplingtcchriqLre,in v'hn:I I
's ol Jftedut\, 1\sthe
.rn (thcSWRandthe lillown lirclion ol lhe l)()wcris rrc surecl.rc i)at lhe tot0l may be calcuhl{rd.It ir
lle slubof adjustable inrpLxatjve. undcr lhes€con(liriurs.th"Itorrll lho ibrward wave in the arlr line is
)0low the ,rrfrtlf4l4 rurersurcd. notthercllccied w vc(ifany).Anunrtlcro'conplingunitsrrcusedh)|ruch
xnonlYundcrs(x)dto purposes lrndale kro\trr ,tsditt(ria al c:ottPI(r,\l\e tw)h,)lc corrpler$hownin Figu.e
lhc tc nnteLe||a 'le. 7-19 beiig "lrl()rg the m(,!i poprrlnr.fhis parricularo r is discussed becruscil is a
i0 Ilnd0.3 cm,rlesPoc_ good illustruti{)nof trlnsmisrion-lirctechuklicrinnd hasa difljct wnveluidefl)ur]tcr'
steadof Parltllcl-wiIc p rL($eeSecriorlU5).
A$ indicrlcdin !igrrr) 7-19,ihc lwo-hL)lcdircctionalcouplerconeists of a f icc!
dj stablePositionarc
of xr?nrnrirision linc lo be con colcdin $sics wilh lhc miin line. togcthcrwilb I pie.u
of adjLLstable
Posrtron of ruxilifly line (orpl(xi lu dre nnin linc vio l\t) prlbcs tiltoLrghshls in lhe ioined
Figure7-18andis u oLrorwirl|j of thetwo .oax;rl lines.'fho frrctrc$Ju n(n rtd ally touchthoinnerconduc-
bsarephced0 375I tor ol lhc ,r xiliwy liln). 'Ihey coupiesufftkrut f)rcri{yirito jt sirnplyhy bcing0ea,ii.
mngc),sincethol ap' li'il)cy did louch, moslof ihe cnergy(insxclld'rl'rncrcl) .r liaction)ln the mxin lire
andverygoodna&n_ would bo coupledintc rhPluxiiiAfy linei .l ifreiiorr ir all lha( is necdod The probctrj
itions,srncehrvurgu ilvlLrcecncrgyllow in lh(ra xilituy line wbiclr ie lrostll in lhc satnedircclifi)ali in dre
)l adjuslablcPosition
L}ndthc nrointransmis'
e. lt naturallybasthe
I
I
I
l.l
I
I
I
216 Er-|atRcNrc aorrit!,luN1cATl(}N
5i'STi]..is
7-3,3Baluns
A, balLt , .tt bt u,krrtuttrtbalffic? trun{otn.x.. is a circuir clcnrcntLrsed10connc0L a
balanccdlinc ro ltn unbahnccdline or i$t€nnr Or, rs is pcfilps n ljitie n
ir is uscd to conned an unbalrnc0d(corxint) ltne to a balancedlDrcnnr such as r
/ioi?. A1 liequencics k)w cnol|gh tor Lhi$ro be l]()rsibJe,a .dillll|y tuned l1.lrns-
l(nrDcf is ernployed. This h$ lrn unbntrnc&l pinrry llnd I cenlcrl,rpFd second!ry
winding, lo whi.h lho hrhnccd rrrennx js conncctod lt l]rusllls(r hilveln etccLrl)slaoc
shield, whioh is cafthcd rlJ minirnizc lhc eflccLsof sray crprcitanccs
F(n.hiSheriiequcncies.sevc!.rtr|anrjnissjor tinc f,atunsexisi to. difitdng pu]-
pr)scsand nafrowb nd o. f'ror brnd lpplicarioos. TIc nrostconnnonb tun, a nal'ow
band one. lvill be dcscribcdlrcrc. as sholvr in crcss scciion in Figurc 7 20. tr js known
{s the.rdtr, r1..r,?, of ld,,rid brhn.
lll.r: r;l:lii,ll:il|i i 'r l.i.:lE1 :1?
-.-t."u
d&@"
. '-a
. "':i
FI{;UIft 7-21 (dl Conlmtrlnrl tsifowtr}c sNottod line (r,rr,st d/ r/IeA$o i Man Jd'tutts
d,/r'd"J)i (r) {rosr sc{fion of rt llot{ctl lina
MULTIPLE.CI.iOICE
OUESTIONS
Eath oJ t/.d lollowing ,tttLtiPtuLhaic? quenn'Ni tonlists tl trl iftottryl?lc ak e l
tht linz that
Jblk]\|td bt ft\lt (hoic?s la, h, t, onLl l) Cirdc th. l.cttt lltctttlittg
u)rre(tll .otnPltt6 trlL h st'ttett(?
t. lDdicrte thc &h. statoDeni. Ihc S{rR on .t a. an oponcfcrrll
tr$sDrission line is inlinityr thc line is lol d. a purcrcrctance
minatcd in
1or co rirl
2. A (?5-i50) f) krxdis conDected
t.rnsrnission =
ltrreofzo 75I), rr l0 GHz
h. a tionplex rmpedrnce
I
I
lR.{l'J:i11l)ist{ll\i r.llLEs 2lLg
rn
rte (l ](n ]o l Lr!1' l rN r!r' ' )rr' rIl r
T te /rfrr i . i i ri :. rtu| (n l l i r:(:rbi e D osir i( , r l
ti L ri
' ndt s r ul jJL I l !' orr 't. I ir. ;r:!i. ,lii!.I!l]]nrge tit lire 1*r h.ie di
-_ .,trt " t" i rt (i r' ' rl i )rLf.r
"" I h L l " rr
i l1"' " 's
. I!-l , .l l r,.cri l N rlroutl ur!
.' ;. lri\,r dift:.li! ry
l ro n rth c tu ri o
r' ,r. hrgh:li,\Il.l
d o ' -' r'
fl o r, i L r. Icrtrr i. n:l|ror! irrLI)d.! i(lih
d i n rn c c
L I' r' ' T,,.! ttl . r ror!i !l i ' ,. { t 2 Pt Lr . r llir trtre
r l- l' "1
' ' r..,t. LI l i n,r. i l i s h$L to ui i ] 1r
i .r ' ;l ' l r'
n ra l c ri rL nsef
" f i_ i rr " l '
L .'
1 r!' u dtl r.tronl 1 !.r' P l { N '
fl i s s i o n
,. h \ rl \l i rr e' r' t , 1r aaef-D i l ver!N nsl ol rr.f
- " ' ^ .rn td lr nc
l n(l i crtc the threei ytcs ol tftLnsnr issiot
O. ," -,' t l i l ' l L' f Lrl r-rr' " '
' "'
4 . L p J ...rJ , i r' v Ii ' { r r' ) | ' ul rr' l i rrr
x . r s l x tl -c i | (1 rrl t' sd l trtr ii- /'/,'. /i.. rrrd lcrnpelllurro
i ). R di ati ur, /:ti . arrddi el o]l ricl) r . it ilr
b . rn o p c c l rc u i te ds l ub
c. a qrlxrtef_willc rn0 i:. Dl(rlcctfi!: scIirxtiou. insulrln)n t)rcxi(
d. r hrlt-wxlc I'nc d,,w n, nrd rodi ati (rr
smbs xrc Utllxre(l lo r)pi1r_ ,d. (i,id (tor lic.rti,rg. dicla)cLri(herling,
S, Sho11-citcuitcd
circLri(ed sLubs hcdru$crthe llLlcl irrc r'L'sishncc.
rn!l |.li{lirrrio|1
0, nort dilllc(rll lo nralic irr(l con ecl t{1. Indic Lc lhe ,i( stnlorrrnl L)olow.'trlri da
I th! AUd tt4rt|l.tdts
b, m lo ()1' tmnsrDirslon iire with .r dii"
IefcnLchamclcrislic inrpodrnrc r" ! dcl i cc usedto oonnc* l ta r inr it icrt , )
c. lii|hle to ladlrtc ll Cirecli(nrxl.rlrtennil
Lntiticsbeinginensured. h" a coupling dcvice iol nrrlchiug itnped'
d. inc.pablc of giving I ftrii range ol'rcac'
REVIEWPIiOELEIVIS
1 . A l o s s l c s stra n s m i sri l )rl i no Lrs r shunrorpa(i l .tncort 100 pl rrm ;rrd l efi cs i nd Lr cr
0n0col zl pFilrn. WhdL is its chLrrrctcristici'IPcda!.cl
ol 6 rrfl r l ri r, l 5111) cl ,afuctdi ri Lii cn]pcdi nce ll
2 . A c o rx i i l l i n c q ' i rhrfl oul l i rdLri nrcl cr
)1 i .omPLtl. :tki(ne t
thc dielectfic ronsL|nt ol lhc iosul.rlilnris I 6(). crhrrlrte the Inn':r u'ne1cr.
pr(\Ldirr thr li e tlul
3 . A l rl | rrs m i s :i i ol inn ow i thN chrr.rctefi $i ci rrl ed.rnccol 11001)i s ternri nrrl ' ti n a PLr Rt v
r'lsisLivctord. lt is tinud hy nrersurelrent (hll lhc mini|rru|rl !.LlLrcol volt{8e il it
'rPon
5 l i v . rn d tl rc D r.tj L nnurn 7 5 pV W hd i s Lhc vnl u. ol i he l o d fcsi stxr)ocl
4, A qr.rrtcrwrvc lrltrrslb rcr is connccleddircrLly l() r 50 () lotrd, Io n lcl) thjs li)rd to
.t lrl|llsDis!ion line whxo Zo : '/5 l). Whrl n rsi ho ihr chrrrrcterislicinrpcdr|lceoi llrc
I connccledl0 r colxid
lfanstomrcfl
Z o : 7 5 (), x t lil G H7 'nal.hi!s
t:li'r
:.iIrrii rl ,.r . iir ,l ii,e ::ili li , I lrlr :: litr,: 'i i.i:ii:!ri! ii; i: 1.rrii:ltliiii !n x
-i. ,lr ; r; i,
i :1 : i 1 :;l !l r .r,1-l rr,.i r ..i ri .l ,i ' . ri ' rf,,,i .!!: r. th;r i o:ri :r1 rl i rri r i r tu: r 'i'r _t ! r '1.
tlli
r, !!.i1.i.t: r rl i,. !, r ll,:,,i..j 1,,r)lii,rl, Iir rr i,r,l :,r rl. i"h, lar .e:.iiil,Ii iir': 'i
Lhr
l i .r l :.. , ,' .h i .h rhi .r!i sJ.rl rrc! rfl i i l . tr::r,l.l
j . i ri .,ri rti rrrer.rgrl !!i ..i rr..rcfaf:t" tr.r;:r.u11i 1l i r!.i i i :,' i rl i Lrin(l nr ir Lr l. rlt l.
j: i . ., i -i rr' / r iil {}
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