Escolar Documentos
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DOUBLE
Brain AND spinal cord
Response of Muscle
Single
Single
Single
Single
Series
Series
Example:
5V
6V
7V
8V
9V
10 V
11 V
12 V
5 cm
5 cm
4 cm
4 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
7V threshold stimulus
5-6V Subminimal stimulus
9V Maximal stimulus
10-12V Supramaximal stimulus
EXP 14 THE SPINAL FROG
Spinal
Ventral side
up or side up
present
present
absent
VISCERAL RELEX
accomplished BENEATH the
level of consciousness
SOMATIC RELFEX
accomplished ABOVE the
level of consciousness
TYPES OF REFLEX
Monosynaptic one synapse between two neurons
Polysynaptic several neurons communication with
each other
COMPONENTS OF A REFLEX
A monosynaptic reflex would have:
a. Sensory receptor present where the stimulus is received,
it converts stimulus to a neural signal
b. Sensory nerve 1 connection between 2 neurons
c. Motor nerve conveys signal from sensory nerve to muscle
d. Effector muscle muscle which moves
*All components must be present to illicit reflex
COORDINATED
Withdrawal reflex
Efferent nerves
respond in an orderly
sequence
Purposeful reflex act
UNCOORDINATED
Stiffening / Spasm
Efferent nerves
respond in an
disorderly sequence
Disorderly movements
Results
ISOTONIC (frog)
ISOMETRIC (frog)
ISOMETRIC (human)
ISOTONIC
Shortened
Lesser amount
Greater amount
Lesser amount
Muscle length
Muscle tension
Inertia
Force
EXP 9 SUMMATION
Flexing of leg
Stiffening of leg
No change in length, more tension
ISOMETRIC
No change
Greater amount
Lesser amount
Greater amount
A
AB
BC
CD
C
application of stimulus
lag / latent phase
contraction phase
relaxation phase
peak
Summation
A
AB
BC
C
CD
DE
E
EF
application of stimulus
lag / latent phase
1st contraction phase
1ST peak
1st relaxation phase
2nd contraction phase
2nd peak
2nd relaxation phase
EYE REFLEXES
Motor nerve
CN 5 Div 1
CN 7
CN 2
CN 7
CN 2
CN 3
Sensory receptor
Mechanoreceptors
Rods & Cones
Rods & Cones
Sensory nerve
CN 2
Pain receptors
Accommodation
Far to near
Accommodation
Near to far
Reflexes
Corneal/Conjunctiva
Blink
Photopupillary
Direct
Photopupillary
Consensual
Pupillary Skin
Effector muscle
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oculi
Circular muscle of iris
Action
Blinking of eyes
Blinking of eyes
Constricting of pupils
CN 3
CN 5
CN 3
Retinal ganglion
cells
Retinal ganglion
cells
CN 2
CN 3
Medial rectus
CN 2
CN 3
Lateral rectus
convergence
Photoreceptors
CN 2
CN 3
DIVERGENCE
Photoreceptors
CN 2
CN 6
Constricting of
contralateral pupil
Dilation sympathetic
response
Dilation of pupils to have
clearer view, lens relaxes
Constriction of pupils
increases amt of light,
increase focus, lens bulge
(Nearer) Medial deviation
of iris
(Farther) Lateral
deviation of iris
Patellar
Biceps
Triceps
Ankle
Wrist
Stretch Receptors
Golgi tendon receptor
Golgi tendon receptor
Extend
Flex
Extend
Dorsiflex
Flex
OTHER REFLEXES
REFLEX
Sneezing
Palmar
Abdominal
Pharyngeal
Plantar
Axon
Babinski
Palatal
Epigastric
Cremasteric
Gluteal
EFFECTOR MUSCLE
Chest muscles
Tendons of fingers
Rectus abdominis
Middle constrictor of pharynx
Gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorium longus
Vessel dilator
Toe extensors
Palatal muscle
Rectus abdominis
Cremaster muscle
Gluteus maximus
ACTION
sneezing
flexes fingers
contraction of abdomen
dilation followed immediately by constriction
plantar flexion of all toes
flexes the fingers
dorsiflexion of big toe and abduction of 4 other toes
uvula deviates to ipsilateral side
contraction of ipsilateral abdominal wall
elevation of ipsilateral testicles
contraction of gluteus maximus