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[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Cold War, NATO, CENTO, SEATO, Warsaw and
NAM (Part 2 of 4)
The Cold War
Military Blocs
NATO SEATO
Baghdad
Pact CENTO W
ARSAW Pact
Arms Race
End of Cold War
NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
(NAM) Bandung Conference
NAM: opposition to Military blocs
NAM: Belgrade Summit
Nehrus speech @1st NAM conference
communism Britain and West European countries became aligned with the United States and began to follow a policy mainly aimed at
curbing the growth of communism. This had many adverse consequences for democracy, and freedom movements in the colonies
Restrictions were imposed on the liberties of the people, for example, in the United States, and justified on the ground of national
security and preventing communist influence. The freedom movements in many countries began to be considered unsympathetically by
countries which were not themselves colonial powers but were aligned to the colonial powers. For example, the United States
supported France in suppressing the freedom movement in Indo China. Countries which wanted to pursue an independent policy and
promote relations with the Soviet Union were looked upon with suspicion. All these factors made the international situation tense hi
some areas it resulted in wars and in many other areas it led to prolonging of conflicts.
The growing tension in the world was worsened by the setting up of military blocs.
Military Blocs
NATO
In 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed for defense against the Soviet Union. The members of this alliance
were the United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Britain, France, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg. Turkey,
Greece, the Federal Republic of Germany and Spain became its members later. A NATO army was created which established its bases
in many countries of Europe. Similar military alliances were set up by the United States and Britain in other parts of the world.
SEATO
In 1954 South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was setup with the United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand,
Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan as members.
Baghdad Pact
In 1955 the Baghdad Pact was brought into being. It consisted of Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan and Iran. The United States
established its military bases all over the world for use against what she considered the danger of communist aggression. The formation
of these alliances and the establishment of military bases worsened the already tense international situation. These alliances and the
military bases came to be looked upon by countries, which were not members of the alliances, as a danger to peace and to their
independence. In some countries which were members of these alliances, these alliances were very unpopular. For example, when there
was a revolution in Iraq in 1958, that country withdrew from the Baghdad Pact which had been named after capital of Iraq.
CENTO
The name of Baghdad Pact was then changed to the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). These alliances were generally unpopular
in the countries of Asia and Africa as all the imperialist powers of Europe were members of these alliances and used it to suppress the
movements for freedom. Most of the countries of Asia and Africa which had won their freedom refused to join these alliances.
WARSAW Pact
As against these Western and Western sponsored alliances, the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Europe Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic formed the Warsaw Pact. Under this pact, the
Soviet Union stationed her troops in these countries. However, the Soviet Union and the other members of the Warsaw Pact did not
have any military bases in other parts of the world. The Soviet Union had treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with China.
Arms Race
The formation of the military alliances was accompanied by another dangerous development. This was the race for deadlier weapons of
destruction. You have already read about the use of two atom bombs against Japan towards the end of the Second World War. For
about four years after the Second World War, only the United States possessed atomic weapons. In 1949, the Soviet Union tested her
first atom bomb. A few years later nuclear weapons which were thousands of times more destructive than the atom bombs used against
Japan, were developed. These were the thermonuclear or hydrogen bombs. The testing alone of these bombs created serious hazards
to life. Many movements were launched in all parts of the world to demand a ban on the testing and manufacture of nuclear weapons.
Most of the leading scientists such as Einstein and Linus Pauling also supported this demand.
However, the arsenals of nuclear weapons in the world went on increasing. There are so many nuclear weapons in the world today that
the world can be destroyed many times over. Along with the nuclear weapons and many other kinds of weaponry, new bombers,
submarines and missiles have been developed which can carry these weapons over thousands of kilometers. The race for armaments
which was a part of the Cold War has created the danger to the very survival of human race. Vast resources have been spent on
developing these weapons. These resources, if they had been utilized for peaceful purposes, would have gone a long way in abolishing
want and poverty of which millions of people all over the world are victims.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, some beginnings were made to end the Cold War. Agreements were reached between the United States
and the Soviet Union to eliminate some categories of carriers of nuclear weapons and to reduce the number of certain types of
weapons installed in certain areas. The process of ending the Cold War, however, suffered many setbacks, for example:
Afghanistan
In 1979, Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. This development increased the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Star Wars
The United States launched a programme of developing new and even more deadly weapons, popularly known as the Star Wars. These
weapons would have meant taking the conflict into outer space and launching attacks from there.
However, the world situation began to improve after the mid 1980s and by the end of the 1980s it could be said with much certainty
that the era of Cold War had came to an end. By early 1989, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan. Many other changes
took place from the late 1980s and it is generally agreed that we are now living in a post Cold War world. This can be considered as the
most significant and positive development that has taken place in recent years.
Indonesia
Nasser
Egypt
Tito
Yugoslavia
NAM: Belgrade Summit
The first summit conference of Non-Aligned nations was held at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in September 1961. It was attended by heads
of state or government of 25 countries. Besides Yugoslavia and Cuba, from Europe and the Americas, respectively, the other
participating countries were from Asia and Africa. Three other countries attended as observers. The statement issued at the end of this
conference affirmed the basic principles of nonalignment such as
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The popularity of the policy of nonalignment was reflected by the number of countries which joined the group of Non-Aligned nations.
Beginning with 25 Countries which attended the Belgrade conference in 1961, there are today 109 countries which are following the
policy of nonalignment. They are drawn from Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. The Tenth Summit of the Non Aligned Movement
was held at Jakarta, in Indonesia, in September 1992. The Seventh Summit had been held at New Delhi with Indias Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi as the Chairperson, and the Sixth Summit at Havana, in Cuba, in 1979 under the Chairmanship of President Fidel Castro.
Two movements of national liberation the Palestine Liberation Organization and South West Africa Peoples Organization were
made full fledged member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. (As mentioned earlier, Namibia, whose struggle
for independence was led by SWAPO, has already become independent), All countries of Africa, including South Africa, are members
of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Movement has played a very important role in world affairs, particularly in ending colonialism and in promoting peace. The NonAligned countries are also working for the creation of a new international economic order in which the economic relations between
nations would be based on equality, nonexploitation of one nation by another, and the narrowing down of economic disparities
between nations.
Nehrus speech @1st NAM conference
The word Non-Aligned may be differently interpreted, but basically it was coined and used with the meaning of being Non-Aligned with
the great power blocs of the world Non-Aligned has a negative meaning. But if we give it a positive connotation it means nations
which object to lining up for war purposes, to military blocs, to military alliances and the like. We keep away from such an approach
and we want to throw our weight in favour of peace. In effect, therefore, when there is a crisis involving the possibility of war, the very
fact that we are unaligned should stir us to feel that more than ever it is up to us to do whatever we can to prevent such a calamity down
upon us
Some six, seven or eight years ago, nonalignment was a rare phenomenon. A few countries here and there asked about it and other
countries rather made fun of it or at any rate didnot take it seriously. Nonalignment What is this? You must be on this side or that!
that was the argument. That argument is dead today, the whole course of history of the last few years had shown a growing opinion
spread in favour of the concept of nonalignment. Why? Because it was in tune with the course of events, it was in tune with the thinking
of the vast numbers of people, whether the country concerned was Non-Aligned or not, because they hungered passionately for peace
and did not like this massing up of vast armies and nuclear bombs on either side. Therefore, their minds turned to those countries who
refused to line up.
The most fundamental fact of the world today is the development of new and mighty forces. We have to think in terms of the new
world. There is no doubt that imperialism and the old-style colonialism will vanish. Yet the new forces may help others to dominate in
other ways over us, and certainly the underdeveloped and the backward. Therefore, we cannot afford to be backward.
We have to build in our own countries societies where freedom is real Freedom is essential, because freedom will give us strength and
enable us to build prosperous societies. These are for us basic problems. When we think in terms of these basic problems, war
becomes an even greater folly than ever. If we cannot prevent war, all our problems suffer and we cannot deal with them. But if we can
prevent war, we can go ahead in solving our other problems. We can help to liberate the parts of the world under colonial and imperial
rule and we can build up our own free, prosperous societies in our respective countries. That is positive work for us to do.
In next parts we will see:
3. Independence of Asian countries after WW2 + Korean and Vietnam War.
4. Independence of Africa
For archive of all World history related articles visit Mrunal.org/history
Previous Posts
[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: African Independence: Egypt, French
Guniea, Mau Mau rebellion, Apartheid (Part 4 of 4)
[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Asian Independence, Korean war,
Vietnam War, Khmer Rouge (Part 3 of 4)
[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Birth of UN, Division of Germany-USSRYugoslavia (Part 1 of 4)
[Old NCERT World History ch12] (Part 2 of 2): Second World War, events, battles,
resistance movements
[Old NCERT World History ch12] (Part 1 of 2) Between Two world Wars, Nazism,
Fascism, The Great Depression
[Old NCERT World History ch11] Russian Revolution: Causes, Consequences, Comintern
[Old NCERT World History ch10] First World War: Causes, Consequences, Treaty of Versailles, Triple Alliance
[Old NCERT World History ch9] Imperialism, Colonization of Asia, Africa, Americas
[World History] Imperialism & Colonization: Africa, Scramble for colonies, Paper Partitions, Slave Trade, Boer War
[World History] Imperialism & Colonization: China, Japan, Asia, Boxer Rebellion, Open Door policy, Sphere of influence
3 comments to [Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Cold War, NATO, CENTO, SEATO, Warsaw
and NAM (Part 2 of 4)
SATEESH KUMAR J
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manoj kr.
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thanks sir, to available of various treaty, organisation, pact etc. of v.orld history.
ravi
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great v.ork sir