Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

Contents
1. Application, 3
2. Classification, 3
2.1 Condition for Classification, 3
2.2 Scope of the Regulation, 3
2.3 character Symbols, 4
2.4 Class Notation, 4
3. Surveys , 5
3.1 New construction surveys, 5
3.2 Existing pipelines, 6
3.3 Repairs and alterations, 6
3.4 Periodical surveys, 6
3.5 Certificates, 6
3.6 Notice of surveys, 7
3.7 Withdrawal/ suspension of class, 7
3.8. Survey Regulations, 7
4. Requirements for Technical, 10
4.1 General, 10
4.2 Specifications, 10
4.3 Plans and data to be submitted, 10
4.4 Calculation and data, 11
4.5 Operations Manual, 12
4.6 Pipeline upgrading, 13
5. Protection from damages, 12
5.1 Emergency shut-down, 12
5.2 Riser attachments and siting, 12
6. Materials, 12
6.1 General, 12
6.2 External coating, 13
6.3 Internal protection, 13
6.4 Weight coating, 13
6.5 Steel, 13

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

7. Design loading and environmental criteria, 14

7.1 General, 14
7.2 Wave loading, 14
7.3 Current loading, 14
7.4 Loading due to vortex shedding , 14
7.5 Dead loads, 14
7.6 Live loads, 15
7.7 Other loads, 15
8. Strength, 15
8.1 Structural idealization, 15
8.2 Structural analysis and stress calculation, 15
8.3 Stress concentration, 18
8.4 Fatigue analysis, 18
8.5 Plastic analysis or elastic buckling, 18
8.6 Permissible stress, 18
9. Wending and fabrication, 19
9.1 General, 19
10. Corrosion control, 19
10.1 General, 19
11. Installation, 19
11.1 General, 20
11.2. Route survey, 20
11.3 Construction procedure, 20
11.4 Protection of field joint coating, 20
11.5 Trenching, 20
11.6 Spanning, 21
11.7 Post-construction survey, 21
11.8 Pipeline and cable crossings, 21
12 Testing, 22
12.1 Hydrostatic testing, 22
12.2 Buckle detection, 23
12.3 Cathodic protection, 23
12.4 Testing of communications. control and safety system, 23
13. Operations and repairs, 23
13.1 Operation procedures, 23
13.2 Control and monitoring, 24

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

Provisional Regulations for the

Construction and Classification
of submarine pipelines

1. Application
1.1 These Regulations assign the requirements on the construction, technical supervisions
and classifications of submarine pipelines (hereinafter refered to as pipelines) operating in
Vietnamese continental shelf.
The Regulations are to be applied for the stages: designing, construction, installation,
operation, maintenance, technical supervision and classification of pipelines.
1.2 The technical Supervision and Classification for any types of pipelines are to be carried
out by VIRES.
1.3 Relevant Rules or Regulations of other Classification Societies for pipelines (hereinafter
refered to as equivalent requirements), can be used, if it is agreed by VIRES.
2. classification
2.1 Condition for Classification
2.1.1 Submarine pipelines built in accordance with these regulations or accordance with
equivalent requirements thereto, will be assigned a class and will continue to be classed so
long as they are found, upon examination at the prescribed surveys, to be maintained in
accordance with the requirements of the Regulations. Classification will be conditional upon
compliance with VIRESrequirements for fabrication, equipment and other safety
considerations
2.1.2. Classification is dependent upon and covers only the standards of design, construction,
materials, workmanship and maintenance of the pipeline as prescribed by the Regulations.
2.1.3. It will be the responsibility of the Owner to provide instruction and set down limits for
the operation ensure that the design conditions on which classification is based will not be
exceeded These instructions and limitations are to be contained in an Operation Manual. The
Owner should ensure that the manual is kept up to date and contains the appropriate data
required by the VIRES.
2.1.4 Any damage, defect or breakdown, which could invalidate the conditions for which a
class has been assigned, is to be reported to VIRES without delay.
2.2 Scope of the Regulations
2.2.1 The Regulations cover the following items, where applicable:
Welded steel submarine pipelines
Welded steel risers
Pig traps

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

Valves control and fittings

Safety devices
Covering and protection
Cathodic Protection system
2.2.2 Hereinafter in the Regulations, reference to "pipeline" may be taken to apply to any part
or all items in 2.2.1. The named items shall not limit the Regulations coverage, but any new
inclusion required by National Authority or reasonably requested to be included by the Owner
shall be deemed included in the "pipeline".
2.2.3 Equivalent arrangements: Pipelines designed or constructed to criteria differing from
the Regulations requirements, will be considered for class subject to the design and
construction criteria submitted being considered by VIRES to be equivalent to the
Regulations requirements. It is essential that in such cases VIRES be informed of the project
at an early stage in order that an acceptable basis maybe agreed for the design.
2.2.4 Pipelines constructed of materials other than steel and flexible steel risers will be
specially considered.
2.3 Character symbols
2.3.1 All pipelines, when classed, will be assigned one or more character symbols as
applicable.
2.3.2 A full list of character symbols for which pipelines may be eligible is as follows:

This distinguishing mark will be assigned, at the time of classing, to new pipeline
constructed under VIRES Special Survey, in compliance with the Regulations.
OB
These character letters will be assigned to all pipelines built in accordance with the
Regulations.
VIRES This character letter will be assigned to all pipelines which have been built or
accepted into class in accordance with the Regulations, and are considered suitable to operate
offshore and which are maintained in good and efficient condition.
2.4 Class notation
2.4.1 In addition to the character symbols all pipelines complying with the Requirements of
this chapter and with all relevant Regulations requirements will be eligible to be assigned a
class notation. The class notation will either be decided by the VIRES or may be proposed by
an Owner for consideration by the VIRES. The class notation will consist of one of, or a
combination of, a type notation, an area notation and a service limits notation.
2.4.2 Class notation definitions are as follows:
Type notation A notation defining the function of a pipeline and indicating that it has been
designed and constructed in compliance with the Regulations:
e.g:
Chemical pipeline
Methanol pipeline
Gas pipeline
Water injection pipeline
Oil riser.
Area notation A notation indicating the geographical area in which the pipeline is installed:
e.g. Bach Ho or Dai Hung.

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

Location coordinates defining the extent of the pipeline or to be given.

Service limits notation. A notation indicating that the pipeline has been class on the
understanding that the principal operating limits assigned, will not be exceeded:
e.g. Maximum operating pressure 150 Bar,
Maximum design temperature 90oC
.4.3 Descriptive notes: In addition to any class notations, appropriate descriptive notes may
be entered in the Offshore Register indicating the type of pipeline in greater detail than is
contained in the class notation. e.g. Diameter, throughput, hydrotest pressure, earthquake
design etc. A descriptive is not a VIRES classification notation and is provided solely for the
information of users of the Offshore Register.
3. Surveys
3.1 New construction surveys
3.1.1 When it is intended to build a pipeline for classification with VIRES, the calculations,
construction plans and particulars of the pipeline, equipment, controls and fittings as detailed
in the appropriate requirements of the Regulations are to be submitted in triplicate for VIRES
approval before the work is commenced. Any subsequent modifications or additions to the
arrangements or equipment shown on the approved plans are also to be submitted for
approval.
3.1.2 Where equipment or fittings include items which have been type tested and approved
by VIRES, constructional plans and particulars of such items need not be included in
submissions made in accordance with 3.2.1.
3.1.3 The materials used in the construction and the material testing procedures are to be
accordance with the requirements of Rules for Manufacture, Testing and Certification of
Materials of VIRES or an approved National or International specification.
3.1.4 The steel is to be manufactured by an approved process at works recognized by the
VIRES.
3.1.5 New pipelines intended for classification are to be built under VIRES survey. From the
commencement of the work until the completion of the pipeline, the materials, workmanship
and arrangements are to be in accordance with the Regulations or approved specification.
3.1.6 It is the owner's responsibility to inform VIRES of any defects found. The exact
location, nature and extent of the defect are to be stated.
3.1.7 Copies of approved plans (showing the pipeline as built), essential certificates and
records and other instruction manuals are to be readily available for use when required by the
VIRES.
3.1.8 Where remote and/or automatic controls, alarms and safeguards are fitted, this
equipment is to be arranged, installed and tested in accordance with relevant Rules and
Regulations.
3.1.9 The date of completion of the Special Survey during construction and installation of
pipelines built under VIRES survey will normally be taken as the date of build.
3.2 Existing pipelines
3.2.1 Classification of pipelines not built under survey.
The requirements of the VIRES for the classification of pipelines which have not been build
under VIRES survey are that plans, design calculations and past service records must be
submitted for appraisal and an appropriate survey will be required.

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

3.2.2 Reclassification. When reclassification or class reinstatement is desired for a pipeline

for which the class previously assigned by VIRES has been withdrawn or suspended, the
VIRES will direct that a survey appropriate to the age of the pipeline and the circumstances of
the case, be carried out and submitted for consideration. If at such survey, the pipeline be
found to be in a good and efficient condition in accordance with the requirements of the
Regulations, the VIRES will be prepared to reinstate the original class or assign such other
class may be deemed necessary. The date of reclassification will be recorded.
3.3 Repairs and alterations
3.3.1 All repair which may be required in order that a pipeline may retain its class, are to be
carried out to the satisfaction of the Regulations. The VIRES may agree, in exceptional cases
where quality control can be enforced by Owner or repairer, on site, that the repairs are
considered by VIRES at the earliest opportunity after being effected.
3.3.2 When at any survey the VIRES consider repairs to be necessary, either as a result of
damage, or wear mad tear, they are to communicate their recommendations at once to owner,
or his representative.
3.3.3 Plans and particulars of any proposed alterations to the approved plans are to be
submitted for approval, and such alterations are to be carried out to the satisfaction of VIRES.
3.4 Periodical Surveys
3.4.1 All pipelines are to be surveyed in accordance with the requirements given in an in
service survey schedule which is to be agreed between Owner and VIRES. The normal
frequency of survey should be Annual.
3.5 Certificate
3.5.1 When the required reports, on completion of the Special Survey of new or existing
pipelines, have been received, Certificates of first entry of classification, will be issued for
the Fabricator or the Owner by VIRES.
3.5.2 On completion of the Special Surveys VIRES will issue provisional (interim)
certificates to enable a pipeline for which class is contemplated, if it is required by Owner, to
commence or to continue its service provided that in VIRES opinion, it is in a fit and efficient
condition.
3.6 Notice of surveys
3.6.1 It is the responsibility of the Owner to ensure that all surveys necessary for the
maintenance of class are carried out at the proper time and in accordance with the Regulations
3.7 Withdrawal/ suspension of class
3.7.1 VIRES reserves the right to withdraw class if the requirements of the Regulations are
not complied with.
3.8 Survey Regulations
3.8.1 New construction

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

3.8.1.1 The requirements of 3.1 and the additional requirements, where applicable, are to be
complied with.
3.8.1.2 Necessary access and facilities are to be arranged to allow to undertake the surveys in
a satisfactory manner, from the commencement of work until completion of the pipeline,
including witnessing required testing. trials and any subsequent adjustments or alterations as
they may deem necessary for compliance with the Regulations.
3.8.1.3 Where materials or components are supplied in accordance with recognized standards
the VIRES is to be enabled, by mean of suitable certificates, or such other means as they
consider necessary, to satisfy itself that such standards have been complied with.
3.8.1.4 It is required that all pipe, valves, controls, coatings, corrosion protection and fitting
are constructed and fitted in accordance with plans approved by VIRES. The plans required
by 3.2.1 are to be submitted sufficiently early to allow time for review and approval before
materials are ordered or construction is commenced.
3.8.1.5 Steel, welding consumable and other materials are to be checked to ensure that they
have been manufactured as required by Rules for manufacture, Testing and Certification of
Materials of VIRES or an approved National or International specification. Surveys and tests
required by the Rules or Specification are to be made by, or witnessed by the VIRES as
appropriate.
3.8.1.6 During the preparation of the material and the construction of the pipeline the
workmanship is to be carefully inspected to ensure that it is satisfactory. materials which are
required, by the Rules, to be examined or tested and sampled or certified at the manufacturer's
works are to be checked on arrival at the construction site to ensure that they have not been
damaged or distorted in transit.
3.8.1.7 Misalignment and deviation from design fairness is to be checked to ensure that
tolerances as specified by the designer and approved by VIRES are not exceeded. This is to
include checks for circularity and straightness of tubular members.
3.8.1.8 Any means used to achieve correct alignment or other fit is not to introduce straining
which would produce unacceptable built-in stresses.
3.8.1.9 It is required that any protection, whether paint or otherwise, which is intended to
reduce corrosion is satisfactorily applied following approved surface preparation, and is in
good condition while the pipeline is being fabricated and on completion.
3.8.2 Periodical surveys
3.8.2.1 The requirements are applicable to the Periodical Surveys as required for
Classification Regulations. Except as amended at the discretion of the VIRES, the period
between such surveys is to be based on a 12 monthly cycle, i.e. Annual Survey.
3.8.2.2 Where an Annual Survey is delayed or advanced for any reason this will not normally
affect the due date of subsequent Annual Survey, Which will continue to fall due on the
anniversary of the initial Survey. Note restriction on delay permitted by 3.8.3.1.
3.8.2.3 Log books and maintenance records are to be made available for examination.
3.8.2.4 All measuring equipment should be calibrated regularly and records maintained of
such calibration.
3.8.2.5 It is the Owner's responsibility to inform VIRES of any defects found. The exact
location, nature and extent of the defect are to be stated.
3.8.2.6 The reports of any independent examination carried out by diving contractors, as nondestructive examination operators, or other specialist contractors, are to be made available for
examination.

Provisional regulation for the construction

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3.8.2.7 The record of any examinations carried out by a "competent person" appointed by the
Owner are to be kept and a copy provided for VIRES. Any such "competent persons", and
examinations so carried out are to be agreed and approved by VIRES.
3.8.3 Annual Surveys
3.8.3.1 All pipelines are to be surveyed within 3 months before or after each anniversary date
of the completion or commissioning. The survey is to come into force and align with the
requirements and Regulations of the VIRES.
3.8.3.2 A survey schedule is to be agreed between the Owner and VIRES. It is to come into
force from the time the pipeline is capable of being used. The schedule is to be base on a
systematic examination of the pipeline and the examination and testing of the "apparatus and
works" for securing the safe operation of the pipeline. Any proposed variation in the schedule
are to be agreed.
3.8.3.3 The first survey of the new pipeline should take place before the pipeline start-up.
This survey will also serve the function of providing the reference data for future surveys.
3.8.3.4 The 12 monthly survey should be capable of determining as far as reasonably
practicable the following:
(a) movement of the pipe,
(b) unsupported spans,
(c) loss of cover in buried lengths,
(d) loss of the weight coating,
(e) damage to the pipe,
(f) debris adjacent to the pipe,
(g) excessive marine growth,
(h) the internal condition of the pipe,
(j) the condition and performance of the cathodic protection system. (see 12.3)
3.8.3.5 Specially vulnerable areas should be examined in more detail. In particular pipeline
risers should be examined once a year or more frequently, to determine where appropriate the
condition of:
(a) the riser pipe, including some wall thickness checks,
(b) monel, steel or other cladding,
(c) paint or other anti-corrosive coating,
(d) attachment clamps and their associated supporting structure,
(e) flanges, bolts and couplings,
(f) the bottom elbow,
(g) marine growth,
(h) condition and performance of the cathodic protection system. (see 12.3)
3.8.3.6 Other areas requiring more detailed annual examination are:
(a) pig traps,
(b) tees, junctions and cross-overs,
(c) sub-sea valves,
(d) pipelines in areas of known high risk, such as areas of known bottom instability or sand
waves,

Provisional regulation for the construction

and classification of submarine pipelines

(e) points where s pipeline crosses submarine cables.

3.8.3.7 Any damage found should be subjected to further examination and where necessary,
testing, to determine its significance. The Owner is to notify VIRES of any damage to the
pipeline.
3.8.3.8 Wall thickness measurements may be required if there is reason to believe that there
have been any general diminution in thickness due to corrosion. an internal examination using
an online examination tool should be considered.
3.8.3.9 The operation and emergency shut-down systems for securing the safe operation of
the pipeline are to be examined each year and be given a functional test. The following
systems are to be included:
(a) emergency shut-down systems (see 5.1.1)
(b) pressure relief systems,
(c) systems installed or used the purpose of leak detection,
(d) any communication system, telemetry or instrumentation associated with the above,
(e) protection against pressure surges caused by rapid deceleration.
3.8.4 Classification of pipelines not built under survey
3.8.4.1 Each case will be considered on its merits but in no case will a survey of less severity
than that for a periodic survey, appropriate to the pipeline, be agreed. Full design data and
historical records, and also 'as built' plans, will be required in every case.
4. Requirements for Technical
4.1 General
4.1.1 Sufficient plans and data are to be submitted to enable the design to be assessed and
approved. The plans are also to be suitable for use during construction, installation,
hydrotesting, survey and maintenance of the pipeline.
4.1.2 Plans are generally to be submitted in triplicate, but only once copy of calculations,
supporting data and specifications will be required.
4.2 Specifications
4.2.1 Adequate design specifications, appropriate in detail to the approval required, are to be
submitted for information of the VIRES.
4.2.2 Specifications for the design and construction and fabrication of the pipeline, structure
and associated equipment are to be submitted. included in these shall be materials,
grades/standards, consumables, construction and installation procedures and mode of
operation with applicable design criteria. These specifications are to include choice of design
Codes.
4.2.3 Specifications and documentation are to be submitted covering all instrumentation and
monitoring systems proposed to cover the fabrication, installation and operation phases of
pipeline, risers, fittings and equipment.
4.3 Plans and data to be submitted
4.3.1 Plans and data covering the following items are to be submitted for approval, as
relevant:

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10

Route survey showing name, latitude and longitude of terminal locations, booster stations,
location of spur line tie-ins, location of isolating valves, location of platforms (en-route) or
other fabrications, shipping channels, presence of cables, pipelines and wellheads etc. Lay out
of risers and associated platform arrangements, including protection of risers.
Pipeline dimension and material grades.
Riser dimension, material grades and support details.
Pipe wall thickness of tolerances (pipeline and risers).
Type and thickness of corrosion coating (pipeline and risers).
Weight coating thickness, material and density.
Weight coating reinforcement.
Sizes and details of J tubes, expansion loops, lateral or spur lines, crossing, reducers, etc.
Details of sea bed.
Location and configuration of burial, including rock dump if specified.
Corrosion protection system.
Cathodic protection system.
Details of all attachments to pipeline and riser.
Type and details of all pig traps, valves and control equipment etc.
Welding specification, details and procedures.
Construction and laying procedures.
Quality control and N.D.E procedures.
Instrumentation and communication line diagrams for pipeline flowpath.
Trenching and backfilling details.
Crossing designs.
Leak detection system and hardware.
Emergency shut-down system and other safety devices, including pressure transient (surge)
relief.
Details of pipeline system control and communications.
Test schedules for communication systems, controls, emergency shut-down systems and other
safety devices, which are toe include the methods of testing and test facilities provided.
4.3.2 The following supporting plans and documents are to be submitted:
Reference drawing and listing of standard components, e.g. tees, reducers, connectors, valves,
elbows, etc.
Reference drawings of anodes, sleeves, backle arrestors, etc.
4.4 Calculations and data
4.4.1 The following is to be submitted where relevant to the pipeline system:
Fluid to be conveyed. (the maximum partial pressure and dew point of H2S, CO2 and H2O
for gas pipelines)
Product density.
Design pressure and temperature.
Maximum operating pressure.

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Test pressure to be applied (pipeline, risers and pig traps).

Corrosive nature of line contents.
Maximum and minimum operating temperatures including distributions along the line.
Design throughput.
Design cathodic protection potential.
Leak detection accuracy and response.
Negative buoyancy and stability data for all pipelines.
Corrosive nature of sea water and seabed soils.
Maximum and minimum temperatures of water and air.
Ice conditions which may affect riser or pipeline.
Seabed topography and bathymetry for whole pipeline route and any possible deviation or
future development.
Seismicactivity survey.
Seabed geology and soil characteristics including stability and sand waves etc.
Wind velocities and directions.
Current, tidal current and storm surge velocities and directions.
Type, activity and magnitude of marine growth predicted.
Calculations and documentation of all design loads covering: manufacture, installation and
operation.
Analyses of riser/pipeline behaviour including: buckling, vortex shedding, on-bottom
stability, displacements, vibration, fatigue and fracture propagation.
4.5 Operations manual
4.5.1 A manual of operating instructions is to be prepared. It is the responsibility of the
Owner to provide in the manual all the necessary instructions and limit on operation to ensure
that the operating conditions on which classification is based will not be exceeded in service.
4.5.2 Where a National Authority has a specific requirement regarding the contents of
Operation Manual, it is the responsibility of the Owner to comply with such Regulations.
4.5.3 The Operation Manual is to be forwarded for information when the plans are being
approved by VIRES.
4.6 Pipeline upgrading
4.6.1 Full operational data, including calculations must be submitted for approval prior to
upgrading the pipeline operation.
5. Protections from damagers
5.1 Emergency shut-down
5.1.1 To limit the quantity of flammable or toxic substances escaping in the event of damage
to a riser, consideration is to be given, particularly on risers attached to manned installations,
to the fitting of emergency shut-down valve(s). The valve(s) and their control mechanisms
should be positioned to offer the maximum protection to the installation in the event of
damage.

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5.2 Riser attachments and siting

5.2.1 Riser supports attached to a fixed installation are to be designed using the same extreme
storm conditions and fatigue requirements adopted for the installation in question.
5.2.2 Where practicable, risers are to be protected from damage by either siting them within
the installation structure, or by providing adequate fendering.

6. Materials
6.1 General
6.1.1 The type and grade of material chosen for pipeline, valves, associated equipment, risers,
weight coating and corrosion protection are to be accordance with Rules for manufacture,
Testing and Certification of Materials of VIRES or an approved National or International
specification. In cases when a specification is not covered by VIRES Rules full details of the
material specification and all properties are to be submitted for approval.
6.1.2 Materials complying with National or proprietary specifications may be accepted
provided these specifications give satisfactory equivalent to the above requirements.
6.2 External coating
6.2.1 Paint or protective coatings are generally to be chosen in conjunction with the
compatibility of any weight coating to be applied and with the system of cathodic protection..
6.2.2 The performance of the coating materials used should be proven by previous service or
by extensive and documented laboratory testing.
6.2.3 Preparation of the pipeline surface before coating is to comply with the approved
specification relating to that material.
6.3 Internal protection
6.3.1 The method of internal protection is to take into account the corrosivity, bacterial
content, solids/abrasive content, flow characteristics and temperature and pressure. Any future
change of use should be allowed for.
6.3.2 Materials or systems (e.g. liners) are to be suitable for the service nature of fluid to be
conveyed. Propriety specifications and in-service history are to be submitted as required by
VIRES.
6.3.3 Where internal protection is proposed by use of corrosion inhibitors the properties,
compatibility and effect on fluid conveyed are all to be documented and submitted.
6.4 Weight coating
6.4.1 The concrete and reinforcement materials are to have adequate strength, adhesion and
properties to assist corrosion protection of steel.
6.4.2 The constituents of the concrete, the mix, admixtures, compaction, curing and method
of placement are to be approved by VIRES. They are also to comply with relevant Codes.
6.4.3 The reinforcement bars are to comply with the relevant Rules.

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6.5 Steel
6.5.1 The pipelines are to comply, as a minimum, with Specification for Line Pipe. Due
consideration is to be given to temperature and other environmental conditions on the
performance of the material, including toughness at the minimum operating temperature, the
effects of corrosion, and other form of deterioration both in service and whilst being stored or
handled.
6.5.2 For sour gas service suitable steels are to be selected to eliminate the possibility of
cracking or embrittlement as a result of H2S being contained in the fluid flow.
6.5.3 An approved system of corrosion control is to be fitted and full details are to be
submitted.
6.5.4 Pig traps are to be designed to the requirements of an national pressure vessel Code.

7. Design Loading and Environmental Criteria

7.1 General
7.1.1 All mode of operation are to be investigated using realistic loading conditions,
including buoyancy and gravity loadings together with environment loading due to the effects
of wind, waves, currents, vibrations ice, and where necessary, the effects of earthquake, sea
bed supporting capabilities, temperature, fouling, etc.7.1.2 The allowable modes of operation
the maximum internal pressure, product temperature, flow rate and maximum environmental
criteria are to be stated in the Operations Manual.
7.1.3 The environmental criteria generally assumed in designs is to be base on a return period
of 100 years. In regions, where environmental data is well established return period of 50
years may be accepted by VIRES.
7.2 Wave loading
7.2.1 When using acceptable wave theories to determine local wave velocities for smooth
cylindrical members, it is recommended that for risers the values of drag, lift and inertia
coefficients CD, CL and CM be taken to be 0.7, 0.9 and 2.0 respectively. These value should be
modified to allow for proximity to the sea bed, or platform members. For pipelines, the values
for these coefficients are dependent upon the flow conditions and this should be taken into
account.
7.3 Current loading
7.3.1 Where a current acts simultaneously with waves the effect of the current is to be
included. The current velocity is to be added vectorially to the wave particle velocity. The
resultant velocity is to e used to compute the total force.
7.3.2 In the absence of more detailed information, the distribution of current velocity with
depth may be assumed to vary according to the 1/7 power law.
7.4 Loading due to vortex shedding
7.4.1 Consideration is to be given to the possibility of vibration of structural members due to
Karman vortex shedding. (This is to apply to wind on exposed risers, and to wave and current
on immersed risers and pipelines).

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7.5 Dead loads

7.5.1 All weight loading are to be taken into account and to include self weight of pipeline,
fittings and weight coating. Also the deadweight of contents is to be included.
7.5.2 Buoyancy of pipelines including atttached equipment and weight coating is to be taken
into account.
7.5.3 Constraints and loads arising from supports and attachments should be taken into
account for risers and piplines. Also any scour or subsidence of sea bed should be assessed.

7.6 Live loads

7.6.1 Static pressure, pressure surge transients and any peak "hammer-blow" effects are all to
be considered, together with coresponding tempeatures.
7.6.2 Dynamic inertial vibration and flutter induced by any activation including vortex
sedding are to be considered.
7.7 Other loads
7.7.1 Loads imposed during installation, including those due to motion of the laying vessel,
are to be assessed and taken into account. The curvature taken up during laying and loads
imposed thereby on weigght coating and possibility of buckling of pipe are to be assessed and
arrangements made for laying procedures to avoid any damage of over stress.
7.7.2 Loads arising during trenching and back-fill operations are to be assessed and taken into
account.
8. Strength
8.1 Structural idealization
8.1.1 In general, the strength of the pipeline and riser is to be determined from a threedimensional finite element method. Only if it can be demonsttrated that other methods are
adequate will they be considered.
8.2 Structural analysis and stress calculation
8.2.1 The design of the pipelines is to be analyzed and the resultant stresses determined. the
loading combinations considered are to represent all modes of operation so that the critical
design cases are established.
8.2.2 All loads applicable to the design, see Section 7, are to be fully covered in the loading
combinations.
8.2.3 The system is to be divided into two zones which contain components at or near the
platform, and the pipeline distant from the platform respectively. Zone definitions are shown
in table 8.1 as distances in metres from the platform.
Table 8.1
Zone

Manned

> 500 m

< 500 m

Unmanned

> 50 m

< 50 m

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8.2.4 A fully representative number of design cases are to be defined, each of which should
be associated with appropriate environmental conditions and allowable yield ratios. Yield
ratios will depend on the zone in which the component is located, and refer to minimum
specification yield stress defined as the 0,5 percent proof stress. These design cases are to
cover all critical aspects of pipeline installation, testing and operation.
8.2.5 For any particular location, two stress intensity calculations will be required, as follow:
(a) Hoop stress. Calculations are to be made utilizing the minimum specification wall
thickness less corrosion allowance as appropriate.
(b) All axial stress arising from end load, bending moment, shear and torsion are to be
combined with hoop stress to give an equivalent stress based on the Mises-Hencky criterion to
conform with specified yield ratio limits. For this purpose, nominal section dimensions may
be used.
8.2.6 Required design cases, together with environmental and functional conditions and
associated allowable yield ratios ere given in Table 8.2. Other cases may be required in
specific applications.
Table 8.2
Case

Contents

Pressure

relative
temp.

Environment Yield ratio

(wave and
current)
Zone 1

Zone 2

Installation

Empty

Significant

0.96

0.96

Pre-hydro

Water

Significant

0.90

0.90

Hydrotest

Water

Pt

Significant

0.90

0.90

Pre-production

Product

Pp

Significant

0.72

0.60

5a

Production
(function)

Product

Pp

Tp

none

0.72

0.60

5b

Production
(significant)

Product

Pp

Tp

Significant

0.84

0.67

5c

Production
(extreme)

Product

Pp

Tp

extreme

0.96

0.72

Postproduction

Product

Tp

Significant

0.90

0.90

Emergency

Product

Pe

Te

Significant

1.00

0.80

Repair

Water

Significant

0.96

0.96

Relative temperature is the difference between the product temperature and ambient
temperature.
Tp = Design production temperature
Te = emergency temperature
Pp = Design production pressure
Pt = hydrotest pressure
Pe = emergency over pressure
Extreme wave Hm is the highest wave related to the return period specified in 7.1.3.
Significant wave Hs is the average of the highest waves in the sea state.

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The wave criteria is to be combined with the associated current, in the same direction.
Yield ratio = calculated stress divided by the minimum specification yield stress.
8.2.7 Specific aspects of riser and pipeline system behaviour which are to be considered
include:
(a) Pipeline static analysis
The pipeline is to be checked under conditions of full axial restraint for yielding at all points
away from seabed discontinuities, and the expansion loop area.
Elsewhere, a complete stress analysis will be required for all sea bed features, including crest,
trough, prop and freespan.
Proper account must be taken of the effect of axial pressure and wall forces on bending
moments.
(b) Vortex shedding response
The effect of vortex induced oscillations are to be accounted for at all locations where free
spans can arise.
The effect of axial compressive forces on natural frequency is to be included.
The restraining effect of external spans, and relief due to wave and current directionality may
be included provided that sufficient environmental data is available.
For riser spans, a boundary restraint midway between fixed and simply supported may be
assumed in calculating natural frequency.
In all cases, the effect vortex shedding on fatigue life is to be checked.
(c) On-bottom stability
The lateral stability of pipeline which are not buried and are subject to wave and current
action is to be verified.
Water particle velocity one external diameter from the seabed is to be taken to act on the
pipeline for the calculation of lift and drag.
Seabed friction will be required to provide a 10 percent margin of stability when the pipeline
is subjected to combined significant wave and current.
Lateral movement will be allowed under an extreme wave. However, it is to be demonstrated
in submitted calculations that this movement does not lead to stresses exceeding the limits
laid down in case 5c, Table 8.2.
(d) Buckling
Local and overall buckling of the pipeline is to be checked for all locations and loading
conditions for which free spans may arise. The worst combinations of axial and lateral loading
are to be considered.
This will involve a detailed consideration of possible seabed imperfections, together with the
downward restraining effect provided by soil or rock cover.
In the event that this cover is shown to e critical, procedures are to be established which will
verify the construction and future maintenance of this cover. These effect are especially
important for lines designed to operate at elevated temperature.
Proposals for the use of buckle arresters should be submitted for consideration.
(e) Riser Stress Analysis
A detailed analysis of the riser, including interaction with pipeline and expansion loop is to be
carried out. This is to take account of thermal, hydrodynamic, gravity and pressure effects.

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Modelling is to describe riser geometry and stiffness, and soil interaction, including loss of
contact.
Riser clamp forces are to be determined, an strength checks carried out.
8.2.8 The pipeline/ riser system is to be designed such that under transient operating
conditions the maximum allowable operating pressure may not be exceeded by more than 10
per cent.
8.2.9 Pressure calculation for pipelines are to be carried out using the minimum specified was
thickness, i.e. the smallest wall thickness which could be used and still meet the requirements
of the material specifications. ( See 8.2.5(a) regarding corrosion allowance ).
8.2.10 Pig trap stresses. The pig trap is to be considered as part of the riser and associate
equipment and such hoop tresses are not exceed 60 per cent of the specified minimum yield
stress of the material.
8.2.11 The riser supports are to be designed to meet suitable structural design codes.
8.3 Stress concentration
8.3.1 The effect of notches, stress raisers and local stress concentration is to be taken into
account in the design of load elements.
8.4 Fatigue analysis
8.4.1 Fatigue damage due to cyclic loading is to be considered in the design of the pipeline.
The cyclic loading due to internal ( contents ) pressure fluctuations and external
environmental loadings are to be taken into account.
8.4.2 The extent of the fatigue analysis will be dependent on the mode and area of operations.
8.4.3 The minimum design fatigue life of a pipeline is to be 3 times the specified operational
life.
8.5 Plastic analysis or elastic buckling
8.5.1 Where plastic design methods are employed, the load factors will be specially
considered.
8.6 Permissible stresses
8.6.1 All yield ratios derived from stress analysis calculations are to conform with the values
specified in Table 8.2.
8.6.2 In the absence of other specified requirements by VIRES, the requirements of the
relevant Rules or Specifications are applicable.
9. Welding and fabrication
9.1
General
9.1.1 Welding, weld procedures, approval of welders and the fabrication of pipelines to be in
accordance with a recognized code, standards or specification acceptable to VIRES. Weld
procedures are to be qualified under the survey of VIRES.
9.1.2 The type of disposition of connections and sequences of welding are to be planned so
that any restraint during welding operations is reduced to a minimum.

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9.1.3 Where primers are applied over areas which will subsequently be welded, they are to be
of a quality accepted by VIRES as having no significant deleterious effect on the finished
weld.
9.1.4 Tack welding should be kept to a minimum and, where used is to be equal in quality to
the finished welds. Tacks welds should normally be removed before completing the weld
unless otherwise agreed and without damage to the pipe.
9.1.5 The proposals for NDE procedures are to be agreed with VIRES prior to the
commencement of construction.
9.1.6 All butt welds are to be subjected to 100 per cent N.D.E. Examination by radiography is
to be to a standard acceptable to VIRES. Proposals for examination by ultra sonics are to be
submitted for review and acceptance.
9.1.7 All defective sections of welds are to be cut out, carefully re-welded and re-examined.
9.1.8 All radiographs of field butt welds are to be stored by the pipeline Owner for at least 2
years following start up of the pipeline. Adequate care should be taken to ensure that the
radiographs do not deteriorate in storage.
9.1.9 Weld procedures for repairs and alterations are to be qualified and approved by VIRES.
10. Corrosion control
10.1 General
10.1.1 Steelwork, is to be suitably protected against corrosion. It is recommended that this be
achieved using a coating combined with cathodic protection system. Other methods of
protection will be considered for approval.
10.1.2 The splash zone of risers is to be specially considered. A corrosion allowance will be
required in addition to any coatings. Risers in J tubes etc. will require separate assessment of
protection.
10.1.3 Where the cathodic protection system is designed to compensate for loss of protective
coating the system should be based on a loss of coating of between 5 or 10 per cent.
10.1.4 Stray currents from barges ( during installation ) other drill or work vessels, or
platforms in the vicinity are to be avoided and measures taken to ground all possible sources.
The most significant source may be the pipe laying welding system.
11 Installation
11.1 General
11.1.1 Specification covering the installation procedures are to be submitted for approval.
11.2 Route survey
11.2.1 Specifications, plans and data are to comply with 4.3.1 and 4.3.2. Additionally, for
installation, data is to be submitted specifying sea-bed preparation, extent and means of
execution and survey prior to pipe-laying.
11.2.2 The construction specification is to specify the tolerance within which the pipeline is
to be laid. A tolerance of 100 meters form the nominal centre line of route anticipated,
however wider tolerance may be permitted if sufficient reason is demonstrated. In areas
congested by existing pipelines or cables tighter tolerances may be mandatory. A tolerance
greater than the surveyed width of route will not be permitted. The closest approach of a
pipeline to an obstruction or potential hazard to the pipeline, is to be not less than 500 metres.

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11..3 Construction procedures

11.3.1 The equipment for operations are to be agreed by VIRES for the processes specified.
11.3.2 Individual pipes, equipment, fittings and sub assemblies are to be handled and stored
with care especially components with anodes or heavy anode bracelets. No components are to
be stored in a manner to cause damage or deformation.
11.3.3 All components and sub-assemblies are to be inspected before installation and be
approved to the satisfaction of the VIES.
11.3.4 The laying, tie-in, etc. of the pipeline and its associated fittings and equipment is to be
carried out in accordance with approved procedures which are to prevent any damage or
unscheduled loading or stressing of pipe pr coating.
11.3.5 The installation of the riser is not to introduce any unscheduled loading and the
transfer of loading to riser supports is to be shown to be in accordance with design
specifications
11.3.6 All monitoring systems are to be operated and calibrated to the VIRES satisfaction
during all laying and installation operations.
11.4 Protection of field joint coatings
11.4.1 The material used for coating of field joints is to be compatible with the pipe coating.
Where the field joint coating is to be identical to the pipe coating, then a similar coating
application procedure should be used.
11.4.2 A procedure for field joint coating is to be prepared indicating the surface preparation
required, conditions for coating application and criteria for acceptance or rejection. A
procedure for the repair of damage to coating under field conditions, again with acceptance or
rejection criteria, should be produced.
11.4.3 Where a metallic sheet cover is used to protect the field joint it should be such as to
provide a smooth outer surface. Consideration is to be given raised.
11.5 Trenching
11.5.1 Pipelines can be trenched into the seabed primarily for the following reasons :
(a) to increase the stability of the pipeline,
(b) to protect the pipeline from damage from impact,
(c) to minimize the obstruction to trawling activities by the pipeline.
11.5.2 It is the normal requirement that pipelines are to be trenched and buried. However, for
large diameter pipelines, trenching may not be necessary under the following conditions :
(a) the pipeline is at least 16 inches in diameter,
(b) it can be demonstrated that the pipeline has sufficient stability,
11.5.3 It will not be necessary to trench any part of a pipeline which is within an installation
safety zone provided it can be shown that the pipeline has sufficient stability.

11.6 Spanning

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11.6.1 When assessing a span to decide its significance, both static and dynamic stresses,
together with operating stresses, are to be considered. In particular fatigue effects are to be
investigated.
11.6.2 Consideration should be given to reducing the length of a span to well below the
critical length for vortex shedding excitation by providing intermediate supports to the
pipeline span by means of grout bags, sand bags, mattresses or gravel dumping.
11.7 Post-construction survey
11.7.1 As soon as is practicable following construction of a pipeline, a survey of the entire
pipeline is to be carried out. The purpose of this survey is :
(a) determine the " as built " coordinates of the pipeline,
(b) ensure that the pipeline has been constructed within the permitted corridor,
(c) ascertain whether the pipeline has been satisfactorily trenched or buried where applicable,
(d) ascertain whether any part of the pipeline is unsupported,
(e) examine the condition of the pipeline and in particular the weight coating, following
construction,
(f) ensure that any debris has been removed.
11.8 Pipeline and cable crossings
11.8.1 In general, pipeline or cable crossing are to be avoided. Where a pipeline or cable
crossing is essential, the operator of the pipeline or cable to be crossed is to be consulted and
the method, location and timing of the crossing is to be agreed by both operators. Possible
interaction of the cathodic protection system of two pipelines is to be considered.
11.8.2 The crossing is to be constructed in such a manner that a physical separation between
the two pipelines exists at all times.
11.8.3 The pipeline crossing is to be subject to full examination during the post-construction
survey and during each subsequent survey of the pipeline.
12. Testing
12.1 Hydrostatic testing
12.1.1 The pipeline system is to be hydrostatically tested after installation. Hydrostatic
testing procedure are to comply with National or International Code or Spesifications agreed.
The required minimum test pressure is to be 150 per cent of the maximum allowable
operating pressure, or a pressure that will result in a hoop stress (based on specified minimum
wall thickness) equal to 90 per cent of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe
material at any point in the line, whichever is less. This pressure is for strength testing. By
holding this pressure for 24 hours and accounting for all pressure losses, the tightness of the
line is also to be demonstrated. A written procedure is to be developed before hydrostatic
testing commences. The acceptance criteria are to be agreed.
12.1.2 The recorded pressure is to be equal to or greater than the maximum test pressure
minus the static head between the lowest pipeline elevation and the elevation of the recorder,
provided this pressure is not less than 125 per cent of the maximum working pressure.
12.1.3 It is permissible to have pressure variations during a hydrostatic test provided they can
be explained in terms of temperature changes.

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12.1.4 In order to calculate the effect of temperature on pressure, it is essential that the
temperature of the fluid in the pipe is measured and recorded at t the same time as each
pressure measurement is made and recorded. Ambient air or sea water temperature are not
relevant.
12.1.5 As a minimum, the temperature is to be measured near each end of the pipeline;
preferably at least one transducer on the seabed part of the pipeline should also be provided.
12.1.6 Temperature sensors attached to the outside of the steel wall of the pipe and insulated
from the thermal effects of the sea are acceptable provided the test medium has been in the
pipeline for at least 24 hours before the test is started, in order to allow the temperature of the
fluid and steel to stabilise.
12.1.7 When conducting a hydrostatic test of a steel pipeline or riser, the following
requirements are to be complied with:
(a) The pressure ( and temperature if applicable) is to be continuosly recorded for the duration
of the test on a chart recorder.
(b) The chart is to be signed by the Surveyor at the beginning and end of the test.
(c) Pressure (and temperature if applicable) readings are to be made at intervals not greater
than 30 minutes and tabulated.
(d) Where temperature readings are to be taken the line is to be filled at least 24 hours before
the test to enable the temperature to stabilise.
(e) The result of the hydrostatic test are to be recorded by a dossier containing the following:
(i) copies of all charts made during the test,
(ii) copies of all tables of pressure readings (and temperature readings where applicable) made
during the test,
(iii) copies of calibration certificates for the pressure recorders used,
(iv) calculations demonstrating temperature correction to pressure change where applicable.
12.1.8 The sections of pipeline are to be hydrostatically tested at the pipe mill in accordance
with the relevant national standard.
12.1.9 Before a consent to start up a pipeline can be given, evidence of a satisfactory
hydrostatic test is to be provided. The evidence is to relate to a test completed during the 12
months prior to the date of application for the consent to start up, providing that the pipeline
has been left pressurized during the intervening period.
12.2 Buckle detection
12.2.1 Adequate examination of the pipeline is to be carried out to determine that the
completed pipeline is free from buckles, dents or similar damage.
12.2.2 Buckle detection may be carried out using a caliper pig and is to be arranged after
final back-filling or covering o the pipeline.
12.3 Cathodic protection
12.3.1 All sacrificial anodes are to be examined to ensure that securing arrangements are
efficient.
12.3.2 Measurements of potential are to be taken and any deficiencies corrected by the
addition of extra sacrificial anodes.
12.3.3 Measurements are to be taken to ensure that there is no over-protection.

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12.4 Testing of communications, controls and safety systems.

12.4.1 Communication systems, remote and automatic controls, emergency shut-down
systems and other safety devices are to be tested in accordance with the provided test
schedules required by 4.3.1.

13. Operation and repairs

13.1 Operation procedures
13.1.1 A written operation procedure is to be prepared and issued prior to the pipeline being
put into operation. One operation procedure may where applicable, cover several pipelines of
the same type.
13.1.2 Where one pipeline forms part of a system covering other lines, platforms, terminals
etc., the operating procedure is to embrace those parts of the entire system which are relevant
to the operation of the line.
13.1.3 In order to minimise the risk of damage to the pipeline, it is the Owners'/ Operator
responsibility to ensure that supply boat approach routes to the installation are to be strictly
controlled. A mooring procedure is to be produced which clearly indicates safe and hazardous
anchoring areas.
13.1.4 Operation procedures are to be written Vietnamese with translations into other
languages necessary for the operating personnel involved.
13.2 Control and monitoring
13.2.1 Control of the pipeline is to be effected from a clearly defined control centre, provided
with sufficient instrumentation to indicate the conditions at each end of the pipeline and to
ensure effective control and shut-down.
13.2.2 Where more than one control centre is provided e.g. at both ends of the pipeline, the
arrangements are to be such that only one control centre can start up the pipeline at a given
time. Clear indication is to be provided to show which centre is in control.
13.2.3 Two independent means of voice communication are to be provided between both
ends of the pipeline and the control centre(s).
13.2.4 Alarms displayed in a control centre are to be audible and visual. An alarm event
recorder is to be provided.
13.2.5 Means are to be provided for the monitoring of leaks and ensuring the integrity of the
pipeline, and consideration should be given to the following:
(a) continuous mass balance of the pipeline,
(b) continuous volumetric balance corrected for temperature and pressure of the pipeline,
(c) continuous monitoring of rate of change of pressure,
(d) continuous monitoring of rate of change of flow,
(e) low-pressure alarms,
(f) high-flow alarms,
(g) reverse flow alarms.