1.

Before binary fission occurs, the cell must copy its genetic material (DNA) and segregate
these copies to opposite ends of the cell. Then the many types of proteins that comprise the
cell division machinery assemble at the future division site. A key component of this
machinery is the protein FtsZ. Protein monomers of FtsZ assemble into a ring-like structure
at the center of a cell. Other components of the division apparatus then assemble at the FtsZ
ring. This machinery is positioned so that division splits the cytoplasm and does not damage
DNA in the process. As division occurs, the cytoplasm is cleaved in two, and in many
bacteria, new cell wall is synthesized. The order and timing of these processes (DNA
replication, DNA segregation, division site selection, invagination of the cell envelope and
synthesis of new cell wall) are tightly controlled
Binary fission, meaning "division in half", refers to a method of asexual reproduction. It
is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some singlecelled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly
equal sized daughter cells
Binary fission atau pembelahan biner merupakan suatu metode dari reproduksi
aseksual pada hampir semua prokariotik dan beberapa eukariotik bersel satu.
Sebelum terjadinya pembelahan biner, sel tersebut harus mengopi material genetic
(DNA) dan mensegregasi kopian tersebut ke arah sel yang berlawanan dari tempat
kopi DNA. Beberapa jenis protein penting dalam pembelahan biner ini, seperti
protein FtsZ adalah yang terpenting dalam metode ini. Protein yang berbentuk
cincin ini berfungsi untuk membelah sitoplasma sel tanpa menghancurkan DNA.
Beberapa bakteri, dinding sel tersintesis. Dalam proses pembelahan biner ini
(replikasi DNA, segregasi DNA, invaginasi dan sintesis dinding sel baru) sangatlah
terkontrol. Hasil dari binary fission ini adalah sel yang sama persis dengan sel
belahannya (daughter cell).
2.

Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

This is a process where genetic materials, contained in two separate
genomes, are brought together within one unit. In bacteria the
recombination takes place by (1) transformation, (2) transduction and
(3) conjugation.

3.

4. 1. Transformation:
5. The genetic transfer in bacteria also occurs by transformation in which
the DNA molecule of the donor cell, when liberated by its disintegration,
is taken up by another recipient cell and its offspring inherit some
characters of the donor cell. When different strains of bacteria are found
in a mixed stage either in culture or in nature, some of the resultant
offspring possess a combination of characters of the parent strains. This
phenomenon is known as recombination.
6. The phenomenon of transformation was first recorded by Griffith (1928).
Avery, Macleod and McCarty (1944) demonstrated that the transforming

principle being DNA in the sequence of events in bacterial

transformation.

7. 2. Transduction:
8. The genetic transfer in bacteria is achieved by a process known as
transduction. Laderberg and Zinders (1952) experiment in U-tube
Salmonella typhimurium indicated that bacterial viruses or phages are
responsible for the transfer of genetic material from one to the other
lysogenic and lytic phages. Thus the host acquires a new genotype.
Transduction has been demonstrated in many bacteria.
9. In this process, the DNA molecule that carries the hereditary characters
of the donor bacterium is being transferred to the recipient cell through
the agency of the phage particle.
10.

When a bacterial cell is being infected with a temperate virus

either lytic-cycle or lysogeny starts. Thereafter, host DNA breaks down

into small fragments along with the multiplication of virus. Some of these
DNA fragments are incorporated with the virus particles becoming
transducing one.
11.When bacteria lyse these particles along with normal virus particles are
released when this mixture of transducing and normal virus particles is
allowed to infect the population of recipient cells, most of the bacteria
are infected with normal virus particles and with the result lysogeny or
lytic-cycle occurs again. A few bacteria are infected with transducing
particles, transduction takes place and the DNA of virus particles
undergo genetic Recombinations with the bacterial DNA.

12.

3. Bacterial conjugation:

13.

Wollman and Jacob (1956) have described conjugation in which

two bacteria lie side by side for as much as half an hour. During this

period of time a portion of genetic material is slowly passed from one

bacterium which is designated as a male to a recipient designated as a
female. This was established that the male material entered the female
in a liner series.
The genetic recombination between donor and recipient cells takes place
as follows: The Hfr DNA after leaving apart in fragment to recipient cell
again reforms in circular manner. In F-strain genetic recombination takes
place between donor fragment and recipient DNA. Gene transfer is a
sequential process and a given Hfr strain always donates genes in a
specific order. A single stranded donor DNA (F factor) is integrated into the
host chromosome with the help of nuclease enzyme.

14.Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a
chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in
bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmidsare
sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a
chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in
bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are
sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms