Final Report

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK
Training Report
ON
VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
For the training undergone at
INFOWIZ Sec. 34 A, Chandigarh
Submitted as a part of course curriculum for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science Engineering.
(Session: 2012-2016)
Under the Supervision of

RAKESH GARG
Submitted to Gurmeet Singh
(Asstt. Proff.
Deptt.of CSE)
Submitted by Harpreet Kaur

B.TECH (7th Sem.)
Roll No. 2912036
Department of CSE & IT

KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
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(KURUKSHETRA)
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
In this project the main branch is connected to 2 other networks or locations using Microsoft and Cisco
technologies. The main branch includes Domain Name Server, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,
Internet Information Services, Exchange Server, IP Phones, Cisco Switches, and Cisco Routers. It also
includes Cisco Link sys wireless Router.
The project is based on the concepts of networking. It includes configuring different network devices
such as Router, Switch connecting it with PCs and IP phones by using different types of connecting
wires by allocating the IP Addresses to all the interfaces after the sub-netting of network id. The beauty
of configuring network devices is that it helps users access the network with few constraints like
allowing some to access the website but not allowing them to access the mail server on the internet on
private IP address which are otherwise excluded by internet service provider (ISP).
Exchange server is used to provide messaging, support for mobile and web access to info. & support for
data storage device. Main server & systems as well as exchange server relies on IP, DNS, DHCP, IIS
and other technologies for communicating between themselves.
Switch here is Cisco switch which provides services like creation & management of systems and IP
phones in main branch and it is the device which connects the devices in main branch, main router and
links to other locations to each other in a network. The information from each system or device i.e.
client or server in main branch, router, IP phones and from other locations passes through switch
interface.
Main Router is responsible for communication between different networks that is, main branch and
other networks. The main router here describes the best path to reach the system in a network from a
system in another network.
IP Phones refers to the communication protocols, technologies & transmission technique involved in the
delivery of voice communication. IP phones uses voice over IP (VOIP) technology allowing telephones
calls to be made over an IP network such as the internet.
Other routers are used at the entrance of the each network. These routers Receives & send routing
updates to and from main router which ensure the reliability of whole network.
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING:
What is Network?
In a network, there is more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device.
They can share files and resources with each other.
Figure 1.1 Network

The rules governing computer communication are called protocols. All networks must have the
following:
A resource to share (resource)
A pathway to transfer data (transmission medium)
A set of rules governing how to communicate (protocols)
The two main reasons for using computer networking are to provide services and to reduce equipment
costs.
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The following are specific reasons for networking PCs:
Sharing files
Sharing printers and other devices
Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system
Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services.
Networks come in all shapes and sizes. Network administrators often classify networks according to
geographical size. The following are the most common size classifications:
LAN:LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school or within
one lab.
Figure 1.2 LAN Network

WAN:WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through public
n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines.
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For instance: - ISDN lines, Leased lines etc.
In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with your remote area
through existing Internetwork called Internet.
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Figure 1.3 WAN Network

DEVICES:HUB:Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two types of Hub: -
Figure 1.4 Hub

Types of hub:(i) Active Hub
In Active hub, it receives the frame, regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.
(ii) Passive Hub

In passive hub, it has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it
to all its nodes except the receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub, there is one
collision domain and one broadcast domain. In case of hub, the media access method is used CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
SWITCH:Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It has special
kind of memory called MAC address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads MAC addresses. Switch
stores MAC addresses in its filter address table. Switch when receives frame, it reads the destination
MAC address and consult with its filter table. If he has entry in its filter table then he forwards the
frame to that particular MAC address, if not found then it performs broadcasting to all its connected
nodes.
Figure 1.5 Switch

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Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues - one is input queue and second is output
queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in input queue and forward from output
queue. So in case of switch there is no chance or place for collisions. In case of switch, the media access
method is used CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide
more efficiency, more speed and security.
There are two types of switches: (i) Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable).
(ii) Non-manageable switches.
We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.
BRIDGE:Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for break the
collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can use bridge between two
different topologies. It has fewer ports. Each port has its own buffer memory. It works on Data Link
Layer of OSI model. It also read MAC address and stores it in its filter table. In case of bridge there is
one broadcast domain.
Figure 1.6 Bridge

ROUTER:Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router performs
routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information. There are two types of
routers: (i) Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP.
(ii) Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This feature is offered
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by Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable or configure it.
Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient. But in case of software routers, it has
less features, slow performance. They are not very much efficient.
Figure 1.7 Routers

LAN CARD:LAN card is media access device. LAN card provide us connectivity in the network. There is a RJ45
(Registered Jack) connector space on the LAN card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable. There is another led
which is also called heartbeat of LAN card.
When any activity occurs it may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking
and also tells us the status of LAN card.
Figure 1.8 Network Interface Card (Network and Wireless LAN)
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LAN Topologies:BUS Topology:Cable Type
Coaxial
Connector Type
BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman), T type, Terminator
Coaxial Thick
Maximum length 500 meters
N/w devices 100

Coaxial Thin
Maximum length 185 meters

N/w devices 30
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STAR Topology:Cable type
- UTP
Connector type - RJ45

Maximum Length 100 meters (with proper color coding)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
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STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.
RING Topology:Cable - UTP
There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.
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Ethernet Family:Speed
Base band
10
10
10
10/100(present)
100
100
1000(Server)
1000
10000
Base 2
Base 5
Base T
Base
Base T4
Base FX
Base TX
Base FX
Base FX
200 meter
500 meter
100 meter
100 meter
100 meter
up to 4 kms
100 meter
up to 10 kms
Coaxial cable
Thick Coaxial cable
Twisted Pair (UTP)
UTP
UTP 4 Pairs used
Fiber Optic
UTP
Fiber Optic
Fiber Optic
Color
Green Green white
Orange Orange white
Blue
Blue white
Brown Brown white

Green cable has maximum twists.
Pin Configuration:Cross
Straight
Straight Cable
1
Orange white -
Orange white
Orange
Orange
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3
Green white
Green white
Blue
Blue
Blue white
Blue white
Green
Green
Brown white
Brown white
Brown
Brown
Cross Cable
1
Orange white -
Green white
Orange
Green
Green white
Orange white
Blue
Blue
Blue white
Blue white
Green
Orange
Brown white -
Brown white
Brown
Brown
RJ45 Connector
Advantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute

Speed: Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files. Without a network, files
are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then carrying or sending the disks from one computer to
another. This method of transferring files is very time-consuming.
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Cost: Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings
when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on
a network allows for easier upgrading of the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the
file server, instead of on all the individual workstations.
Security: Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have
to worry about illegal copying of programs. Also, passwords can be established for specific directories
to restrict access to authorized users.
Centralized Software Management: One of the greatest benefits of installing a network at a school is
the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer (the file server). This eliminates that need
to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the
building.
Resource Sharing: Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone
computers. Most schools cannot afford enough laser printers, fax machines, modems, scanners, and CDROM players for each computer. However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they
can be shared by many users.
Electronic Mail: The presence of a network provides the hardware necessary to install an e-mail
system. E-mail aids in personal and professional communication for all school personnel, and it
facilitates the dissemination of general information to the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN
can enable students to communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the LAN is
connected to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world.
Flexible Access: School networks allow students to access their files from computers throughout the
school. Students can begin an assignment in their classroom, save part of it on a public access area of
the network, and then go to the media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work
cooperatively through the network.
Workgroup Computing: Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice) allows many users to
work on a document or project concurrently. For example, educators located at various schools within a
county could simultaneously contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same
document and spreadsheets.
Disadvantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute
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Expensive to Install: Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of
installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and software are expensive, and the installation
may require the services of a technician.
Requires Administrative Time: The Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and
expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary
administrative support.
File Server May Fail: Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure than any other computer,
when the files server "goes down," the entire network may come to a halt. When this happens, the entire
school may lose access to necessary programs and files.
Cables May Break. The topology topic presents information about the various configurations of cables.
Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other
configurations, one broken cable can stop the entire network.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model:OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI provides following
advantages: (i)
Designing of network will be standard base.
(ii)
Development of new technology will be faster.
(iii)
Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.
(iv)
Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.
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FIGURE. 5.2 OSI Model
Functions of Network Layers in Brief:

(1) Application Layer: Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack. It creates user
between application software and protocol stack.
interface
(2) Presentation Layer:-
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This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to performs other function like
compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.
(3) Session Layer: This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications. Due to
layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.
this
(4) Transport Layer: Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less communication.
Transport layer also performs other functions like
a. Error checking
b. Flow Control:Buffering, Windowing, Multiplexing
c. Sequencing
d. Positive Acknowledgement
e. Response
(5) Network Layer :This layer performs function like logical addressing and path determination. Each networking
device has a physical address that is MAC address. But logical addressing is easier to
communicate on large size network.
Logical addressing defines network address and host address. This type of addressing is used to
simplify implementation of large network. Some examples of logical addressing are: - IP
addresses, IPX addresses etc.
(6) Data Link Layer:The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers
(i)
Logical Link Control defines the encapsulation that will be used by the NIC to
delivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link Control are ARPA
(Ethernet), 802.11 Wi-Fi.
(ii)
Media Access Control defines methods to access the shared media and establish the
identity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of Media Access Control are
CSMA/CD, Token Passing.
(7) Physical Layer:Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this layer deals with the
standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform modulation and
demodulation as required
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Chapter 2
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
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To complete the work on VOIP NETWORK, I need a help from some software requirements. Software
requirements are as follow:
Cisco Packet Tracer:
Used to do the project work easily & proper understanding.
Windows 7:
It is an operating system. It is an interface unit between the user and hardware device.
Microsoft Office:
It is used to save the work done on the project.
2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
CISCO ROUTER:
1 2811 series (modular)

Link sys wireless router (WRT300N)
SWICHES:
1 Cisco 2960 series 24 port

8 D-link 16 port
CABLES:
Cat 5 and Cat 6

Console cable, Serial cable
Length as per requirement
Clients/Nodes:
Pentium 4 or up
Windows XP Professional
512 MB RAM
80 GB Hard Disk
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IP Phones:
7960 IP phone series
Chapter 3
ABOUT CISCO PACKET TRACER
3.1 Packet tracer overview
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Software of Cisco Packet Tracer

Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco Systems.
Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols used in
networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols such as Ethernet
and PPP, layer 3 protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols such as TCP and UDP.
Routing protocols can also be traced.
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the Packet Tracer interface. Learn how to us
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3.2 Packet tracer features
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Chapter 4
NETWORK DESIGN
4.1 Network design:
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NETWORK DESIGN: (BACKEND i.e. ISP)
Fig. 4.1 (BACK END i.e. ISP)
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In the network structure, there are two branches- BRANCH 1- college of engineering and BRANCH 2college of engineering, INTERNET i.e. so many ISPs (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS).
BRANCH 1 has six LABS ADMINISTRATOR ROOM, CPL1, CPL2, CPL3,

CPL4 and CPL5.
ADMINISTRATOR ROOM has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH
1.
CPL1 has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 2.
CPL5 has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 6
SWITCH 1, SWITCH 2 and SWITCH 3, SWITCH 4, SWITCH 5 and

connected via straight wires to SWITCH 0.
SWITCH 0 is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 via straight wire.
FTP server is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 for the service to BRANCH
1.
BRANCH 1 area is LAN 1 in my project and BRANCH 1 router is connected with so many ISPs
i.e ( INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER) via via cross-over cables.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is configured on all Routers.
IP phones is connected with SWICHES by end devices in all LABS.
SWITCH 6
are
BRANCH 2 has four LABS ADMINISTRATOR ROOM, C1 lab, C2 lab, C3 lab.
ADMINISTRATOR ROOM has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH
11.
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C1 lab has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 8.
SWITCH 8,SWITCH 9, SWITCH 10, and SWITCH 11 are connected via straight wires to
SWITCH 7.
SWITCH 7 is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 via straight wire.
BRANCH 2 area is LAN 2 in my project and BRANCH 2 router is also connected with so many
ISPs i.e ( INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER) via via cross-over cables.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is configured on all Routers.
IP phones is connected with SWICHES by end devices in all LABS.
SWITCH 12 is connected via straight wires to ROUTER 7 and there is a NAT configured on the
ROUTER 7 for SWITCH 12.
INTERNET i.e. so many ISPs (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS :
A google server, a yahoo server, a facebook server, Punjab Technical University server and a
domain name server are inter-connected via cross-over cables.
4.2 Hardware Used:
Routers
Switches
Devices
Other Media
: Cisco 2811 Series.

: Cisco 2960 Series.
: Computers, Servers, IP phones.
: Console cables, Ethernet cables, Serial cable etc.
4.3 Software Used:

Operating System : Windows 2003 SERVER, Windows XP, Windows7 etc.
Front end tools
: Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3.
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4.4 Device used in network

Router and switch:
Fig. 4.2
Workgroup Switch:
Workgroup switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.
Switches can determine whether data should remain on a LAN or not, and they can transfer the data to
the connection that needs that data.
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Fig. 4.3
ROUTER:
Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate
multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, and manage data transfers. They can also
connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are separated by great distances
Internet
R1
Fig.4.4
Cables:
10
Fig.4.5 Console Cable
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Fig.4.6 Serial cable
Fig. 4.7 Twisted Pair

Cabling:
A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable
It use to connect:- Pc to Switch
Router to Switch
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Fig. 4.8
4.4
Device configuration
Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Attach the devices shown in the topology diagram and cable as necessary.
Step 2: Configure basic settings for the router and each switch.
Router to router:
To connectivity of router to router, first we have select serial ports from WIC 2T.
Fig. 4.9
Select serial ports:
Fig: 4.10
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Router to switch:
For connectivity of router to switch, we used straight wire at fast Ethernet port Fa0/0 to Fa0/1.
Fig. 4.11
Switch to switch: For connectivity of switch to switch, we used straight wire at fast Ethernet port
Fat0/1 to Fat 0/3.
Fig. 4.12
Switch to servers and IP phones: For connectivity of switch to servers and IP phones, we used
straight wire at fast Ethernet port.
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Fig.4.13
Chapter 5
IP ROUTING & ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
5.1 IP Routing:
When we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we have to use IP
Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the networks. A router will
perform following functions for routing.
(1) Path determination
(2) Packet forwarding
(1) Path determination
The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There are three different
methods to which router can learn path.
i) Automatic detection of directly connected n/w.
ii) Static & Default routing
iii) Dynamic routing
(2) Packet forwarding
It is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet forwarding only if
route is available in the routing table.
In this project, we are using only DYNAMIC ROUTING.
5.2 Dynamic Routing:

In dynamic routing, we will enable a routing protocol on router. This protocol will send its routing
information to the neighbor router. The neighbors will analyze the information and write new routes to
the routing table.
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The routers will pass routing information receive from one router to other router also. If there are more
than one path available then routes are compared and best path is selected. Some examples of dynamic
protocol are: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
According to the working there are two types of Dynamic Routing Protocols.
(1) Distance Vector
(2) Link State
According to the type of area in which protocol is used there are again two types of protocol: (1) Interior Routing Protocol
(2) Exterior Routing Protocol
Distance vector routing algorithm - Class of routing algorithms that iterate on the number of hops in a
route to find a shortest-path spanning tree. Distance vector routing algorithms call for each router to
send its entire routing table in each update, but only to its neighbors. Distance vector routing algorithms
can be prone to routing loops, but are computationally simpler than link state routing algorithms.
Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork. Also
called Bellman-Ford routing algorithm.
Distance Vector Routing:
Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors
Routers discover the best path to destination from each neighbor
Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router
Link state routing algorithm - (also called Shortest Path First) Routing algorithm in which each router
broadcasts (floods) or multicasts information regarding the cost of reaching each of its neighbors to all
nodes in the internetwork. Link state algorithms create a consistent view of the network and are
therefore not prone to routing loops, but they achieve this at the cost of relatively greater computational
difficulty and more widespread traffic (compared with distance vector routing algorithms).
Convergence - The speed and ability of a group of internetworking devices running a specific routing
protocol to agree on the topology of an internetwork after a change in that topology.
Convergence occurs when all routers use a consistent perspective of network topology (When all
routers in an internetwork are operating with the same knowledge)
After a topology changes, routers must re-compute routes, which disrupts routing
The process and time required for router re-convergence varies in routing protocols
Autonomous System (AS) - consists of routers, run by one or more operators, that present a consistent
view of routing to the external world. (Routers under a common administration). The Internet Network
Information Center (Inter NIC) assigns a unique autonomous system to enterprises. This autonomous
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system is a 16-bit number. A routing protocol such as Cisco's Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
requires that you specify this unique, assigned autonomous system number in your configuration.
Exterior routing protocols are used to communicate between autonomous systems.
Interior routing protocols are used within a single autonomous system.
Interior IP Routing Protocols:
RIP - A distance vector routing protocol.

IGRP - Ciscos distance vector routing protocol. (supports multipath routing)
OSPF - A link-state routing protocol.
Enhanced IGRP - A balanced hybrid routing protocol.
IP Routing configuration tasks:

Global Configuration:
Select a routing protocol, RIP or IGRP.
Assign IP network numbers without specifying subnet values.
Interface Configuration
o Assign network/subnet addresses and subnet mask
o
o
Dynamic Routing configuration

Router(config)# router-protocol [keyword]
Defines an IP routing protocol (starts a routing process)

protocol - RIP,IGRP,OSPF,EIGRP
keyword - autonomous system
Router(config-router)# network network-number
The network subcommand is a mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process
(allows the routing process to determine which interfaces will participate in the sending and
receiving of routing updates)
network-number - specifies a directly connected network (must be based on
the NIC network numbers, not subnet numbers or individual addresses)
5.3 Routing Protocols:

Routed protocol used between routers to carry user traffic (Ex. IP, IPX)
Routing protocol used between routers to maintain tables (Ex. RIP, IGRP)
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Routed protocol: - Protocol that can be routed by a router. A router must be able to interpret the logical
internetwork as specified by that routed protocol. Examples of routed protocols include AppleTalk and
IP.
Routing protocol:- Protocol that accomplishes routing through the implementation of a specific routing
algorithm. Examples of routing protocols include IGRP, OSPF, and RIP.
A routing protocol describes:
How updates are sent

What knowledge is contained in these updates
When to send this knowledge
How to locate recipients of the updates
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) - IGP supplied with UNIX BSD systems. The most common is
IGP in the Internet scenario. RIP uses hop count as a routing metric.
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - IGP developed by Cisco to address the problems
associated with routing in large, heterogeneous networks.
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) -Advanced version of IGRP developed by
Cisco. Provides superior convergence properties and operating efficiency, and combines the advantages
of link state protocols with those of distance vector protocols.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - Link-state, hierarchical IGP routing protocol proposed as a
successor to RIP in the Internet community. OSPF features include least-cost routing, multipath routing,
and load balancing. OSPF was derived from an early version of the ISIS protocol
Configuring RIP
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network <own net address>
Router(config-router)#network <own net address>
--------------------------Router(config-router)#exit
172.16.0.6
10.0.0.1
172.16.0.5
175.2.1.1
R
1
200.100.100.12
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Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
175.2.0.0 via 172.16.0.6

Configuring IGRP
Router(config)#router igrp <as no>(1 65535)
Router(config-router)#network <net address>
Router(config-router)#network <net address>
Router(config-router)#exit
Serial E1
modem
2048 k
Serial E1
2048 k
256 k
Sync
Configuring EIGRP
Router(config)#router eigrp <as no>
Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>
Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>
Commands to configure OSPF

Router#conf ter
Router(config)#router ospf <process no>
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Router(config-router)#network <net address><wild mask> area <area id>
Router(config-router)#network <net address><wild mask> area <area id>
Wild Mask Complement of subnet mask

Example 255.255.0.0
0.0.255.255
255.255.255.255
- Subnet mask
Wild mask
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.192.0
subnet mask
0.0.63.255
wild mask
R1
Router(config)#router ospf 33
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2
Router(config)#router ospf 2
5.4 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Internetworking functions of the 3Network Layer include 'network addressing' and 'best path
selection' for traffic.
'Network addressing' uses one part to identify the path used by the router and one part for ports
or devices on the net.
'Routed protocols' carry user traffic, while 'Routing protocols' work between routers to maintain
path tables.
Network discovery for 'Distance vector' involves exchange of routing tables; problems can
include 'slower convergence'.
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Configuring IGRP
IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco. IGRP sends routing updates at 90second intervals that advertise networks for a particular autonomous system.
Composite metric selects the path

Speed is the primary consideration
Supports multi-path routing
Supports Equal-cost and Unequal-cost load balancing
Versatility to automatically handle indefinite, complex topologies.
Flexibility for segments having different bandwidth and delay characteristics.
Scalability to function in very large networks.
Variables IGRP uses include:
Bandwidth
Delay
Load
Reliability
Maximum transmission unit (MTU)
MTU (Maximum transmission unit) - Maximum packet size, in bytes, that a particular interface
can handle.
Router(config)# router igrp autonomous-system
Defines/selects IGRP as an IP routing process/protocol

autonomous-system (AS) - Identifies the IGRP router processes that will share routing
information
Router(config-router)# network network-number
Specifies any participating attached networks

network-number - Specifies a directly connected network: a network number, not a subnet
number or individual address
EXAMPLE:
Router(config)# router igrp 109
Selects IGRP as the routing protocol for AS 109.
Router(config-router)# network 1.0.0.0

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Specifies a directly connected network.
Router(config-router)# network 2.0.0.0
Specifies a directly connected network.
Router> show ip protocol
show ip protocol - Displays IP routing protocol, routing timers and network information
associated with the entire router. The algorithm used to calculate the routing metric for IGRP is
also shown as well as information about routing metrics (like hop count) and routing filters.
Router> show ip route
show ip route - Command that displays the contents of an IP routing table.

The table contains a list of all known networks and subnets and the metrics associated with each
entry.
Page 40
Chapter 6
IP PHONES
6.1 IP Phones
A IP phone uses voice over IP (VoIP) technologies allowing telephone calls to be made over an IP
network such as the Internet instead of the ordinary PSTN system. Calls can traverse the Internet, or a
private IP network such as that of a company. The phones use control protocols such as Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP), Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) or one of various proprietary
protocols such as that used bySkype. It is commonly refers to the communication protocols,
technologies and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and
multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol widely used [citation needed] for controlling
communication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol can be
used for creating, modifying and terminating two-party (Uni-cast) or multiparty (Multi-cast) sessions.
Sessions
may
consist
of
one
or
several
media
streams.
Page 41
Fig. 6.1
Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal controlprotocol. SCCP is a
lightweight protocol for session signaling with Cisco CallManager.
Examples of SCCP clients include the Cisco 7900 series of IP phones, Cisco IP Communicator
softphone along with Cisco Unity voicemail server. CallManager acts as a signaling proxy for call
events initiated over other common protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ISDN.A SCCP
client uses TCP/IP to communicate with one or more Call Manager applications in a cluster. It uses the
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over UDP-transport for the bearer traffic (real-time audio stream).
6.2 Configuration of IP Phones:

First you need to set the following topology ip phones / analog phones but connect phones to power
one by one after finishing configuration:
Page 42
Next you will need to configure your switch with the following commands:
Switch(config)#interface range fa0/1 6
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport voice vlan 1
Then we need to configure our router to provide IP address to IP phones and set the calling numbers for
phones , we will use CME call manager express embedded with router IOS itself.
Router(config)#interface fa 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool HCL
Router(dhcp-config)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.0.0.1
Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 10.0.0.1
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
Page 43

(Cisco recommends to use option 150 rather 066 to obtain the TFTP address to the IP phones
Option 66 only allows 1 host, while option 150 can contain more than 1 ip address, which can be
used for TFTP redundancy.)
Router(config)#telephony-service
Router(config-telephony)#max-dn 10
( max numbers on directory)
Router(config-telephony)#max-ephones 10
(max number of phones)
Router(config-telephony)#ip source-address 10.0.0.1 port 2000 (gateway can be used by phones)
Router(config-telephony)#auto assign 1 to 10
Router(config)#ephone-dn 1
(phone number 1)
Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 100
(phone calling number)
Router(config)#ephone-dn5
6.3 Testing of IP Phones:
1.
2.
Select the series 7960 IP phone0.

When we select any of IP phone, the below figure will be open
Page 44
Fig. 6.2
3.
4.
5.
Plug the wire in the port to ON the device. Then select GUI.
Click on the receiver.
Enter the number of IP phone4 that is 103. Ring out to the IP phone 1.
The following will be open:
Page 45
Fig. 6.2
Fig. 6.3
Page 46
Fig. 6.4
After receiving the receiver, now both IP phones are connected...
Fig. 6.5
Page 47
Chapter 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT
Advantages of VOIP
Low call costs.
Low cost of performing moves, ads and changes on a business VOIP phone
system.
Increased functionality and integration with other IT business systems.
Ability to have your land-line phone number follows you anywhere.
Low infrastructure costs.
Future proof.
Disadvantages of VOIP
Loss of service during outages.
Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case of emergencies during power
cuts it can be a major disadvantage.
With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate you and send help in time.
Some times during calls, there may be periods of silence when data is lost while it
is being unscrambled.
Latency and traffic.
No standard protocol is applicable
Page 48
Chapter 8
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Future Enhancement:
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is one of the hottest and most hyped technologies in the
communications industry. Businesses and consumers are already taking advantage of the cost savings
and new features of making calls over a converged voice-data network, and the logical next step is to
take those advantages to the wireless world. The most widely publicized benefit of VoIP is the ability to
save costs on long distance charges and to network multiple offices together. Businesses that have a data
connection between their offices can utilize VoIP technology to bypass long distance networks and
provide more efficient communications between offices. In a traditional setting, someone would have to
dial the phone number to a branch office, possibly paying a long distance charge for the call, wait for a
receptionist or automated system to answer and then become connected to the party theyre trying to
reach. Using VoIP, a person can simply dial an extension number and be connected immediately to a
party in another office, whether across town or around the world avoiding costly long distance charges.
A second benefit is in the design of many telephone systems, often called IP based systems. Rather than
traditional phone systems with their own wiring infrastructure, IP based systems use a data network
infrastructure. This convergence of voice and data into a single platform has tremendous advantages in
simplifying the administration of the communications network. Plus, IP utilizes data infrastructure that
most likely already exists in many companies.
A third benefit is the ability to have remote phones with a single telephone number. For example, an
employee could work out of their home in New York, utilizing a phone number with a California area
code. This enables corporations to truly take advantage of having a virtual office and or remote agents
working out of a variety of location
.
Page 49
Chapter-9
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:
The project VOIP (VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL) NETWORK is an effort to help the
readers understand the network scenario of corporate world. I thoroughly studied the available hardware
and software solutions available. In the market, before implementing them in my project. Moreover, I
developed this project at minimal cost. This project will definitely help users in some from or the
others, since it has been developed keeping both. Ease of use and understanding features in mind. I
planned to enhance this project in future, with help of various users input too.
Concluding compactly, through this project, I intend to serve the users the best and in turn serve myself
for there is a profound sense of satisfaction and pride.
Page 50
Chapter 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books:
1. Cisco Certified Network Associate Study
2. CCNA study- guide
3. Computer Networking
4. MCITP
Author:
Todd Lammle
Sybex
James F. Kurose
Darril Gibson
Page 51

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CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

INFOWIZ Sec. 34 A, Chandigarh

Submitted as a part of course curriculum for the degree of

Under the Supervision of

Submitted by Harpreet Kaur

Department of CSE & IT

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Figure 1.1 Network

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Figure 1.2 LAN Network

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Figure 1.3 WAN Network

Figure 1.4 Hub

(ii) Passive Hub

Figure 1.5 Switch

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Figure 1.6 Bridge

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Figure 1.7 Routers

Figure 1.8 Network Interface Card (Network and Wireless LAN)

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

LAN Topologies:BUS Topology:Cable Type

BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman), T type, Terminator

Maximum length 500 meters

N/w devices 100

Maximum length 185 meters

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

STAR Topology:Cable type

Connector type - RJ45

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.

RING Topology:Cable - UTP

There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Brown Brown white

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Advantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Disadvantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

FIGURE. 5.2 OSI Model

Functions of Network Layers in Brief:

(2) Presentation Layer:-

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1 2811 series (modular)

1 Cisco 2960 series 24 port

Cat 5 and Cat 6

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

7960 IP phone series

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Software of Cisco Packet Tracer

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

3.2 Packet tracer features

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK