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Lecture 1
Introduction to Air Pollution and Control
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution may be defined as the presence of one or more contaminants in the air in
such quantities and for such durations which may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or
plant life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable usage of air.
Main cause of air pollution is Combustion
During combustion, elements in the fuel get burned in air to form various air pollutants.
[Fuel (C, H, S, N, Pb, Hg, ash)
(2.1.1)
Primary pollutants: Pollutants which are being emitted into the air directly by
point/area/line sources.
Examples: CO, NOx, SO2, Pb, SPM, RSPM, VOCs
Secondary pollutants: Pollutants which are getting formed from primary pollutants in the
atmosphere. Some of the reactions are catalyzed by sun light.
Examples: acid rains, smog, O3, H2O2, formaldehyde, peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN)
Natural Contaminants: Natural fog, pollen grain, bacteria and products of volcanic
eruption.
Oxygen containing additives reduce air requirement e.g., ethanol, MTBE (Hazardous).
Methanol: (Less photochemically reactive VOC, but emits HCHO (eye irritant),
difficult to start in winters: Can be overcome by M85 (85% methanol, 15%
gasoline)
Combustion Control
Post-Combustion Control
National ambient air quality standards based on health impact evolved (1982, 1994, 2009).
Emission standards for air polluting industries developed for major industries
Action plan implementation and pollution control in identified 24 problem areas [2].
Improvement in fuel quality -diesel with low sulfur content (0.25% in whole country and
0.05% in metro cities)
Development of low cost ash removal technology from coal and promotion of clean coal
technologies
Technology for reduction of fluoride emission (primary & Secondary) from pot room of
aluminum industries using Soderberg technology
Development of NOx control standard for thermal power plants and refineries
Use of high calorific value hazardous waste including petroleum coke in cement kiln
Low cost flue gas desulphurization technology for thermal power plants
Technology development of fugitive emission control from coke oven plants of iron & steel
industry [2].
Development of technology and standard to control emission of VOC, methyl chloride, P2O5,
HCl, etc. from pesticide industry
Development of odor control technology for paper & pulp industry and standardization the
method of odor measurement
Fluidized bed combustion technology for solid fuel containing higher ash
Control on emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from engine using LPG, compressed
natural gas (CNG), low sulphur diesel, low sulphur petrol, etc.
Apportionment study for fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) in major cities
Noise and emission control system for small DG sets (<200 kW)
Development of stack height guidelines for thermal power plants and industries using
ventilation co-efficient of different regions in the country [3].
REFERENCES
[1]
Sengupta, B. Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India. Paper
Presented at International Conference on Better Air Quality held at Agra during
December 6 8, 2004.
(http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/59100_sengupta.ppt).
[2]
http://www.swedishtrade.se/PageFiles/159882/Fact%20Pack_Industrial%20Air%20Pollu
tion%20Control%20in%20India.pdf
Jorgensen, S. Principles of Pollution Abatement: Air Pollution Problems", Burlington: Elsevier, 2000.