Concept

of

sample

population

&

Collection,

Classification of data
Introductory Concept: The average person thinks of a population as a collection of entities that may
wrsist of animals, machines, plants or cells.
So we define population of entities as the largest collection of entities for which
we have an interest at a particular time.
Therefore population of values as the largest collection of values of a random
variable for which we have an interest at a particular time.
If the population in countable then it is known as firete population otherwise
known as infinite population.
There is another word is Sample which is relatively small group of selected
member of individuals an objects an case drawn from a particular population and
is used to through light an population characteristics.

Population: A population cab be defined as including all people an items with the characteristic
one wishes to understand.
It may be defined as values of largest collection of a random variable for which we

have an interest at a particular.

It is determined by a our sphere of interest.
So population means all possible data pertaing a particular experiment.
In a statistical sense it may be real or imaginary.
It may be also benite or infeinite type.
If population value consist of a fixetro then it is known as finite population.
But when it wensists of an endless sucession of population it is known as infirite

type.
Eg. All possible values of wheat yield of the state of U.P forms a population so
bron 10 districts, the wheat yield can be taken as sample.

Sample : when a portion of the population is examined in order to bend the characteristics
of the whole population, it is called a sample.
A sample provides valuable information about population.
It is used to measure and estimate the comes pending characteristics of the
population.
So the sample is the small collection of population which has actually being
observed.

For Example:School Children as Sample:1. Our population consist of the weight of all the elementary school children enrolled is a
certain school system. It we collect for analysis, the weight of a fraction of these children,
it is called as sample.
Similarly the water analysis of Mahanadi river is represent the population, the bottle of
water analysis may represent a sample.
Hemoglobin as sample
2. We cannot take out blood of whole body of all individual of the population to know the
Hb% or RBC count of human being. To ascertain RBCS count or HB% of human being,
a few drops of blood of a particular body part was taken out and was absurd
microscopically by humometer.

Sampling: Choosing or drawing a sample from a population is called as sampling.

The sample is essential because one cannot take out the whole water of river or
lake to determine structure various physic-chemical or biological properties.

Similarly are cant take out the whole blood or a man to determine the blood cell
count.
It is not possible to study the trees of the forest to estimate forest productivity.
So every population consist of individuals or items which is known as sampling
units.

Method of Sampling; The most important part is selection of the sample.

A sample study would give dependable conclusion only if the sample is a true
representative of the population.
There are several methods of collection of sample data in short is called as
sampling method.
There are two types of sampling methods.
a) Random or probability sampling.
b) Non-random or non probability sampling.
a) Random or probability sampling: In random sampling, a sample is selected in such a way that every element or
items the population had on equal opportunity of being includes in the sample.
So it means this sampling is carried out to asurtain a particular character of the
population.
There are 5 methods of random sampling such as
(a) Simple random sampling
(b) Stratified random sampling
(c) Systematic random sampling
(d) Cluster random sampling
(e) Multistage random sampling

(a).Simple random sampling:A random sample is a sample where each item of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
In this method samples are choeasen at random and each sample unit of population
has an equal chance of being selected.

For instance determining the no of cell x and its dimension in a particular tissue,
an expt might fows his microscope field to a particular are of the slide and get the
mean no of the cell x.

1.Lottery Method:This method is the simplest & most popular method of selecting a sample from a
finite population.
In this method, all items of population are numbered an separate slips of identical
shape, size and colour.
Eg:- Suppose 10 patients are to be put an a trial out of the 100 available.
Note the serial no. of patients on 100 cards and suffle them well. Draw out are and
the number.
Replace the card drawn, reshuffle and draw the second card & repeat the process
tell 10 numbers are drawn.
Reject the card that are drawn for second time.
The 10 cards drawn thus will indicate the patients number to be put on trail and the
patients selected in this manner from thorondom sample & similar procedure is
observed for selecting the control specimen.

2. Table of random no. method :If the population size is very large, the application of the lottery method becomes
difficult.
Therefore there is atendency to use a table of random numbers for drawing the
samples.
One can use the table of random numbers from any position either horizontally.
Eg:- if we want to select 10 fishes from 200 fishes in an aquarium, each fish
should be assigned a number from 01 to 200.
In fine digit number of Snedeear and Cochran (1988), we can take into
consideration only the 1st 3 digits and latter two are ignored.
If we begin from 5 line and 39 columns the following numbers will have their fir
stag digits less than 200.

Befin from the no which falls in 5 line and 39 column is 20002, the no coming
after this are 05217, 03164, 19774, 12696, 05437, 17805, 09609,09289,17771.
These the sample, selected in this way will have the following numbers ignoring
the last two digits, 200, 052,031,197,126,054,178.

(b). Stratified random sampling;Samples are choosen at random from different stage of usually different sizes of a
population.
It is based on priority information about the variation.
It is followed when the population is not homogenous.
Here the population under study is decided into more or less homogenous sections
on classes which are called as strata.
A Sample Is Drawn From each strata by simple random sampling. Then the
variability in sampling strata is adequately represented in sample also.
This method of sampling is used from diff. areas classes, ages etc and its is more
representative than simple random sampling.
It gives greater accuracy of the sampling.

(c ). Systematic random sampling:In this sampling method samples drawn are evertly spaeed after a random start
position is choosen.
So this is the most practical way of sampling.
Suppose a researcher wants to take 20 cases of 500 values.
All the 500 values are arranged is same order and are observation in taken from
each of the 25th observation systematically.
The first value among the 1st 25 observation is selected randomly.
Suppose this random start point (A) is 10.
So the value of 10th is 1st sample is the start point.
So after every 25th observation the sample will consists of the values of 10 th, 35th,
60th, 85th etc.
In such as sample thus, all section of a preparation are adequately represented.

(d). Cluster Sampling:The cluster is randomly selected groups.

So in this method the population is divided into separate natural groups or
elements called clusters.
Each cluster include only one type of elements random sample is taken from each
cluster.

This method is used when units of population are natural groups such as schools of
children hospital wards, slums of a town.
The technique of cluster sampling allows small no of target population to be
sampled, while the data provided statistically valid at 95% confidence limits.
As for module provided by who is most of all used to evaluate vaccination.

(i). Multistage Sampling;In multistage random sampling, the cluster or segments are seleiled in primary
clusters.
Then secondary clusters are again sampled, instead of being fully inspected.
This is also described as random sampling with in segments.

(ii). NON RANDOM SAMPLING:Non random sampling methods are those which do not provide every item the
universal with a known chance of being included in the sample.
The choice of sample items depends exclusively on the judgment of the
investigator.
Non-random sampling method is also called as judgment sampling.
Eg:- If sample of 200 fishes is to be selected from a pond of 1000 fishes, for study
of water perccn tag is their body, the investigator would select 200 fishes which
will represent the population.
However it can be up 3 types.

a) Convenient sampling
b) Purposive Sampling
c) Quota Sampling

(a).Convenient sampling:It is also known as accidental a usability haphazard sampling.

The major region is administrative convenience.
So the sample is choosen and each case of access become the sale concern.

(b).Purposive Sampling;This is also known as judgmental sampling.

The experimental exercises subject to deliberate choice is draving the representative
sample.
The judgmental sampling aims at eliminations of anticipated sources of distraction.
For eg;- If somebody is interested to show that the fishes produced in accrtain village
sare disease free and healthy ones, then he may the samples from the peend where the
fishes sefferd no disease at all and exclude the pond & having fishes suffering from
diseases.
This type of sampling suffers from the drawback of favoritism, nepotism and biases
and doesnot give a representative sample of population.
But there will always remainthe rick of distortion due to personal prejudicas or lack of
knowledge or certain crusial feathers is structure population.

(C ).QUOTA SAMPLING;The purposive and judgement sampling combine to form quota sampling.

Which is more structural than both of there.

It need proper statistical designed to determined what numbers are needed is each of
the quotas.

Sample Distribution:The distribution of all possible values which can be assumed some statistic, computed
from samples of same size randomly drawn from the same population is called the
sampling distribution.
To construct a sampling distribution we proceed as fallows

1) From a finite population of size N, randomly drawn all possible sample of size
N.
2) Compute the statistic of interest of each sample.
3) List in one column the different distinct observed values of the statistic in another
column list the corresponding frequency of occurrence of each district observed
value or statistics.

Theory of estimation;While in ferreing statistically about a population parameter on the basis of a random
sample drawn from the population, we face two different types of problems.
In 1st situation, the population under the discussion is completely unknown to us and
we would like to guess about the population parameter from our knowledge about the
sample observation this.
As part is known as Estimation of the population parameter.
In the 2nd situation, some information about the population is already available and we
would like to verify how far that the information is valid on the basis of the random
sample drawn from that population. This aspects is known as test of significance.
(1) Point Estimation:(2) Let us consider a population characterized by as unknown population parameter
Q
When Q could be population mean
Or population variance.
Inorder to estimate the parameter, we draw a random sample of Size n from the
population and lets denote the sample observation by
X1, X2,X3.Xn
So that T = Q
Where T= is known to be an estimator of the parameter
cause it estimate Q
So T represent a single value or paint and the value of T is obtained from the
sample is known as point estimate.

Hence population variance and population proportion are the corresponding

statistics.

The criteri on for an ideal estimator,

(a) Unbiasedness & min m Vanianu
(b) Consistency & Effciency
(c) Sufficiency
(a) Unbiasedness & min m Variance :T is known to be minm variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of a if.
(i)
T is unbiased for a,
(ii)
T has the minimum variance among all the unbiased estimator a.
Then the sample standard deviation

(b) Consistency & Efficiency:A statistu T is known to be consistent estimator of the parameter a. if the
difference between T & Q can be made smaller and smaller by taking the sample
size n larger & larger.
(c) A statistce T is known to be a sufficient estimator of Q if T contains all
information about Q.
However the sufficient statistics denct excit for all the parameters. The sample
mean is a sufficient estimator for the comesponding population mean.
Internal estimation:Internal estimation can be defeidas speilfyevg two values that coutain the
unknown parameter a on the basis of random sample drawn from the population in
all probability.
Determination of sample size for a specific precession:In case of variable acc know the sample mean X follows normal distribution with
population mean
N = deretes the size of random sample drawn from the population.
E = Stands for the admissible error while estimating
So the approximate sample size in given
Where P = upper percent point of the standard.

Collection & Classification of Data:

DATA:Date refers to set of measurements on one or more abservational units that happen to
interest us.
It is defined as the quantitative information about same particular characteristics under
consideration
It is the collection of observation in numerical figures. This collection may be done in
two ways.
a) By Complete enumeration.
b) Simple survey method.
Depending on the source, statistical data are classified into two types.
1) Primary data
2) Secondary data.
Primary Data:Primary data are these, which are collected for the 1 st times and are thus original in
nature.
These are in shape of raw nature to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose
of analysis and interpretation.

Ex:- Data obtained by a Research student on the growth rate of fish by conducting some
expects.
Data collection by Ministry of Agriculture and available through various publication
constitute prim any data.
Secondary data:Secondary data are those which have already been collected by some other persons and
which have passed through the statistical machine at least once.
These are usually in the shape of finished products since they have treated statistically in
some from or other.
Ex:- Data obtained from meterological department are being used by the water resources,
forest, agriculture, environment department, ocean o graphers etc.
Date collected by the national sample survey are being used by the economists,
population, scientist, sociologists etc for their future study.
Classification of Data:The data thus collected need to be arranged in certain order for convenience.
The process of arranging data into different classes and groups according to some
common characteristic and similarty posed by them is called classification
The data can be classified on the following four bsis.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Geographical
Chronological
Qualitative
Quantitative

1.Geographical Classification:It is based on the basis of geographical distribution and location

Ex:-Someone is interested to know the growth rate of fish in a particular district, then he
will collected the data from different ponds located in different villages climate wise and
then group them according to their location.
It is also known as spatial classification.
Chronological classification;When data are classified on the basis of tuice, is known as chronological classification
such as :- Amount of fish production in different seasons of a year or in different years in
a certain locality.
In this type of classification statistical data are arranged in sequence of time and hence
called time series.
This type of classification is known as temporal classification.
Qualitative classification:It is based on the description or on the basis of attributes of statistical data and is
auording to non-measurable term.
Suchas:- Sex, Color, Health condition, Intelligence, degree of honesty of human being.
It is always non-numeric.
Example:- If a species of fish in apond is to be classified in respect to one attribute say
sex. We can classify them ito two groups male and female.
When the classification is done on the basis of one attribute as in the present example, it
is called dichotomous classification.
On the contrary, mauflfold classification takes with account more than one attribute.
Ex:- fishes can be classified on the basis of their sex and health condition infeehed male,
infeeted female, uniffected female.

Quantitative classification:As the term suggests, quantitative classification refers to classification that is based an
beggars ar in other worlds it is a classification, which is based on such characteristion,
which are capable of quantitative measurement and taking up numeric values.
It is also known as classification by veriable.
Eg:- the following table shows the age distribution of case of certain disease reported
during a year in a particular state.

In the above table, two elements need some explanation.

(i)
(ii)

Age group
Number of cases

Here Age group is given in a class interval, and Number of cases indicate frequency.
So variable refers to a quantitative characterization which varies.
It is capable of taking different values in different situation.
VARIABLES;The measurable characteristics on which individuals differ among themselves are called a
variable.
A variable can be of two types
(i)
Continuous
(ii)
Discrete
(1) Continuance variable:-

A continuous variable is are, which is capable of assuming any bractional value

with is an interval.
Here the data are obtained by measurement not by counting.
For ex:- the fish production in a certain locality can be 0.8 tonnes, 3.5 tonnes, 1.00
tonnes etc.
It can be a whole number or a braction. Wher the continuous variable are arranged
is the form of a series, they are called as continuous series.
Discrete & variable;On the other hand a discrete variable takes up only whole numbers, not fraction.
Ex;- the no fishes in a certain pond.
It can only be expressed is whole numbers.
We cannot say hundred and half number of fishes or twenty and half number of
earthworm etc.
It is not subjected to discussion. It is oblined by country.
When discrete variables are arranged in the form of a series, they are called as
discrete series.
Conclusion:Population is an entire group of organizing of one speues, occupying a definite
area or study elements persons, things or measurements having some common
fundamental characteristic.
It is a well defined group which is being studied & the selected part of population
is known as sample.
Data is a collection of observation expressed in numerical figures, it is always in
collection sene & never be used singular.